Cerium Systems Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

Q1. How many combinations of inverter can be made using just 1 nand gate
Ans. 
1 NAND gate can be used to make 2 combinations of inverter.
• A NAND gate can be used to make an inverter by connecting both inputs together.

• The output of the NAND gate will be the inverted input.

• Thus, there are 2 possible combinations of inverter using just 1 NAND gate.
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Q2. Using 2:1 mux make inverter, AND Gate, OR Gate.
Ans. 
Using 2:1 mux, implement inverter, AND gate, OR gate.
• For inverter, connect one input to select line and other input to ground

• For AND gate, connect one input to select line and other input to input signal, output is inverted

• For OR gate, connect one input to select line and other input to input signal, output is not inverted

• Use truth tables to verify functionality
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Q3. 4:1 mux using 2:1 mux
Ans. 
A 4:1 mux can be implemented using two 2:1 muxes.
• Connect the select line of both 2:1 muxes to the same select line of the 4:1 mux.

• Connect the output of one 2:1 mux to the input of the other 2:1 mux.

• Connect the inputs of both 2:1 muxes to the corresponding inputs of the 4:1 mux.

• The output of the 4:1 mux is the output of the second 2:1 mux.
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Q4. What is ring counter, Jhonson counter, Sync and Async Counters.
Ans. 
Ring, Johnson, Sync and Async counters are types of digital counters used in electronics.
• Ring counter is a circular shift register with only one flip-flop set to 1 at a time.

• Johnson counter is a modified ring counter with complemented output of the last flip-flop fed back to the input.

• Sync counters use a common clock signal for all flip-flops while Async counters use individual clock signals.

• Examples of Sync counters a...read more
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Q5. Explain the working of Shift Registers
Ans. 
Shift registers are sequential circuits that can store and shift data bits.
• Shift registers are made up of flip-flops that store data bits.

• Data can be shifted left or right through the register.

• Shift registers can be used for serial-to-parallel or parallel-to-serial conversion.

• Examples of shift registers include the Serial-in-Parallel-out (SIPO) and Parallel-in-Serial-out (PISO) registers.
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Q6. Setup time and Hold Time
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Q7. Flip-Flop Conversion (DFF to JKFF more).
Ans. 
Flip-flop conversion from DFF to JKFF
• Determine the excitation table for JK flip-flop

• Use the excitation table to derive the input equations for J and K

• Replace D input with J and K inputs in DFF circuit

• Verify the functionality of the converted JKFF circuit
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Q8. Data Types in Verilog
Ans. 
Verilog supports various data types including integer, real, reg, wire, and time.
• Integer data type is used for whole numbers

• Real data type is used for decimal numbers

• Reg data type is used for sequential logic

• Wire data type is used for combinational logic

• Time data type is used for simulation time

• Data types can be declared using keywords like 'integer', 'real', 'reg', 'wire', and 'time'

• Data types can also be declared wit...read more
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Q9. Difference between Task and Functions
Ans. 
Tasks are concurrent and functions are sequential in execution.
• Tasks can run concurrently and can communicate with each other using shared variables.

• Functions are executed sequentially and return a value to the calling function.

• Tasks can be used for parallel processing and can be scheduled by the operating system.

• Functions are used for modular programming and can be called from other functions or tasks.

• Example: A task ...read more
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Q10. Difference between Bocking and Non-Blocking in Verilog
Ans. 
Blocking waits for a process to complete before moving to the next, while non-blocking allows for concurrent execution.
• Blocking assignments use '=' operator, while non-blocking use '<=' operator.

• Blocking assignments are executed sequentially, while non-blocking assignments are executed concurrently.

• Blocking assignments are used for combinational logic, while non-blocking assignments are used for sequential logic.

• Exampl
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Q11. What do you mean by universal Gates?
Ans. 
Universal gates are logic gates that can be used to implement any Boolean function.
• Universal gates are NAND and NOR gates.

• They are called universal because they can be used to implement any Boolean function.

• This is because NAND and NOR gates are functionally complete.

• This means that any Boolean function can be expressed using only NAND or NOR gates.

• Other gates like AND, OR, and NOT gates are not functionally complete.

• F...read more
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Q1. 1. Implementing basic gates with Multiplexer 2. Encoder and Decoder differences 3. Flip-flop and Latch differences 4. Mealy and Moore machine (FSM) differences and which one is good to use 5. Synchronous a...read more
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1. FSM Coding
2. Counter
3. Flip-flops (D and JK)
4. Final year project-related questions

Q1. Digital Electronics related questions
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Q1. Basic hr realated question
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Time and work
profit and losses
numerics

Q1. Tell me about concepts which was good difference between latche and flipflop what are advantages of clock
Ans. 
Explaining latch and flip-flop differences and advantages of clock in VLSI engineering.
• Latches are level-sensitive while flip-flops are edge-sensitive

• Latches are faster but consume more power than flip-flops

• Flip-flops are more reliable and less prone to glitches than latches

• Clocks are used to synchronize the operation of digital circuits

• Advantages of clock include reducing power consumption, improving timing accuracy,
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Q2. Are you willing do in core side
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