900+ Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

I would address the issue with the team member and explore options for reassignment if necessary.

• I would first have a conversation with the team member to understand the reason for the repetitive work and offer any necessary support or resources.

• If the issue persists, I would explore options for reassignment within the team or other departments to ensure the team member is able to contribute effectively.

• I am open to working on lifing of components as well as other departments...read more

Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP where a new class is derived from an existing class.

• Allows for code reusability and saves time

• Derived class inherits properties and methods of base class

• Can override base class methods in derived class

• Can have multiple levels of inheritance

• Example: class Dog extends Animal {}

Min-Cut placement algorithm is used to place blocks on a given chip area.

• Min-Cut algorithm partitions the chip into two parts and minimizes the cut between them

• It is a graph-based algorithm that uses a flow network to represent the chip and its blocks

• The algorithm iteratively partitions the network until all blocks are placed

• Example: Placing logic gates on a microprocessor chip

Newtonian fluid is a type of fluid that follows Newton's law of viscosity.

• Newtonian fluid exhibits a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate.

• Examples of Newtonian fluids include water, air, and most oils.

• Stages of fracture include initiation, propagation, and final failure.

• Engine works by converting heat energy into mechanical work.

• Basic thermodynamics questions may include concepts like the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

• Strength of materials questio...read more

Setup time is the minimum time required for the input signal to be stable before the clock edge arrives.

• Setup time is a critical parameter in timing analysis of sequential and combinational logic.

• It affects the system by ensuring that the input signal is stable before the clock edge arrives, preventing errors in the output.

• The minimum clock frequency can be calculated using the formula: Fmin = 1 / (Tcq + Tsu + Thold), where Tcq is the maximum clock-to-output delay of any gate...read more

Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is specific to a particular computer architecture.

• Assembly language is a symbolic representation of machine code instructions.

• It is used to write programs that directly control the computer's hardware.

• Assembly language is platform-dependent and requires knowledge of the computer's architecture.

• It provides direct access to the computer's memory and registers.

• Examples of assembly languages include x86, ARM, and MIPS.

The life of a material can be predicted by analyzing its degradation over time and identifying the factors that contribute to it.

• Conduct accelerated aging tests to simulate the effects of time on the material

• Analyze the material's chemical and physical properties to identify potential degradation mechanisms

• Consider external factors such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to light

• Use statistical models to predict the material's remaining useful life

• Continuously monitor the...read more

Double earthing is a safety measure where two separate earth connections are provided for a system or equipment.

• System earthing is the connection of the neutral point of a power system to the earth to provide a low impedance path for fault current.

• Equipment earthing is the connection of non-current carrying parts of electrical equipment to the earth to prevent electric shock.

• Double earthing provides an additional layer of safety by providing two separate earth connections for...read more

Parity is a method of error detection in digital communication. It involves adding an extra bit to a data stream to ensure even or odd number of 1s.

• Parity is used to detect errors in data transmission.

• It involves adding a parity bit to a data stream.

• The parity bit is set to 1 or 0 depending on whether the number of 1s in the data stream is even or odd.

• If an error occurs during transmission, the parity bit will be incorrect and the receiver can detect the error.

• Parity can be u...read more

Aluminium alloys are widely used in engineering applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Ageing of 6061 alloys can significantly impact their fatigue life.

• Aluminium alloys are commonly used in aerospace and automotive industries due to their lightweight and high strength properties.

• Ageing is a process of heat treatment that improves the strength and hardness of the alloy.

• However, overaging can lead to a decrease in fatigue life due to the formation of coarse p...read more

Yes, I have knowledge about tooling and machine maintenance.

• I have experience in using various tools and equipment for engineering projects.

• I am familiar with the maintenance procedures for different types of machines.

• I have successfully completed training courses on tooling and machine maintenance.

• I have practical knowledge of troubleshooting and repairing machines.

• I have a strong understanding of safety protocols and regulations in relation to tooling and machine maintenanc...read more

Quality control tools used in automotive field

• Statistical Process Control (SPC) to monitor and control production processes

• Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to identify and prevent potential failures

• Six Sigma methodology to improve quality and reduce defects

• Lean manufacturing to eliminate waste and improve efficiency

• Automated inspection systems to detect defects in parts and components

Check camera app, restart phone, clear cache, check for updates, check hardware.

• Check if camera app is working properly

• Restart the phone and try again

• Clear cache of camera app

• Check for software updates

• Check if there is any physical damage to the camera

• Check if the camera module is properly connected to the motherboard

The process of producing aluminium involves several stages and responsibilities for engineers.

• The process starts with mining bauxite and refining it into alumina

• Electrolysis is then used to extract aluminium from alumina

• Engineers are responsible for designing and maintaining the equipment used in the process

• They must also ensure safety and efficiency in production

• Production documents must be created to track progress and ensure quality control

We tried several designs for our prototype, including a modular design, a compact design, and a lightweight design.

• Modular design: We explored the possibility of creating a prototype that could be easily assembled and disassembled for easy maintenance and upgrades.

• Compact design: We experimented with reducing the size of the prototype to make it more portable and space-efficient.

• Lightweight design: We tested different materials and construction techniques to make the prototyp...read more

There are three main types of defects in engineering: design defects, manufacturing defects, and usage defects.

• Design defects occur when there is an issue with the initial design of a product, leading to problems in its functionality or safety. For example, a car with a faulty braking system due to a design flaw.

• Manufacturing defects happen during the production process, resulting in a product that does not meet the intended specifications. An example would be a smartphone wi...read more

State diagram and clocked D-flipflop circuit for a 0110 sequence detector.

• The state diagram will have four states: S0, S1, S2, and S3.

• The circuit will have four D-flipflops, one for each state.

• The output of the circuit will be high when the sequence 0110 is detected.

• The clock signal will be used to synchronize the flipflops.

• The state diagram and circuit can be designed using software like Quartus or Xilinx.

Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity used to predict fluid flow patterns and turbulence.

• Reynolds number is calculated as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

• It is used to determine whether a fluid flow is laminar or turbulent.

• The formula for Reynolds number is Re = (ρVD)/μ, where ρ is the density of the fluid, V is the velocity of the fluid, D is the characteristic length of the flow, and μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.

• For example, a fluid flowing t...read more

Terraform is an open-source infrastructure as code software tool that allows you to define and provision data center infrastructure.

• Terraform is used to automate the deployment of infrastructure resources such as virtual machines, storage accounts, and networking interfaces.

• It supports various cloud providers such as AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

• Terraform can also be used with on-premises data centers by using providers such as VMware vSphere or OpenStack.

• It uses a d...read more

The download speed of 1800MHz depends on various factors and cannot be determined solely based on the frequency.

• Download speed is influenced by network infrastructure, signal strength, and device capabilities.

• Higher frequency bands like 1800MHz generally offer faster download speeds compared to lower frequency bands.

• However, other factors such as network congestion and distance from the cell tower can affect the actual download speed.

• To determine the download speed at 1800MHz...read more

A step-down transformer is used to convert 230 V AC to 12 V AC, which is then rectified using a bridge rectifier and filtered using a capacitor to obtain 12 V DC.

• Use a step-down transformer to reduce the voltage from 230 V AC to 12 V AC

• Rectify the AC voltage using a bridge rectifier

• Filter the rectified voltage using a capacitor

• Use a voltage regulator to regulate the output voltage to 12 V DC

• Use appropriate diodes and capacitors in the circuit

• Example: LM7812 voltage regulator ...read more

I have worked with both types of cranes - contactor logic and drive operated. The challenging failures varied.

• I have worked with contactor logic cranes in a steel plant where the main challenge was the wear and tear of the contactors due to the high current and frequent switching.

• In a drive operated crane, the main challenge was the programming and tuning of the variable frequency drives to ensure smooth and precise movements.

• I have also encountered failures in the control ci...read more

DVP is Design Verification Plan and DFMEA is Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. They are linked as DVP tests the DFMEA.

• DVP is a plan to verify that the design meets the requirements

• DFMEA is a process to identify potential failures and their effects on the design

• DVP tests the design against the potential failures identified in DFMEA

• DFMEA helps in identifying the critical areas of the design that need to be tested in DVP

• Both are important tools in ensuring a robust and r...read more

Moore state model outputs depend only on the current state, while Mealy state model outputs depend on both current state and inputs.

• Moore model: output is a function of current state only

• Mealy model: output is a function of current state and inputs

• Moore model has a separate output function, while Mealy model combines output and state transition functions

• Example: vending machine can be modeled using Mealy model as output depends on both current state and input (money inserted)...read more

Design a circuit to get an output of frequency f/3 from a clock waveform of frequency f.

• Use a counter to divide the frequency by 3

• Implement a flip-flop to toggle the output

• Use logic gates to control the counter and flip-flop

Cloud infrastructure can be recreated using other resources and configuration files.

• Terraform state file is used to track the current state of infrastructure.

• If lost, the infrastructure can be recreated using other resources and configuration files.

• However, any changes made after the state file was lost will not be reflected.

• It is important to regularly backup the state file to avoid such situations.

OOPS Concepts are the principles of Object-Oriented Programming that help in designing and implementing software systems.

• Abstraction: Hiding the implementation details and showing only the necessary information.

• Encapsulation: Binding data and functions together to protect data from outside interference.

• Inheritance: Creating new classes from existing ones, inheriting properties and methods.

• Polymorphism: Ability of objects to take on multiple forms or behaviors.

• Example: A car i...read more

The latest pump used in fire fighting systems is the centrifugal pump.

• Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in fire fighting systems due to their high flow rates and ability to handle large volumes of water.

• These pumps work by converting rotational energy from an electric motor into kinetic energy in the fluid, creating pressure to propel the water.

• They are designed to efficiently move water over long distances and deliver it at high pressures to extinguish fires effectively.

• So...read more

A circuit breaker is an electrical switch that automatically interrupts an electrical circuit to prevent damage or fire.

• It is designed to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

• It works by detecting the excess current and interrupting the flow of electricity.

• It can be reset manually or automatically after tripping.

• It is commonly used in homes, buildings, and industrial settings.

• Examples include air circuit breakers, oil circuit breakers, a...read more

Gear boxes are used in various machines to control speed and torque. Different companies manufacture gear boxes with varying specifications.

• Gear boxes are used in automobiles, industrial machinery, and wind turbines.

• A gear box checklist includes checking for leaks, proper lubrication, and wear and tear of gears.

• Companies like Siemens, Bonfiglioli, and SEW Eurodrive manufacture gear boxes.

• The choice of gear box depends on the application and required specifications.

Wifi routers use radio waves to transmit data wirelessly, while optical fibers use light to transmit data through glass fibers.

• Wifi routers use a wireless access point to connect devices to the internet

• Radio waves are used to transmit data between the router and devices

• Optical fibers use glass fibers to transmit data using light signals

• Fiber optic cables are used for high-speed internet and long-distance communication

• Both technologies are used for internet connectivity and da...read more

The supplier should investigate the complaint and take appropriate corrective actions.

• The supplier should acknowledge the complaint and gather all necessary information.

• They should investigate the root cause of the complaint and take corrective actions to prevent it from happening again.

• The supplier should communicate the findings and actions taken to the customer.

• If necessary, the supplier should provide compensation or replacement to the customer.

• The supplier should also re...read more

The T Code used for preparation of invoice in SAP is VF01.

• VF01 is used for creating a billing document

• It allows you to enter billing data such as customer, material, quantity, and pricing

• You can also add taxes, discounts, and surcharges

• VF01 generates an invoice document that can be printed or sent electronically

To troubleshoot inverters, SCBs, transformers, and breakers, follow these pointers:

• Check for loose connections and wiring

• Inspect for physical damage or wear and tear

• Use a multimeter to test voltage and current

• Check for proper grounding

• Refer to manufacturer's manual for specific troubleshooting steps

Implement code using MUX and multiplier gates for conditional assignment

• Use a 2:1 MUX to select between D*E and G*H based on A

• Use a multiplier gate to calculate D*E and G*H

• Connect the output of the MUX to the input of the multiplier gate

• Ensure proper sizing of gates to meet design requirements

Star and delta connections are two common methods of connecting electrical components in a system.

• Star connection involves connecting three components in a triangular shape with a common point, while delta connection involves connecting the components in a circular shape.

• Star connection is typically used in systems where the load is balanced and the neutral point is required, while delta connection is used in systems where the load is unbalanced and high power transmission is...read more

A transformer is a static machine used for stepping up or stepping down voltage.

• Transformers are used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction.

• They consist of two coils of wire, the primary and secondary, wrapped around a magnetic core.

• The primary coil is connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary coil is connected to the output load.

• Transformers can increase or decrease voltage depending on the number of turn...read more

Line balance refers to distributing workload evenly among different stations in a production line to optimize efficiency.

• Line balance ensures that each station in the production line has a similar amount of work to do.

• It helps in preventing bottlenecks and maximizing throughput.

• Line balance can be achieved by adjusting the cycle times at each station or by adding/subtracting workstations.

• An example of line balance is in an assembly line where each worker has a specific task t...read more

To optimize power usage/delay in AND gates, arrange inputs based on their capacitance and resistance.

• Arrange inputs with lower capacitance and resistance closer to the gate

• Inputs with higher capacitance and resistance should be placed farther away

• Consider the layout of the circuit and the routing of the wires

• Simulation tools can be used to determine optimal input arrangement

Answering a question on drawing CMOS circuit and W/L sizing for a given logic equation.

• Understand the logic equation and its truth table

• Use CMOS inverter and NAND gates to implement the logic

• Size the transistors based on their role in the circuit

• Check the circuit for correct functionality

• Examples: AND gate, OR gate, XOR gate

Draw output waveforms for a logic circuit given delays for gates and wires.

• Identify the logic gates and their delays

• Determine the propagation delay for each wire

• Use the delays to calculate the output waveform

• Draw the waveform using a timing diagram

SOV stands for Solenoid Operating Valve and is used to open and close valves in fluid power systems.

• SOV is a type of valve that operates when current flows through its coil.

• It is commonly used in fluid power systems to control the flow of fluids.

• SOV can be used to open and close valves in f.f.p.h line.

• The operation of SOV is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

There are several types of dampings in case of vibration, including viscous damping, hysteretic damping, and structural damping.

• Viscous damping: It occurs when a fluid or viscous material is used to dissipate energy and reduce vibration.

• Hysteretic damping: It is caused by the internal friction within a material, which converts mechanical energy into heat.

• Structural damping: It is inherent in the structure itself and is a result of the material's internal damping properties.

• Ot...read more

Sensors, drives, AHU, CHILLER, motor starters, LT panels, and DGs are common components in engineering systems.

• Sensor: Device that detects changes in physical properties and converts them into signals.

• Drive: Device used to control the speed and torque of motors.

• AHU (Air Handling Unit): System that regulates and circulates air as part of HVAC systems.

• CHILLER: Machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle.

• Motor Starter: Device...read more

2 stroke and 4 stroke engines are types of internal combustion engines. Piston is a component that moves up and down inside the engine cylinder. CCM stands for cubic centimeter.

• 2 stroke engine completes a power cycle in 2 strokes of the piston, while 4 stroke engine completes it in 4 strokes.

• Piston is a cylindrical component that moves up and down inside the engine cylinder, transferring force to the crankshaft.

• CCM is a unit of measurement for engine displacement, which is th...read more

Turbocharger uses exhaust gases to spin a turbine while supercharger uses engine's crankshaft to spin a compressor.

• Turbocharger is more efficient at higher altitudes while supercharger is more efficient at lower altitudes.

• Turbocharger has a lag time before it kicks in while supercharger provides instant boost.

• Turbocharger is quieter while supercharger is louder due to its mechanical nature.

• Examples of cars with turbochargers include Volkswagen Golf GTI and Subaru WRX while ex...read more

OTD maintenance involves ensuring the smooth functioning of products and their secure technology.

• OTD maintenance refers to the process of maintaining products and ensuring their smooth functioning.

• It involves collecting and analyzing data to identify potential issues and prevent downtime.

• The process includes regular inspections, repairs, and upgrades to keep the technology secure.

• Product introduction involves educating customers about the features and benefits of the product....read more