100+ Engineer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP where a new class is derived from an existing class.

• Allows for code reusability and saves time

• Derived class inherits properties and methods of base class

• Can override base class methods in derived class

• Can have multiple levels of inheritance

• Example: class Dog extends Animal {}

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and dependency.

• 1NF (First Normal Form) - Each column in a table must have atomic values.

• 2NF (Second Normal Form) - A table must be in 1NF and all non-key attributes must be dependent on the primary key.

• 3NF (Third Normal Form) - A table must be in 2NF and all non-key attributes must be independent of each other.

• 4NF (Fourth Normal Form) - A table must be in 3NF and have no multi-valued dependenci...read more

Setup time is the minimum time required for the input signal to be stable before the clock edge arrives.

• Setup time is a critical parameter in timing analysis of sequential and combinational logic.

• It affects the system by ensuring that the input signal is stable before the clock edge arrives, preventing errors in the output.

• The minimum clock frequency can be calculated using the formula: Fmin = 1 / (Tcq + Tsu + Thold), where Tcq is the maximum clock-to-output delay of any gate...read more

Construction machinery uses various types of oils depending on their functions.

• There are different types of oils used in construction machinery such as engine oil, hydraulic oil, gear oil, transmission oil, and brake oil.

• Engine oil is used to lubricate the engine and prevent wear and tear.

• Hydraulic oil is used to transfer power in hydraulic systems.

• Gear oil is used to lubricate gears and bearings in gearboxes.

• Transmission oil is used to lubricate the transmission system.

• Brake...read more

Implement code using MUX and multiplier gates for conditional assignment

• Use a 2:1 MUX to select between D*E and G*H based on A

• Use a multiplier gate to calculate D*E and G*H

• Connect the output of the MUX to the input of the multiplier gate

• Ensure proper sizing of gates to meet design requirements

To manage and debug threads and workers in Python, use built-in modules like threading and multiprocessing, and tools like logging and debugging libraries.

• Use the 'threading' module for managing threads in Python

• Use the 'multiprocessing' module for managing worker processes

• Utilize tools like logging to track the execution flow of threads and workers

• Use debugging libraries like 'pdb' or 'pydev' for debugging threads and workers

• Ensure proper synchronization and communication be...read more

The pitch system in engineering controls the angle of the blades on a wind turbine or aircraft to optimize performance.

• Pitch system adjusts blade angle to control speed and power output

• Can be controlled manually or automatically based on wind conditions

• Diagram should show blades connected to pitch system and control mechanism

Steel is a metal alloy made primarily of iron and carbon.

• Steel is known for its strength, durability, and versatility.

• It is used in construction, manufacturing, transportation, and many other industries.

• Different types of steel can be created by varying the amount of carbon and other elements added to the alloy.

• Stainless steel, for example, contains chromium and nickel to resist corrosion.

• High-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) contains small amounts of alloying elements to incr...read more

C code can be generated in MATLAB using the MATLAB Coder app or by using the 'codegen' function.

• MATLAB Coder app allows users to generate C code from MATLAB code

• The 'codegen' function can be used to generate C code programmatically

• Generated C code can be optimized for specific hardware platforms

• C code can be integrated with other programming languages or software tools

• Example: codegen myFunction -args {arg1,arg2} -config:lib -report

Virtual functions are functions that can be overridden in derived classes. Access modifiers control the visibility and accessibility of class members.

• Virtual functions allow a derived class to provide its own implementation of a function defined in the base class.

• Access modifiers include public, private, and protected, and determine the accessibility of class members.

• Public members are accessible from anywhere, private members are only accessible within the class, and protect...read more

Power can be converted and matched to grid parameters using power converters and control systems.

• Use power converters such as inverters to convert power from DC to AC or vice versa.

• Implement control systems to ensure the converted power matches the grid parameters.

• Adjust parameters such as voltage, frequency, and phase angle to match the grid requirements.

• Utilize communication protocols like Modbus or DNP3 for grid integration.

• Perform testing and validation to ensure complian...read more

Engine failure can be caused by various factors such as overheating, lack of maintenance, wear and tear, and manufacturing defects.

• Overheating due to lack of coolant or oil

• Lack of maintenance such as not changing oil or air filters

• Wear and tear of engine components such as pistons, bearings, and valves

• Manufacturing defects such as faulty parts or poor assembly

• Fuel contamination or incorrect fuel usage

• Improper installation or repairs

• Environmental factors such as water or debri...read more

The Pitch system in Gearless technology controls the angle of the blades to optimize energy production.

• Pitch system adjusts the angle of the blades based on wind conditions to maximize energy output.

• It helps in protecting the turbine from damage during high wind speeds by adjusting the blade angle.

• Pitch system can be controlled manually or automatically depending on the turbine design.

• Examples of Pitch system in action can be seen in wind turbines where the blades adjust thei...read more

Structure is a user-defined data type that can hold different types of data, while an array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations.

• Structure can hold different types of data, while array can only hold one type of data.

• In a structure, you can define multiple variables of different data types, while in an array, all elements must be of the same data type.

• Example: struct Person { string name; int age; }; vs int numbers[5];

Factors included in product costing include materials, labor, overhead, and profit margin.

• Materials: Cost of raw materials used in production

• Labor: Cost of labor required to manufacture the product

• Overhead: Indirect costs such as utilities, rent, and depreciation

• Profit Margin: Amount added to cover company's profit

• Example: If a company produces a chair, factors like wood for materials, labor for assembly, factory rent for overhead, and profit margin would be included in produ...read more

Approximately 10 kg of binding wire is required to bind 1MT of steel bars ranging from 20 mm to 32 mm in diameter.

• Approximately 10 kg of binding wire is needed for 1MT of steel bars with diameters between 20 mm to 32 mm.

• The amount of binding wire required may vary slightly based on the specific dimensions and spacing of the bars.

• It is important to ensure proper binding to maintain structural integrity and safety.

The density of carbon steel is approximately 7.85 grams per cubic centimeter.

• The density of carbon steel is commonly measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

• The density of carbon steel can vary slightly depending on the specific composition and heat treatment.

• For example, the density of low carbon steel is typically around 7.85 g/cm³.

• Higher carbon steels may have slightly higher densities.

• Density is an important property to consider in engineering applications, as it a...read more

The ground level refers to the level of the earth's surface, while the Pilinat level is not specified.

• The ground level is the reference point for measuring heights and depths.

• The Pilinat level could be a specific level within a building or structure.

• Without further information, it is not possible to determine the exact Pilinat level.

The sill level and lintel level are measurements used in construction to ensure proper alignment and support of doors and windows.

• The sill level refers to the horizontal measurement of the bottom part of a door or window frame.

• The lintel level refers to the horizontal measurement of the top part of a door or window frame.

• These measurements are important to ensure that doors and windows are properly aligned and supported.

• For example, if the sill level is not properly set, it m...read more

The slab level and parapet level are measurements used in construction to determine the height of different structural elements.

• The slab level refers to the height of the horizontal slab or floor in a building.

• The parapet level refers to the height of the protective wall or barrier at the edge of a roof or balcony.

• These measurements are important for ensuring proper alignment and construction of the building.

• The slab level is typically determined by measuring the distance fro...read more

Model in Loop is a simulation technique where a physical system is connected to a computer model for testing and validation.

• Model in Loop (MiL) is a part of the V-Model of software development.

• It involves connecting a physical system to a computer model to test and validate the model.

• MiL is used in various industries such as automotive, aerospace, and defense.

• It helps in identifying and fixing errors in the model before implementing it in the physical system.

• Examples of MiL i...read more

Gears are mechanical components that transmit power and motion between rotating shafts. Two-stroke and four-stroke engines are types of internal combustion engines.

• Gears are used to change the speed, torque, and direction of power transmission.

• Two-stroke engines have a simpler design and are lighter than four-stroke engines.

• Four-stroke engines are more fuel-efficient and produce less pollution than two-stroke engines.

• Both types of engines use a piston to compress fuel and air...read more

I have solved and designed complex solutions by breaking down the problem into smaller parts, collaborating with team members, utilizing my technical expertise, and thinking creatively.

• Break down the problem into smaller, more manageable parts

• Collaborate with team members to gather different perspectives and expertise

• Utilize technical expertise and knowledge to come up with innovative solutions

• Think creatively to explore all possible options and alternatives

Sharp corners are avoided in casting to prevent stress concentration and improve the overall strength and quality of the casting.

• Sharp corners can lead to stress concentration, which can cause cracks or failure in the casting.

• Rounded corners distribute stress more evenly, reducing the likelihood of defects.

• Sharp corners can also create difficulties during the casting process, such as mold filling and solidification issues.

• Examples of avoiding sharp corners include filleting o...read more

Different blocks in Siemens Programming include organization blocks, function blocks, data blocks, and system blocks.

• Organization blocks are used for structuring the program and include OB, FB, FC, and DB blocks.

• Function blocks contain the actual logic of the program and can be created using the Function Block Diagram (FBD) language.

• Data blocks store data and can be accessed by multiple function blocks.

• System blocks are used for system-related functions such as time managemen...read more

The performance of a turbine is evaluated by measuring key parameters such as efficiency, power output, and heat rate.

• Efficiency is calculated by dividing the actual power output by the theoretical power output.

• Power output is measured in kilowatts or megawatts.

• Heat rate is the amount of fuel required to produce a unit of electricity.

• Performance can also be evaluated by monitoring vibration levels, temperature, and pressure.

• Regular maintenance and tuning can improve turbine p...read more

Enercon Turbines have different models based on size, capacity, and technology.

• E-48/800 kW - small size, suitable for low wind speed areas

• E-82/2 MW - medium size, suitable for moderate wind speed areas

• E-126/7.5 MW - large size, suitable for high wind speed areas

• Different models have varying rotor diameters, hub heights, and power outputs

Oops Concepts in JAVA and SQL queries

• Object-oriented programming concepts in Java, such as inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction

• SQL queries for data manipulation, retrieval, and management in relational databases

• Understanding of primary keys, foreign keys, joins, subqueries, and indexing in SQL

Logic gates are basic building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations. Universal gates can be used to implement any other gate.

• Logic gates are electronic devices that perform logical operations on one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary output.

• There are different types of logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR.

• Universal gates, like NAND and NOR gates, can be used to implement any other gate, making them versatile in circuit...read more

Python has several built-in datatypes including numeric, sequence, and mapping types.

• Numeric types include integers, floats, and complex numbers.

• Sequence types include lists, tuples, and strings.

• Mapping types include dictionaries.

• Python also has boolean and None datatypes.

• Datatypes can be converted using built-in functions like int(), str(), and float().

Coolant ON code is used to activate the coolant system in CNC programming.

• Use M08 code to turn on the coolant in CNC programming

• Make sure to specify the type of coolant (flood, mist, etc.) in the program

• Example: M08 - activates flood coolant system

The shaft diameter for the 22220 Ek Bearing is typically around 100 mm.

• The shaft diameter for the 22220 Ek Bearing is usually around 100 mm.

• The specific shaft diameter may vary slightly depending on the manufacturer.

• It is important to check the manufacturer's specifications for the exact shaft diameter.

Earthing is the process of connecting the non-current carrying part of the equipment to the earth, while grounding is the process of connecting the current carrying part of the equipment to the earth.

• Earthing is used to protect against fault currents and lightning strikes.

• Grounding is used to provide a path for fault currents to flow safely to the earth.

• Earthing is typically done by connecting the metal casing of electrical equipment to the earth using a wire or rod.

• Grounding...read more

Circuit is a closed loop of components while network is a collection of interconnected circuits.

• Circuit is a closed loop of components while network is a collection of interconnected circuits

• Circuits have a specific function or purpose, while networks can be used for various purposes

• Examples of circuits include a simple light bulb circuit, while examples of networks include the internet or a power grid

Ducting in TDD layer can be mitigated by using proper antenna height, frequency planning, and implementing interference avoidance techniques.

• Ensure the antenna height is optimized to minimize the impact of ducting.

• Perform frequency planning to avoid frequencies that are prone to ducting.

• Implement interference avoidance techniques like beamforming or adaptive modulation.

• Use advanced propagation models to predict and mitigate ducting effects.

• Regularly monitor and analyze networ...read more

The type of pipe in steel can vary depending on its purpose and specifications.

• Common types of steel pipes include carbon steel pipes, stainless steel pipes, and alloy steel pipes.

• Carbon steel pipes are widely used in various industries due to their strength and affordability.

• Stainless steel pipes are corrosion-resistant and commonly used in applications where hygiene and durability are important, such as in the food and beverage industry.

• Alloy steel pipes are made from a com...read more

Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate around an axis.

• Torque is the product of force and the distance from the axis of rotation.

• It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.

• Torque is commonly used in engineering to describe the twisting or turning force applied to an object.

• Examples of torque include the force applied to rotate a screw, the turning force exerted by an engine, or the rotational force experienced by a bicycle...read more

Power flow & Control flow of Enercon WEC involves the generation of electricity from wind energy and the management of power output.

• Power flow in Enercon WEC involves converting kinetic energy from wind into electrical power through the rotation of the turbine blades.

• Control flow includes monitoring wind speed, adjusting blade pitch angle, and regulating generator output to optimize power generation.

• Enercon WECs use advanced control systems to ensure efficient power flow and ...read more

Radio cells are hexagonal in shape because it allows for efficient coverage with minimal overlap and interference.

• Hexagonal shape provides equal distance between each cell edge, ensuring uniform coverage.

• Minimizes interference by reducing overlapping areas between cells.

• Easier to plan and optimize network layout compared to other shapes like squares or circles.

Transformers are devices that transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

• Transformers consist of two coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary coils, wrapped around a core typically made of iron or steel.

• When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it creates a changing magnetic field which induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

• The ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in...read more

CHP full farm stands for Combined Heat and Power full farm, which is a system that generates both electricity and heat from a single fuel source.

• CHP full farm systems are designed to be highly efficient, utilizing waste heat to produce electricity and heat simultaneously.

• These systems are commonly used in agricultural settings to provide power and heat for farm operations.

• Examples of CHP full farm systems include biogas digesters that produce electricity and heat from animal ...read more

The scan cycle of a PLC refers to the time it takes for the PLC to complete one full cycle of scanning all inputs, executing the program logic, and updating outputs.

• The scan cycle consists of three main steps: input scan, program scan, and output scan.

• During the input scan, the PLC reads the state of all input devices connected to it.

• In the program scan, the PLC executes the user-defined program logic based on the input states.

• Finally, during the output scan, the PLC updates ...read more

Software in Loop (SIL) is a testing technique where software is tested in a simulated environment.

• SIL is used to test software components before integrating them into a larger system.

• It involves creating a simulated environment that mimics the real-world environment in which the software will operate.

• SIL can help identify and fix software defects early in the development process.

• Examples of SIL tools include Simulink, LabVIEW, and dSPACE.

• SIL is often used in the automotive an...read more

To repair a hydraulic pump, first identify the problem and then disassemble the pump to replace or repair the faulty parts.

• Identify the problem by checking for leaks, unusual noises, or loss of pressure.

• Disassemble the pump carefully, taking note of the order of parts and any seals or gaskets.

• Inspect the parts for damage or wear, and replace any faulty components.

• Reassemble the pump, making sure all parts are properly aligned and tightened.

• Test the pump to ensure it is functi...read more

CHP stands for Coal Handling Plant, which is used to handle and process coal for power generation.

• CHP is used in power plants to handle coal from unloading to storage and processing.

• It involves processes like crushing, screening, conveying, and stacking of coal.

• The main components of a CHP include coal crushers, belt conveyors, stacker-reclaimer, and dust extraction system.

Type in section pipe refers to the classification or categorization of pipes based on their shape, size, and material.

• Types of pipes can include circular, rectangular, square, or oval shapes.

• Pipes can be classified based on their diameter, wall thickness, and length.

• Materials used for pipes can vary, such as steel, PVC, copper, or cast iron.

• Different types of pipes are used for various applications like plumbing, drainage, irrigation, or gas transportation.

5S Kaizen TPM is a methodology for workplace organization, continuous improvement, and maintenance in manufacturing.

• 5S focuses on organizing the workplace to improve efficiency and safety

• Kaizen involves continuous improvement through small incremental changes

• TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) aims to maximize equipment effectiveness through proactive maintenance

• Combining these methodologies helps create a culture of continuous improvement and efficiency in manufacturing