Top 250 Data Structures Interview Questions and Answers

A linked list is a data structure where each element contains a reference to the next element.

• Create a Node class with data and next pointer

• Create a LinkedList class with head pointer

• Implement methods like insert, delete, search, etc.

Yes, an array can have elements of different data types.

• An array can have elements of different data types, but it's not recommended.

• It can make the code harder to read and maintain.

• For example, an array can have both strings and numbers: ['apple', 5, 'banana']

Stack is LIFO and Queue is FIFO data structure. Stack is like a stack of plates and Queue is like a queue of people.

• Stack is Last In First Out (LIFO) and Queue is First In First Out (FIFO)

• Stack is like a stack of plates where the last plate added is the first one to be removed

• Queue is like a queue of people where the first person to enter is the first one to leave

• Stack is used in undo-redo functionality in text editors

• Queue is used in printing jobs in a printer

The task is to determine if the given binary tree nodes form exactly one valid binary tree.

• Check if there is only one root node (a node with no parent)

• Check if each node has at most one parent

• Check if there are no cycles in the tree

• Check if all nodes are connected and form a single tree

Find the nearest greater value of a given value in a Binary Search Tree (BST).

• Start from the root node and compare the given value with the current node's value.

• If the given value is less than the current node's value, move to the left subtree.

• If the given value is greater than the current node's value, move to the right subtree.

• Keep track of the closest greater value encountered while traversing the tree.

• Return the closest greater value found.

Graph is a non-linear data structure with cycles while tree is a hierarchical data structure without cycles.

• Graph can have multiple starting points and paths between nodes while tree has only one root node and unique paths between nodes.

• Graph can have cycles while tree is acyclic.

• Graph can be directed or undirected while tree is always directed.

• Examples of graphs include social networks, road networks, and computer networks while examples of trees include file systems, organi...read more

List is dynamic and can be modified while array is fixed in size and cannot be modified.

• List can grow or shrink dynamically while array has a fixed size.

• List can contain elements of different data types while array can only contain elements of the same data type.

• List uses more memory than array due to its dynamic nature.

• Array is faster than list for accessing elements by index.

• Example: List - [1, 'hello', True], Array - [1, 2, 3]

• Example: List - ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'], ...read more

FIFO (First-In, First-Out) and LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) are inventory management methods.

• FIFO: Oldest items are sold first, used in industries like retail and food.

• LIFO: Newest items are sold first, used in industries like manufacturing and construction.

ArrayList is implemented as a resizable array while LinkedList is implemented as a doubly linked list.

• ArrayList provides constant time for accessing elements while LinkedList provides constant time for adding or removing elements.

• ArrayList is better for storing and accessing data while LinkedList is better for manipulating data.

• ArrayList is faster for iterating through elements while LinkedList is faster for adding or removing elements in the middle of the list.

To apply for a DSA Code, you need to follow a specific process.

• Contact the relevant authority or organization that issues DSA Codes.

• Submit the required documents and information, such as identification proof and business details.

• Complete any necessary training or certification programs.

• Wait for the approval of your DSA Code application.

• Once approved, you will receive your DSA Code.

To detect loop in linked list, use Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm.

• Create two pointers, slow and fast, and initialize both to the head of the linked list.

• Move slow pointer by one node and fast pointer by two nodes.

• If there is a loop, the two pointers will eventually meet.

• If there is no loop, the fast pointer will reach the end of the linked list.

• Time complexity: O(n), Space complexity: O(1)

Hash table. No, it is not possible to create a data structure with all operations in O(1) time.

• Hash table uses a hash function to map keys to indices in an array.

• Insertion and deletion can be done in O(1) time on average.

• Search retrieval can also be done in O(1) time on average.

• However, worst-case scenarios can result in O(n) time complexity.

• It is not possible to create a data structure with all operations in O(1) time.

Yes, I can implement those in code.

• I have experience in coding and implementing various algorithms and data structures.

• I am proficient in programming languages such as Java, Python, and C++.

• I can provide examples of my previous coding projects upon request.

HashMap is an unordered collection while LinkedHashMap maintains insertion order.

• HashMap uses hash table to store key-value pairs.

• LinkedHashMap uses doubly-linked list to maintain the insertion order.

• HashMap provides faster access and retrieval time complexity.

• LinkedHashMap provides predictable iteration order based on insertion order.

• Example: HashMap - {1=A, 2=B, 3=C}, LinkedHashMap - {1=A, 2=B, 3=C}

Graph

• Use a graph data structure to represent people as nodes and friend relations as edges

• Each person can be represented as a node with their unique identifier

• Friend relations can be represented as directed edges between nodes

• This allows for efficient traversal and retrieval of friend connections

HashMap is not synchronized and allows null values, while Hashtable is synchronized and does not allow null values.

• HashMap is faster than Hashtable due to lack of synchronization.

• Hashtable is thread-safe while HashMap is not.

• HashMap allows null values for both key and value, while Hashtable does not.

• HashMap is part of the Java Collections Framework while Hashtable is a legacy class.

• HashMap uses Iterator while Hashtable uses Enumeration.

• Example: HashMap map = new HashMap<>(); ...read more

Collection is a group of objects while Map is a key-value pair data structure.

• Collection is used to store and manipulate a group of objects.

• Map is used to store and retrieve data based on key-value pairs.

• Collection classes include List, Set, and Queue.

• Map classes include HashMap, TreeMap, and LinkedHashMap.

• Collections allow duplicate elements while Maps do not.

• Example: Collection - List of names, Map - Student ID and corresponding name.

Collections are data structures used to store multiple values of the same data type.

• Types of collections in Oracle are Associative arrays, Nested tables, and Varrays.

• Associative arrays are indexed by string values, Nested tables are like arrays with no fixed size, and Varrays are like arrays with a fixed size.

• Collections can be used to pass multiple values to a stored procedure or function.

DSA stands for Data Structures and Algorithms. It is used to efficiently store and manipulate data in computer programs.

• DSA helps in organizing and managing data effectively.

• It provides efficient algorithms for searching, sorting, and manipulating data.

• DSA is essential for solving complex problems and optimizing program performance.

• Examples of DSA include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.

Set is a collection of unique elements with no specific order.

• A set can be created using curly braces {} or the set() function.

• Sets can only contain immutable objects like strings, numbers, and tuples.

• Sets are useful for removing duplicates and performing mathematical operations like union and intersection.

• Example: my_set = {1, 2, 3} or my_set = set([1, 2, 3])

Sort a linked list with minimum time complexity

• Use merge sort or quick sort for O(n log n) time complexity

• Implement the sorting algorithm recursively

• Use a temporary linked list to merge the sorted sub-lists

• Consider edge cases like empty list or list with only one element

HashSet and HashMap are both data structures in Java that use hashing to store and retrieve elements.

• HashSet uses HashMap internally to store its elements as keys with a dummy value.

• HashMap uses an array of linked lists called buckets to store key-value pairs.

• Both HashSet and HashMap use the hashCode() method to calculate the hash value of keys.

• HashSet uses the hash value to determine the bucket where an element should be stored.

• HashMap uses the hash value to determine the bu...read more

Print the level order traversal of binary tree in spiral form

• Perform level order traversal of the binary tree

• Alternate the direction of traversal for each level

• Use a stack to reverse the order of nodes in each level

• Print the nodes in the order of traversal

Lists are a collection of ordered and changeable elements. They have various functions to manipulate the data.

• Lists are created using square brackets []

• They can contain any data type such as strings, integers, or even other lists

• Functions include append(), insert(), remove(), pop(), sort(), and reverse()

• Example: my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

• Example: my_list.append('orange') adds 'orange' to the end of the list

DS algorithm for tree traversal is used to visit each node of a tree exactly once.

• Depth First Search (DFS) - Preorder, Inorder, Postorder

• Breadth First Search (BFS)

• DFS is recursive while BFS uses a queue

• Preorder - Root, Left, Right

• Inorder - Left, Root, Right

• Postorder - Left, Right, Root

A collection is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate a group of objects.

• Collections are used to store, retrieve, manipulate, and communicate data between objects.

• They provide various data structures like lists, sets, and maps.

• Collections offer methods to add, remove, and search for elements in the collection.

• Examples of collections in Java include ArrayList, HashSet, and HashMap.

Arrays have fixed size and can lead to memory wastage and performance issues.

• Arrays have a fixed size and cannot be resized dynamically.

• Inserting or deleting elements in an array can be time-consuming.

• Arrays can lead to memory wastage if they are not fully utilized.

• Arrays can cause performance issues if they are too large and need to be traversed frequently.

• Arrays can also be prone to buffer overflow attacks.

• Example: An array of size 10 is created but only 5 elements are used...read more

The key factors of store matrix include sales performance, inventory management, customer satisfaction, and employee productivity.

• Sales performance: The store's ability to meet sales targets and generate revenue.

• Inventory management: Efficient management of stock levels to ensure availability of products and minimize losses.

• Customer satisfaction: Providing excellent customer service and meeting customer needs.

• Employee productivity: Ensuring that employees are motivated, well-...read more

A code for building a heap and its time complexity

• A heap is a complete binary tree where each node is greater than or equal to its children

• To build a heap, start from the last non-leaf node and heapify down each node

• Time complexity: O(n) for building a heap of n elements

Implement LRU cache with put, get, and remove operations.

• LRU stands for Least Recently Used.

• The cache should have a maximum capacity.

• When the cache is full, the least recently used item should be removed.

• When an item is accessed, it should be moved to the front of the cache.

• Use a doubly linked list and a hash map to implement the cache efficiently.

ConcurrentHashMap is a thread-safe implementation of the Map interface in Java.

• It allows multiple threads to read and write to the map concurrently.

• It uses a technique called lock striping to divide the map into segments, each with its own lock.

• It provides better performance than synchronized HashMap in multi-threaded environments.

• It supports atomic operations like putIfAbsent() and replace().

FIFO and LIFO are inventory management methods. FIFO means First In First Out and LIFO means Last In First Out.

• FIFO means the first items received are the first items sold or used

• LIFO means the last items received are the first items sold or used

• FIFO is commonly used for perishable goods

• LIFO is commonly used for non-perishable goods

• FIFO results in lower inventory holding costs

• LIFO results in higher inventory holding costs

CC can refer to several things in different contexts, such as cubic centimeters, carbon copy, credit card, etc.

• CC stands for cubic centimeters, a unit of measurement for engine displacement in vehicles.

• CC can also mean carbon copy, used in email communication to send a copy of a message to multiple recipients.

• In finance, CC can stand for credit card.

• CC can also refer to closed captioning, a feature that displays text on a screen to provide a transcription of spoken dialogue f...read more

DSR stands for Daily Sales Report. It is a document that summarizes the sales activities and performance of a business on a daily basis.

• DSR provides insights into daily sales trends and helps in tracking sales targets.

• It includes information such as total sales, number of transactions, average transaction value, and sales by product or category.

• DSR is used by managers to evaluate sales performance, identify areas for improvement, and make informed business decisions.

• For examp...read more

Hashing is a process of converting data into a fixed-size numerical value called a hash code.

• Hashing is used to quickly retrieve data from large datasets.

• It is commonly used in data structures like hash tables and hash maps.

• Hash functions should be fast, deterministic, and produce unique hash codes for different inputs.

• Examples of hash functions include MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256.

RPN stands for Reverse Polish Notation, a mathematical notation where operators follow their operands.

• RPN is used in calculators and programming languages like Forth and PostScript.

• In RPN, instead of using parentheses to indicate order of operations, the order is determined by the position of the operator.

• For example, in RPN, the expression 3 + 4 * 5 would be written as 3 4 5 * +.

A program to print name using an array of strings.

• Declare an array of strings with the name.

• Assign the name to the array.

• Loop through the array and print each string.

ArrayList is a resizable array implementation of the List interface in Java.

• ArrayList is a dynamic array that can grow or shrink in size.

• ArrayList allows duplicate elements and maintains insertion order.

• ArrayList provides random access to elements using their index.

• List is an interface in Java that represents an ordered collection of elements.

• List allows duplicate elements and maintains insertion order.

• List provides various methods for manipulating and accessing elements.

Remove duplicates from a string

• Convert string to char array

• Create a HashSet to store unique characters

• Iterate through char array and add to HashSet

• Convert HashSet back to string

The question asks to convert the leaves of a binary tree into a doubly linked list without using extra space.

• Traverse the binary tree in a depth-first manner

• When a leaf node is encountered, update its left and right pointers to form the doubly linked list

• Keep track of the previous leaf node to update its right pointer

• Return the head of the doubly linked list

Autocomplete in IDEs helps developers write code faster by suggesting code snippets and completing code as they type.

• Autocomplete should suggest code snippets based on the context of the code being written

• Autocomplete should prioritize suggestions based on frequency of use

• Autocomplete should also suggest variable and function names

• Autocomplete should be customizable to allow for user-defined snippets and suggestions

• Examples of IDEs with autocomplete include Visual Studio Code...read more

The number can be stored as a floating-point data type with a precision of at least 12 digits.

• Floating-point data type can store decimal numbers with a fractional part.

• Precision refers to the number of digits that can be stored after the decimal point.

• In this case, a precision of at least 12 digits is required to store the number 1.00123456788.

Vertices are nodes and edges are connections between nodes in a directed acyclic graph (DAG).

• Vertices represent the tasks or operations in a DAG.

• Edges represent the dependencies between tasks or operations.

• Vertices can have multiple incoming edges and outgoing edges.

• Edges can be weighted to represent the cost or time required to complete a task.

• Examples of DAGs include data processing pipelines and task scheduling systems.

A min heap can be implemented using a priority queue, where the smallest element has the highest priority.

• Use a priority queue data structure to implement the min heap.

• Ensure that the smallest element has the highest priority.

• Implement the necessary operations like insert, delete, and extract min.

• Maintain the heap property by percolating up or down as needed.

Design a data structure for efficient insert(),delete(),search(), return_any_value().

• Consider using a hash table or a balanced binary search tree

• For return_any_value(), use a random number generator to select a value

• Optimize for the most frequently used operations

A filter formula is a formula used to specify criteria for filtering data in a spreadsheet or database.

• Filter formulas are used to extract specific data from a larger dataset based on certain conditions.

• They can be used in various applications such as Excel, Google Sheets, and SQL databases.

• Filter formulas typically involve logical operators (e.g., equals, greater than, less than) and functions (e.g., COUNTIF, SUMIF) to define the filtering criteria.

• For example, in Excel, the...read more

Remove duplicates in an array of strings

• Create a new empty array

• Loop through the original array and check if the current element exists in the new array

• If it doesn't exist, add it to the new array

• Return the new array

This question is about finding the XOR of all values of nodes in the sub-tree of a given node in a tree.

• Read the input values for the number of test cases, number of nodes, and number of queries.

• Construct the tree using the given edges.

• For each query, traverse the sub-tree of the given node and calculate the XOR of all node values.

• Print the XOR values for each query.

The question asks to implement a data structure called 'MapSum' with functions to initialize, insert key-value pairs, and find the sum of values with a given prefix.

• Implement a class called 'MapSum' with a constructor to initialize the data structure.

• Implement the 'insert' function to insert key-value pairs into the 'MapSum'. If a key is already present, replace its value with the new one.

• Implement the 'sum' function to find the sum of values whose key has a prefix equal to t...read more

There are several types of graphs, including line, bar, pie, scatter, and area graphs.

• Line graphs show trends over time.

• Bar graphs compare data between different categories.

• Pie graphs show proportions of a whole.

• Scatter graphs show the relationship between two variables.

• Area graphs show the cumulative totals over time.

Data entry operators handle various types of data.

• Numeric data (e.g. sales figures, financial data)

• Textual data (e.g. customer names, addresses)

• Alphanumeric data (e.g. product codes, phone numbers)

• Date and time data (e.g. order dates, appointment times)

• Categorical data (e.g. product categories, customer types)

Yes, I have used maps extensively in my work as a GIS Engineer.

• I have experience working with various types of maps, including topographic, thematic, and digital maps.

• I have used maps to analyze spatial data and create visual representations of data.

• I have also used maps to perform geocoding and geolocation tasks.

• Examples of software I have used to work with maps include ArcGIS, QGIS, and Google Maps API.

Reverse a linked list by changing the direction of the pointers.

• Iterate through the list and change the direction of the pointers

• Keep track of the previous, current and next nodes

• Set the next pointer of the current node to the previous node

• Move to the next node and repeat until the end of the list is reached

A node is a point of connection within a network that can send, receive, or forward data packets.

• Nodes can be devices such as computers, routers, switches, or servers.

• Nodes can also be virtual entities such as virtual machines or containers.

• Nodes can communicate with each other through various protocols such as TCP/IP or UDP.

• Nodes can be organized into different topologies such as star, mesh, or ring.

• Nodes can have different roles within a network such as client, server, or g...read more

An AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree where the heights of the left and right subtrees differ by at most one.

• AVL tree is a binary search tree with additional balance factor for each node.

• The balance factor is the difference between the heights of the left and right subtrees.

• Insertion and deletion operations in AVL tree maintain the balance factor to ensure the tree remains balanced.

• Rotations are performed to balance the tree when necessary.

• AVL trees provide effic...read more

A circular linked list is a data structure where the last node points back to the first node, forming a loop.

• Create a Node class with data and next pointer

• Initialize the head node and set its next pointer to itself

• To add a node, create a new node and set its next pointer to the head node's next pointer, then update the head node's next pointer to the new node

• To traverse the circular linked list, start from the head node and continue until reaching the head node again

Hashtable is not thread-safe while ConcurrentHashmap is thread-safe.

• Hashtable is a legacy class while ConcurrentHashmap is a modern class.

• Hashtable uses synchronized methods while ConcurrentHashmap uses lock striping.

• ConcurrentHashmap allows multiple threads to read and write concurrently.

• Hashtable is slower than ConcurrentHashmap in multi-threaded environments.

Insertion in binary search trees involves finding the appropriate position for a new node based on its value.

• Start at the root node and compare the value of the new node with the current node.

• If the new node's value is less than the current node, move to the left child node.

• If the new node's value is greater than the current node, move to the right child node.

• Repeat the comparison and movement until reaching a leaf node or a null position.

• Insert the new node at the null posit...read more

To detect a loop in a linked list, use Floyd's Cycle Detection Algorithm.

• Use two pointers, slow and fast, to traverse the linked list.

• If there is a loop, the fast pointer will eventually meet the slow pointer.

• Time complexity is O(n) and space complexity is O(1).

Structures are rigid bodies that support loads, while links are flexible elements that connect structures.

• Structures are typically made of rigid materials like steel or concrete

• Links are often made of flexible materials like cables or chains

• Structures provide support and stability to a system

• Links allow for movement or flexibility within a system

• Example: A bridge is a structure that supports loads, while the cables connecting the bridge deck are links

Answering the question about possible trees with two and three nodes.

• For two nodes, there is only one possible tree.

• For three nodes, there are three possible trees.

• The formula for calculating the number of possible trees with n nodes is (2n-3)!!.

• The double exclamation mark represents the double factorial function.

• The double factorial function is defined as n!! = n(n-2)(n-4)...(1 or 2).

Vectors are dynamic arrays that allocate memory dynamically. They work by storing elements in contiguous memory locations.

• Vectors allocate memory dynamically and store elements in contiguous memory locations

• They can be resized dynamically as needed

• Accessing elements is done using an index, similar to arrays

• Inserting or deleting elements in the middle of a vector can be expensive as it requires shifting all subsequent elements

• Vectors have a size and capacity, where size is the...read more

CPV stands for Cost Per View. It is a metric used in advertising to measure the cost of each view or interaction with an ad.

• CPV is commonly used in online video advertising campaigns.

• It is calculated by dividing the total cost of the campaign by the number of views or interactions.

• CPV helps advertisers understand the effectiveness and efficiency of their ad campaigns.

• For example, if a campaign costs $100 and receives 1,000 views, the CPV would be $0.10 per view.

ArrayList is resizable and uses contiguous memory while LinkedList uses nodes and is best for frequent insertions/deletions.

• ArrayList is faster for accessing elements by index

• LinkedList is faster for inserting/deleting elements in the middle of the list

• ArrayList uses less memory than LinkedList for storing the same number of elements

• LinkedList is better suited for implementing a stack or queue

• Example: ArrayList arrList = new ArrayList(); LinkedList linkedList = new LinkedList...read more

A hash function is a mathematical function that converts input data of arbitrary size into a fixed-size output.

• Hash functions are used to index data in hash tables.

• They are also used in cryptography to securely store passwords.

• Examples of hash functions include MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256.

To delete 95,000 records with limited local memory, use batch processing and delete in chunks.

• Use batch processing to delete records in chunks

• Delete records in descending order of their IDs to avoid index fragmentation

• Commit the transaction after deleting each batch to avoid long-running transactions

• Consider archiving the deleted records instead of permanently deleting them

Program to store and reconstruct a tree from a file with efficient techniques.

• Use a recursive approach to traverse the tree and write each node to the file

• Include information about the node's parent and children in the file

• Use a unique identifier for each node to reconstruct the tree from the file

• Use a data structure like a hash table to store the nodes and their identifiers for efficient reconstruction

Stack can be changed into pointers by creating a dynamic memory allocation using malloc() function.

• Use malloc() function to allocate memory dynamically

• Create a pointer variable to point to the allocated memory

• Use push() and pop() functions to manipulate the stack using pointers

HashMap is not thread-safe while ConcurrentHashMap is thread-safe.

• HashMap is not thread-safe and can lead to ConcurrentModificationException if modified while iterating.

• ConcurrentHashMap allows concurrent modifications without the need for external synchronization.

• ConcurrentHashMap uses separate locks for different segments, allowing multiple threads to read and write concurrently.

• ConcurrentHashMap is more suitable for high-concurrency scenarios compared to HashMap.

Cache is a temporary storage area that stores frequently accessed data for quick access.

• Cache is used to improve the performance of a system by reducing the time it takes to access data.

• It can be implemented in hardware or software.

• Examples of cache include browser cache, CPU cache, and disk cache.

• Cache can be volatile or non-volatile, depending on whether the data is lost when the system is powered off.

• Cache can also be divided into levels, with each level having a different...read more

Data is information that is collected, stored, and analyzed for various purposes.

• Data can be in the form of numbers, text, images, videos, etc.

• Data can be structured or unstructured.

• Data can be collected from various sources such as surveys, sensors, databases, etc.

• Data is used for analysis, decision-making, and reporting.

• Examples: customer information in a database, sales figures in a spreadsheet, medical records in a hospital system.

Rotate an array with given number of times.

• Use a temporary array to store elements to be rotated

• Loop through the original array and copy elements to the temporary array

• Copy the rotated elements from the temporary array back to the original array

Time series is a sequence of data points collected at regular time intervals, used to analyze trends and patterns over time.

• Time series data is ordered chronologically

• Commonly used in forecasting future values based on past patterns

• Examples include stock prices, weather data, and sales figures

Tree traversals are methods of visiting all nodes in a tree data structure.

• There are three types of tree traversals: in-order, pre-order, and post-order.

• In-order traversal visits the left subtree, then the root, then the right subtree.

• Pre-order traversal visits the root, then the left subtree, then the right subtree.

• Post-order traversal visits the left subtree, then the right subtree, then the root.

• Tree traversals are commonly used in searching and sorting algorithms.

The Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) of two nodes in a binary tree is the deepest node that is a common ancestor of both nodes.

• Start from the root node and traverse the tree to find the given nodes.

• Store the paths from the root to each node.

• Compare the paths to find the last common node, which is the LCA.

Find common ancestor of 2 nodes in a binary tree

• Traverse the tree from root to both nodes and store the paths

• Compare the paths to find the last common node

• Use recursion to traverse the tree and find the common ancestor

Adding two numbers represented as linked lists with different lengths.

• Traverse both linked lists simultaneously, adding corresponding digits and carrying over the carry.

• If one list is shorter, consider the remaining digits as 0.

• Create a new linked list to store the result.

• Handle the case when the sum of digits exceeds 9 by carrying over the digit to the next place value.

• If there is a carry after adding all digits, add an additional node to the result linked list.

Mapping is used to visually represent spatial data and analyze relationships between different geographic features.

• Mapping helps in visualizing data and identifying patterns or trends

• It allows for spatial analysis and decision-making based on geographic information

• Mapping is used in various industries such as urban planning, environmental management, and disaster response

• GIS technology uses mapping to create interactive maps for data visualization and analysis

Find height of binary tree without recursion

• Use a stack to keep track of nodes

• Iteratively traverse the tree and update height

• Testcases: empty tree, single node tree, balanced tree, unbalanced tree

Streams are a sequence of data elements made available over time. There are different types of streams.

• Byte Streams

• Character Streams

• Buffered Streams

• Data Streams

• Object Streams

• Print Streams

• File Streams

• Network Streams

There are three types of alignment: shaft alignment, belt alignment, and gear alignment.

• Shaft alignment involves aligning the rotating shafts of machines to ensure smooth operation and prevent damage.

• Belt alignment refers to aligning the belts in machines such as conveyor systems to prevent slipping and maximize efficiency.

• Gear alignment involves aligning the gears in machines to ensure proper meshing and smooth transmission of power.

Frequency is the number of cycles per second of a periodic wave.

• Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz)

• It determines the pitch of a sound wave

• Higher frequency means higher pitch

• Frequency is used in AC circuits to determine the rate of change of voltage or current

• Examples of frequency include radio waves, light waves, and electrical signals

Decision tree is a graphical representation of decisions and their possible consequences, while decision table is a tabular representation of decisions and their corresponding actions.

• Decision tree is a visual representation of a decision-making process, where each branch represents a possible decision and its outcome.

• Decision table is a table that lists all possible combinations of conditions and actions, making it easier to determine the appropriate action for a given set o...read more

A scale is a device used to measure weight or mass, while an encoder is a device used to convert motion or position into digital signals.

• A scale is commonly used in households to measure the weight of objects or people.

• An encoder is often used in robotics or automation systems to determine the position or speed of a motor.

• Scales can be analog or digital, with digital scales providing more accurate measurements.

• Encoders can be rotary or linear, depending on the type of motion ...read more

A dataframe is a two-dimensional tabular data structure in which data is organized in rows and columns. It differs from a dataset in terms of structure and functionality.

• A dataframe is a data structure in which data is organized in a tabular format with rows and columns.

• It is commonly used in data analysis and manipulation tasks.

• Dataframes can handle both structured and semi-structured data.

• They provide a convenient way to store and manipulate large datasets.

• Dataframes offer ...read more

Arrays are one-dimensional data structures, while dataframes are two-dimensional data structures used in data analysis.

• Arrays are one-dimensional and can hold only one type of data, while dataframes are two-dimensional and can hold multiple types of data.

• Dataframes are commonly used in data analysis with libraries like Pandas in Python, while arrays are more basic data structures.

• Arrays are typically used for simple data storage and manipulation, while dataframes are used for...read more

An array of pointers is a data structure that stores memory addresses of other variables or objects.

• Array of pointers can be used to create dynamic data structures like linked lists or trees.

• It allows efficient access and manipulation of data by storing references instead of actual data.

• Example: char* names[] = {"John", "Jane", "Mike"};

Identify mistakes in the given JSON.

• The keys should be enclosed in double quotes.

• The value of 'age' should be a number, not a string.

• The value of 'isActive' should be a boolean, not a string.

• The last item in the array should not have a comma after it.

TreeSet is a data structure that stores unique elements in sorted order.

• TreeSet is implemented using a Red-Black tree

• It provides O(log n) time complexity for basic operations like add, remove, and contains

• It also provides methods like first(), last(), headSet(), tailSet(), and subSet()

• TreeSet can be used to implement priority queues and sorting algorithms

A double linked list is a data structure where each node contains a reference to the previous and next node.

• In a linked list, each node contains a reference to the next node only, while in a double linked list, each node contains references to both the previous and next nodes.

• Double linked lists allow for traversal in both directions, making operations like deletion and insertion easier compared to single linked lists.

• Example: In a double linked list, a node might have pointe...read more

Append and Merge are two methods used to combine data from multiple sources into a single dataset.

• Append adds new rows to an existing dataset.

• Merge combines two or more datasets based on a common column or key.

• Append is useful when adding new data to an existing dataset, while Merge is useful for combining datasets with related information.

• Example: Appending new sales data to an existing sales dataset.

• Example: Merging customer data from two different sources based on a common...read more

Find duplicate elements from array

• Iterate through the array and use a hash set to keep track of seen elements

• If an element is already in the set, it is a duplicate

• Return the set of duplicate elements

B-Tree is a self-balancing tree data structure with multiple child nodes and is used for efficient disk access.

• B-Tree has a root node, internal nodes, and leaf nodes.

• Each node can have multiple child nodes.

• The number of child nodes is fixed for a given B-Tree.

• B-Tree is self-balancing, which means that the height of the tree is minimized.

• B-Tree is used for efficient disk access as it reduces the number of disk accesses required to find a particular data item.

• Example: File syst...read more

Decision table is a tabular representation of all possible conditions and corresponding actions, while decision tree is a graphical representation of decision-making process.

• Decision table lists all possible conditions and corresponding actions in a tabular format.

• Decision tree is a graphical representation of decision-making process, showing different paths and outcomes.

• Decision table is more suitable for complex conditions with multiple variables, while decision tree is eas...read more

RPN stands for Reverse Polish Notation, a mathematical notation where operators are placed after their operands.

• RPN is a postfix notation, meaning that operators are written after their operands.

• It eliminates the need for parentheses to indicate the order of operations.

• RPN is commonly used in calculators and computer programming languages.

• Example: In RPN, the expression '3 + 4' would be written as '3 4 +'.

Linear data structures are used when data needs to be accessed sequentially, while non-linear data structures are used when data needs to be accessed in a non-sequential manner.

• Linear data structures like arrays and linked lists are used in algorithms that require sequential access, such as searching and sorting.

• Non-linear data structures like trees and graphs are used in algorithms that require non-sequential access, such as hierarchical data representation and network routi...read more

Check if a tree is balanced by comparing the heights of its left and right subtrees.

• Calculate the height of the left subtree and the height of the right subtree.

• If the difference between the heights is greater than 1, the tree is not balanced.

• Recursively check if both the left and right subtrees are balanced.

• If both subtrees are balanced and the height difference is less than or equal to 1, the tree is balanced.