Tech Mahindra DevOps Lead Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. What is the difference between IAAS, PAAS, SAAS in AWS?
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Q2. How do you ensure high availability in cloud computing?
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Q3. How you monitor and troubleshoot in kubernetes?
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Q4. Tell the best security practices in AWS cloud?
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Q1. Ci cd pipeline and variables?
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Q2. Blue green and canary deployment kubernetes
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Q3. Security in Terraform
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Security in Terraform involves managing sensitive data, implementing access controls, and using secure communication channels.
• Use Terraform's sensitive data handling features like sensitive variables and sensitive outputs to protect sensitive information.

• Implement access controls using Terraform's built-in features like IAM policies, resource-level permissions, and secure storage backends.

• Use secure communication chann...read more
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Q4. Helm chart and how to use it?
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Helm is a package manager for Kubernetes that simplifies the deployment and management of applications.
• Helm charts are packages of pre-configured Kubernetes resources that can be easily deployed using Helm.

• Helm charts are written in YAML and can include templates for Kubernetes manifests.

• Helm allows for easy versioning, sharing, and management of Kubernetes applications.

• To use Helm, you need to install the Helm client ...read more
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Q5. Branching strategies
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Q1. Kubernetes architecture
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Q2. Readiness liveness probes
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Q1. Taints and tolerations
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Q2. Pod lifecycle, and Prometheus setup
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Q1. S3 storwge class
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Q2. Day to day activities in current role
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Q3. Amazon vpc advantages vpc peering
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Q4. Jenkins pipeline building
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Q5. Terraform validate command
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Q1. What is Terraform
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Terraform is an open-source infrastructure as code software tool created by HashiCorp.
• Terraform allows users to define and provision infrastructure using a declarative configuration language.

• It supports multiple cloud providers such as AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, and more.

• Terraform uses 'terraform plan' to create an execution plan and 'terraform apply' to apply the changes.

• It helps in automating the creation, modificatio...read more
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Q2. What is Azure DevOps
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Azure DevOps is a set of development tools provided by Microsoft to help teams collaborate and deliver high-quality software.
• Azure DevOps includes services such as Azure Repos, Azure Pipelines, Azure Boards, Azure Artifacts, and Azure Test Plans.

• It allows for version control, continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD), project management, and testing.

• Teams can plan, build, test, and deploy applications using ...read more
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Q3. What is CI/CD pipelines
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CI/CD pipelines automate the process of building, testing, and deploying code changes.
• CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment

• Automates the process of integrating code changes into a shared repository and deploying them to production

• Helps in detecting and fixing integration errors early in the development process

• Enables faster delivery of software updates and improvements

• Popular tools for CI/CD pip...read more
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Q4. What is Docker and Kubernetes
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Docker is a platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in containers. Kubernetes is a container orchestration tool for managing containerized applications across a cluster of nodes.
• Docker allows developers to package applications and their dependencies into containers for easy deployment.

• Kubernetes automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

• Docker containers are lig...read more
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Q1. Did you face any challenge while creating the DevOps pipeline?
Ans. 
Yes, I faced challenges while creating the DevOps pipeline.
• One challenge was integrating multiple tools and technologies into the pipeline.

• Another challenge was ensuring smooth communication and collaboration between different teams involved in the pipeline.

• I also faced challenges in automating the testing and deployment processes to achieve continuous integration and continuous delivery.

• Dealing with legacy systems and...read more
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Q2. How do your container communicate in Kubernetes?
Ans. 
Containers in Kubernetes communicate with each other through networking and service discovery mechanisms.
• Containers within the same pod can communicate over localhost.

• Containers in different pods can communicate using Kubernetes services.

• Kubernetes assigns each pod a unique IP address for communication.

• Kubernetes also supports DNS-based service discovery for containers.
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Q3. If you want to restrict the communication between the kubernetes pod, how would you restrict that one?
Ans. 
Restricting communication between Kubernetes pods can be achieved using network policies.
• Use Network Policies in Kubernetes to define rules for pod-to-pod communication

• Specify which pods are allowed to communicate with each other based on labels

• Deny all traffic by default and only allow specific traffic as needed

• Example: Define a network policy to allow communication only between pods with label 'app=frontend' and 'app
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Q4. What is virtual private cloud or Vnet? What is the use of Vnet and why we use it in DevOps?
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A virtual private cloud (VPC) or Vnet is a private network in the cloud that allows you to isolate resources and control network traffic.
• VPC/Vnet provides a secure and isolated environment for resources in the cloud.

• It allows you to define your own IP address range, subnets, route tables, and network gateways.

• VPC/Vnet helps in creating a secure connection between on-premises data centers and cloud resources.

• It is used ...read more
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Q5. Can you tell me something about Ansible work in DevOps?
Ans. 
Ansible is a popular automation tool used in DevOps for configuration management, application deployment, and orchestration.
• Ansible is agentless, meaning it does not require any software to be installed on the nodes being managed.

• It uses YAML syntax for writing playbooks, which are used to define automation tasks.

• Ansible can be used for tasks such as provisioning servers, deploying applications, and managing configurat...read more
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Q6. What is Client based development?
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Client based development is a software development approach where the client's needs and feedback are prioritized throughout the development process.
• Focus on meeting client requirements and expectations

• Regular communication and feedback from the client

• Iterative development cycles based on client input

• Client involvement in decision-making processes

• Examples: Agile development, customer-centric design
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Q7. What is resilience testing?
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Resilience testing is a type of testing that evaluates a system's ability to recover from failures and continue functioning.
• Resilience testing involves intentionally introducing failures or disruptions to a system to see how it responds.

• The goal of resilience testing is to identify weaknesses in the system's design or implementation that could lead to downtime or data loss.

• Examples of resilience testing include simulat...read more
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Q8. What are DevOps KPI?
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DevOps KPI are key performance indicators used to measure the success of DevOps practices in an organization.
• DevOps KPIs should align with business goals and objectives.

• Examples of DevOps KPIs include deployment frequency, lead time for changes, mean time to recover, and change failure rate.

• Monitoring KPIs helps in identifying areas for improvement and optimizing DevOps processes.
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Q9. What are the various branching strategies used in the version control system?
Ans. 
Various branching strategies in version control systems help manage code changes effectively.
• Mainline/Branch by Release: Each release has its own branch for bug fixes and maintenance.

• Feature Branching: Each new feature is developed in a separate branch and merged back to main branch after completion.

• Gitflow Workflow: Uses main, develop, feature, release, and hotfix branches for a structured workflow.

• Trunk-Based Develop...read more
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Q10. What is feature branching and task branching?
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Feature branching and task branching are strategies used in version control systems to manage development tasks.
• Feature branching involves creating a separate branch for each new feature being developed, allowing for isolation and independent development.

• Task branching is similar to feature branching but is used for smaller tasks or bug fixes.

• Both feature branching and task branching help in organizing and managing cod...read more
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Q11. What is the difference b/w Continuous delivery and continuous deployment?
Ans. 
Continuous delivery focuses on automating the software delivery process up to production, while continuous deployment automatically deploys every change to production.
• Continuous delivery involves automating the software delivery process up to production, ensuring that code is always in a deployable state.

• Continuous deployment goes a step further by automatically deploying every change that passes automated tests to pro...read more
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Q12. Different phases in DevOps Methodology
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DevOps methodology consists of various phases including plan, code, build, test, release, deploy, operate, and monitor.
• Plan: Define goals, set priorities, and create a roadmap.

• Code: Develop and review code changes.

• Build: Compile the code and create executable files.

• Test: Verify code changes through automated testing.

• Release: Deploy changes to production environment.

• Deploy: Automate deployment process to various environ...read more
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Q13. What is blue green deployment pattern
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Blue green deployment pattern is a software release strategy that reduces downtime and risk by running two identical production environments.
• In blue green deployment, one environment (blue) is currently live and serving production traffic, while the other environment (green) is idle.

• Once the new version of the software is deployed to the green environment and tested thoroughly, traffic is switched from the blue to the ...read more
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Q14. What are key elements which are there in continuous testing tools?
Ans. 
Key elements in continuous testing tools include automation, integration with CI/CD pipelines, reporting and analytics, scalability, and support for various testing types.
• Automation of test cases to ensure quick feedback on code changes

• Integration with CI/CD pipelines for seamless testing in the software delivery process

• Reporting and analytics capabilities to track test results and identify issues

• Scalability to handle ...read more
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Q15. Difference b/w centralized and distributed VCS
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Centralized VCS stores all versions of files in a central server, while distributed VCS allows each user to have a full copy of the repository.
• Centralized VCS has a single point of failure, while distributed VCS is more resilient.

• In centralized VCS, users need constant connection to the central server, while distributed VCS allows offline work.

• Examples of centralized VCS include SVN and CVS, while Git is a popular dist
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Q16. How do you setup the VPC with azure?
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Setting up a VPC in Azure involves creating a virtual network, subnets, and configuring security groups.
• Create a virtual network in the Azure portal

• Define subnets within the virtual network

• Configure network security groups to control inbound and outbound traffic

• Establish peering connections with other VPCs if needed
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Q17. Describe about IAC and Configuration management
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IAC stands for Infrastructure as Code, which involves managing and provisioning infrastructure through code. Configuration management involves managing and maintaining the state of systems.
• IAC allows for automating the process of setting up and managing infrastructure using code

• Configuration management ensures that the desired state of systems is maintained consistently

• Tools like Terraform, Ansible, and Puppet are comm...read more
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Q1. Write a Dockerfile for any of the applications
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A Dockerfile is a text document that contains all the commands a user could call on the command line to assemble an image.
• Start with a base image (e.g. FROM ubuntu:latest)

• Install dependencies and set up environment (e.g. RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y python3)

• Copy application code into the image (e.g. COPY . /app)

• Set the default command to run when the container starts (e.g. CMD ["python3", "app.py"])

• Build th...read more
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Q2. Program which is related to file parsing
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It was very basic. Consisted of logical and numerical reasoning questions

Q1. Tell me about yourself
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Q2. Tell me about your internship experience
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Q3. Tell me about your projects
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Q4. Tell me about software development lifecycle
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Q5. Share screen and solve this coding question
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