Cognizant Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

Q1. What should be considered during performance analysis with ST03 transaction, Total time or average time ?
Ans. 
Average time should be considered during performance analysis with ST03 transaction.
• Average time gives a more accurate representation of overall performance compared to total time.

• Total time can be skewed by outliers or extreme values, while average time provides a more balanced view.

• For example, if there are a few long-running processes that significantly impact total time, focusing on average time can help identify o
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Q2. How to minimize the downtime during an SAP upgrade with SUM?
Ans. 
Minimize downtime during SAP upgrade with SUM by using parallel processing, proper planning, and testing.
• Utilize parallel processing to speed up the upgrade process

• Properly plan and schedule the upgrade during off-peak hours to minimize impact on users

• Perform thorough testing in a non-production environment before the actual upgrade

• Use SAP EarlyWatch Alert to identify potential issues before the upgrade

• Implement SAP Sy...read more
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Q3. Where are R3trans and R3load processes are used during SAP upgrade using SUM?
Ans. 
R3trans and R3load processes are used during SAP upgrade using SUM for data migration and transport.
• R3trans is used for transporting data between systems during the upgrade process.

• R3load is used for loading data into the upgraded system.

• R3trans and R3load are part of the Software Update Manager (SUM) tool used for SAP upgrades.
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Q4. What are the differences in SUM 1.0 and SUM 2.0 ? Why can we not use SUM 2.0 for SAP JAVA systems ?
Ans. 
SUM 2.0 is an updated version of SUM 1.0 with improved features. SUM 2.0 cannot be used for SAP JAVA systems due to compatibility issues.
• SUM 2.0 has enhanced functionalities and better performance compared to SUM 1.0

• SUM 2.0 is not compatible with SAP JAVA systems because it lacks support for certain Java-specific components and processes

• Using SUM 2.0 for SAP JAVA systems can lead to errors and issues during the upgrade
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Q5. What steps are needed if the maintenance planner is not green?
Ans. 
Check prerequisites, resolve issues, update software components, check system status, and re-run maintenance planner.
• Check if all prerequisites are met before running maintenance planner

• Resolve any issues or errors that are causing the maintenance planner to not be green

• Update software components if necessary

• Check the system status to ensure it is stable and running properly

• Re-run the maintenance planner after addressi
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Q6. What are the difference in steps when you generate the stack.xml file from maintenance planner for Java system vs ABAP system.
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Q7. What are delta Merge in SAP HANA?
Ans. 
Delta Merge in SAP HANA is a process where data from delta storage is merged into main storage to optimize performance.
• Delta merge is a process in SAP HANA where data from delta storage is merged into main storage to optimize performance.

• It helps in reducing the size of delta storage and improving query performance.

• Delta merge is triggered automatically by SAP HANA based on certain conditions like memory consumption or...read more
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Q8. What are the reasons of Delta merge not running properly and how to make them work?
Ans. 
Delta merge may not run properly due to incorrect configuration, insufficient resources, or system errors.
• Check the configuration settings for delta merge to ensure they are correct

• Ensure that there are enough resources (memory, CPU, disk space) available for delta merge to run smoothly

• Monitor system logs for any errors or issues that may be preventing delta merge from running properly

• Restart the system or the relevant...read more
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Q9. What are the pre-requisites of manual delta merge?
Ans. 
Pre-requisites for manual delta merge include proper system backup, sufficient disk space, and no active users.
• Ensure system backup is taken before performing manual delta merge.

• Make sure there is enough disk space available for the merge process.

• Ensure there are no active users or critical processes running during the merge.

• Check for any pending updates or patches that may interfere with the merge.

• Verify that all nece...read more
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Q10. What is Strust transaction code? Why are there different PSEs and how are these utilized?
Ans. 
Strust is a transaction code used in SAP for managing SSL server PSEs. Different PSEs are used for different purposes.
• Strust is used to manage SSL server PSEs in SAP systems

• Different PSEs are used for different purposes such as encryption, authentication, etc.

• Examples of PSEs include SSL server PSE, SSL client PSE, SNC PSE, etc.
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Q11. What steps are needed if a 3rd party system wants to connect with your SAP system? What specific certificates will be needed?
Ans. 
To connect a 3rd party system with SAP, steps include creating RFC destination, configuring communication user, setting up authorizations, and exchanging certificates.
• Create RFC destination in SAP system

• Configure communication user in SAP system

• Set up necessary authorizations for the RFC user

• Exchange certificates between the 3rd party system and SAP system
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Q12. What are trusted RFC connections and why are these needed and how to create those?
Ans. 
Trusted RFC connections are secure connections between SAP systems for communication.
• Trusted RFC connections are used to establish secure communication between SAP systems.

• These connections are needed to ensure data integrity and confidentiality during data exchange.

• To create trusted RFC connections, you need to configure the RFC destination in both sending and receiving systems.

• You also need to maintain the trusted re...read more
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Q13. Is it possible to automate the TR movement from DEV to QA? If yes, how?
Ans. 
Yes, it is possible to automate TR movement from DEV to QA.
• Use transport management system (TMS) in SAP to automate TR movement

• Set up transport routes and configure TMS to automatically release and import transports

• Schedule background jobs to move transports at specific times

• Use transport of copies (TOC) functionality to copy transports between systems
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Q14. What are label printers? How are these different than usual printers?
Ans. 
Label printers are specialized printers used to print labels for various purposes.
• Label printers are designed specifically for printing labels, tags, and stickers.

• They are commonly used in industries like manufacturing, retail, logistics, and healthcare.

• Label printers use different types of printing technologies such as direct thermal or thermal transfer.

• Unlike usual printers, label printers are more durable and can ha...read more
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Q15. Spool request is successful but still the prints are not coming through, what could be the reason and how to solve it?
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Q16. There is performance issue between 1 to 2 PM everyday, what could be the reason and how to resolve it?
Ans. 
Possible reasons for performance issue between 1 to 2 PM everyday and how to resolve it
• Check for any scheduled jobs or backups running during that time causing high system load

• Monitor system resources like CPU, memory, and disk usage during that time

• Review system logs for any errors or warnings occurring at that specific time

• Consider implementing performance tuning measures such as optimizing database queries or increa...read more
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Q17. What are different tcodes for traces? What specific information you look for in these tcodes (e.g. STAD) ?
Ans. 
Different tcodes for traces in SAP BASIS and specific information to look for in STAD
• ST01 - System Trace: Monitor user activities and authorization checks

• ST05 - Performance Trace: Analyze performance issues

• ST11 - Display Developer Traces: View developer traces for debugging

• ST12 - SAP System Trace Configuration: Configure trace settings

• ST22 - ABAP Dump Analysis: Check for ABAP dumps and errors
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Q18. How does TMS work in SAP HANA? Similarly how it works in SAP JAVA and why it is used?
Ans. 
TMS in SAP HANA manages transport requests for system changes, similar to SAP JAVA. It ensures controlled deployment of changes.
• TMS in SAP HANA is used to manage transport requests for system changes, ensuring controlled deployment.

• It allows for organizing changes into packages, moving them between systems, and tracking changes.

• TMS in SAP JAVA also serves a similar purpose, managing transport requests for Java-based sy...read more
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Q19. What are domain link is SAP ?
Ans. 
Domain link in SAP is a logical link between a domain and a data element.
• Domain link is used to assign a domain to a data element in SAP.

• It helps in defining the characteristics and constraints of the data element.

• Domain link ensures consistency and reusability of domain definitions.

• Example: Linking a domain 'Material Number' to a data element 'MATNR' in SAP.
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Q20. Can we add another transport layer between QA and Prod systems?
Ans. 
Yes, it is possible to add another transport layer between QA and Prod systems.
• Yes, you can add an additional transport layer between QA and Prod systems in SAP by creating a new transport route.

• This can be achieved by configuring a new transport layer in the landscape configuration.

• The new transport layer can be used to control the flow of transports between QA and Prod systems separately.

• This setup allows for better ...read more
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Q21. What is the maximum memory a single HANA node can have?
Ans. 
A single HANA node can have a maximum memory of 24 TB.
• A single HANA node can have a maximum memory of 24 TB.

• The memory capacity of a HANA node can vary depending on the hardware configuration.

• For example, a HANA node with 2 TB RAM per socket can have up to 12 sockets, resulting in a total memory capacity of 24 TB.
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Q22. Can ECC on HANA have scaleout scenario?
Ans. 
Yes, ECC on HANA can have scaleout scenario.
• ECC on HANA can be scaled out by adding additional application servers to distribute workload.

• Scaleout scenario helps in improving performance and handling increased workload.

• It allows for horizontal scaling by adding more servers to the existing landscape.

• Example: Adding more application servers to an ECC on HANA system to handle increased user load.
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Q23. What are the different strategies of SAP SUM?
Ans. 
SAP Software Update Manager (SUM) offers various strategies for system updates and upgrades.
• Downtime-minimized strategy: Reduces system downtime during updates by performing most of the activities online.

• Standard strategy: Follows the traditional update process with downtime for the system.

• Maintenance planner strategy: Uses SAP Maintenance Planner tool to plan updates and upgrades.

• Stack XML strategy: Allows importing s...read more
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Q24. How does sizing of SAP and HANA work?
Ans. 
Sizing of SAP and HANA involves determining the hardware requirements based on the workload and usage patterns.
• Sizing involves analyzing the current and future workload of the SAP system.

• Factors such as number of users, transactions, data volume, and growth projections are considered.

• Tools like SAP Quick Sizer and SAP HANA Sizing reports are used to estimate hardware requirements.

• Proper sizing ensures optimal performan
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Q25. How much memory is needed for a HANA system with 1TB of database?
Ans. 
Approximately 1.5 TB of memory is needed for a HANA system with 1TB of database.
• HANA systems typically require 1.5 times the size of the database in memory for optimal performance

• In this case, with a 1TB database, approximately 1.5 TB of memory would be needed

• Memory requirements may vary based on specific configurations and usage patterns
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Q26. What are the differences between HANA Cockpit and HANA studio?
Ans. 
HANA Cockpit is a web-based tool for administration and monitoring, while HANA Studio is a desktop application for development and modeling.
• HANA Cockpit is web-based, accessible via a browser, while HANA Studio is a desktop application.

• HANA Cockpit is used for administration, monitoring, and performance tuning, while HANA Studio is used for development, modeling, and data provisioning.

• HANA Cockpit provides a centralize...read more
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Q27. In SAP HANA, instead of creating one big file of 1 TB for backup, is it possible to created 10 files of 100 GB each ?
Ans. 
Yes, in SAP HANA it is possible to create multiple files for backup instead of one big file.
• Yes, in SAP HANA, you can split the backup into multiple files for easier management and storage.

• This can be achieved by specifying the number of backup files and their sizes during the backup process.

• For example, you can create 10 files of 100 GB each for a total backup size of 1 TB.
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Q28. What is the latest version of SAP HANA available on SAP Marketplace ?
Ans. 
SAP HANA 2.0 SPS 05 is the latest version available on SAP Marketplace.
• SAP HANA 2.0 SPS 05 was released in May 2020.

• It includes new features and enhancements for improved performance and usability.

• Customers can download the latest version from the SAP Marketplace.
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Q29. How do we install SAP HANA license for Tenant DB? What is sequence of applying the licenses in SAP HANA?
Ans. 
To install SAP HANA license for Tenant DB, use HDBLCM tool and apply the licenses in a specific sequence.
• Use HDBLCM tool to install SAP HANA license for Tenant DB

• Apply the licenses in the following sequence: System DB, Tenant DB, and then XS Advanced

• Ensure that the license key is valid and matches the hardware key of the system
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How many questions are there for the aptitude test?

Q1. What are the best practices for attending an interview?
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Q2. What factors should be considered when selecting candidates during an interview?
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I will complete my assignment and provide the topic.

I will discuss my team and friends.

I am not familiar with coding, but I will undergo training.

Q1. What is the application process for Cognizant?
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What are the case studies you can assist me with?

Q1. How many one-on-one interview rounds are conducted?
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Q1. How do you search for applications?
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Q2. How many days in interview results
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Q1. What is Adls?how is it works
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Q2. What is integration pipeline?how is it work?
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Q3. Copy data from one on premise sql server to Adls and Adls to Azure SQL?
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Q4. What is Azuredata bricks?
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Q5. What is cluster? How is it work?
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Q1. What are custom hooks in React, and what are their use cases? Additionally, can you provide an example of a custom hook that performs an API call and utilizes the retrieved data?
Ans. 
Custom hooks in React are reusable functions that allow you to extract component logic into separate functions for better code organization and reusability.
• Custom hooks are created using the 'use' prefix and can be used to share logic between components.

• Use cases for custom hooks include fetching data from an API, handling form state, managing local storage, and more.

• Example of a custom hook for API call: const useFetc...read more
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Q2. What is the difference between useMemo and useCallback in React?
Ans. 
useMemo is used to memoize a value, while useCallback is used to memoize a function.
• useMemo is used to memoize a value and recompute it only when its dependencies change.

• useCallback is used to memoize a callback function and prevent unnecessary re-renders.

• Example: useMemo can be used to memoize the result of a complex computation, while useCallback can be used to memoize an event handler function.
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Q3. What is the difference between class-based components and functional components in React?
Ans. 
Class-based components use ES6 classes and have lifecycle methods, while functional components are simpler and use functions.
• Class-based components use ES6 classes to create components, while functional components are created using functions.

• Class-based components have lifecycle methods like componentDidMount and componentDidUpdate, while functional components do not.

• Functional components are simpler and more lightweig...read more
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Q4. How can you implement the lifecycle of a React component in a functional component?
Ans. 
Implementing the lifecycle of a React component in a functional component
• Use the useEffect hook to replicate lifecycle methods like componentDidMount, componentDidUpdate, and componentWillUnmount

• Pass an empty array as the second argument to useEffect to mimic componentDidMount

• Pass a variable or state as the second argument to useEffect to mimic componentDidUpdate

• Return a cleanup function inside useEffect to mimic compo
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Q5. What are the various state management techniques available in React?
Ans. 
Various state management techniques in React include Context API, Redux, and local state.
• Context API: React's built-in solution for passing data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level.

• Redux: A popular state management library for React applications, allowing for a centralized store to manage application state.

• Local state: Managing state within individual components using us
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Q6. What is the architecture of Redux, and what purposes do middlewares serve within it?
Ans. 
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps. Middlewares are functions that intercept actions before they reach the reducer.
• Redux follows a unidirectional data flow architecture.

• Middlewares in Redux are functions that can intercept, modify, or dispatch actions.

• Common use cases for middlewares include logging, asynchronous API calls, and handling side effects.

• Examples of popular Redux middlewares are Redu...read more
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Q7. What is hoisting in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Hoisting in JavaScript is the behavior where variable and function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope during the compilation phase.
• Variable declarations are hoisted to the top of their scope, but not their initializations.

• Function declarations are fully hoisted, meaning they can be called before they are declared.

• Hoisting can lead to unexpected behavior if not understood properly.
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Q8. What is event bubbling in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Event bubbling is the propagation of events from the target element up through its ancestors in the DOM tree.
• Events triggered on a child element will 'bubble up' and trigger on parent elements.

• Event listeners can be attached to parent elements to handle events from multiple child elements.

• Stopping event propagation can be done using event.stopPropagation() or event.stopImmediatePropagation().
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Q9. What are block scope and function scope in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Block scope and function scope are two types of scopes in JavaScript that determine the visibility and accessibility of variables.
• Block scope refers to the visibility of variables within a block of code enclosed by curly braces. Variables declared with 'let' and 'const' have block scope.

• Function scope refers to the visibility of variables within a function. Variables declared with 'var' have function scope.

• Variables de...read more
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Q10. Have you had experience working with semantic tags in HTML?
Ans. 
Yes, I have experience working with semantic tags in HTML.
• Used semantic tags like <header>, <nav>, <main>, <section>, <article>, <aside>, <footer> for better structure and SEO.

• Understand the importance of using semantic tags for accessibility and search engine optimization.

• Semantic tags help in organizing content and making it more readable for developers and browsers.
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Q11. What are the various methods for creating an object in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Various methods for creating an object in JavaScript include object literals, constructor functions, ES6 classes, and Object.create() method.
• Object literals: var obj = { key: value };

• Constructor functions: function ObjectName() { this.key = value; } var obj = new ObjectName();

• ES6 classes: class ClassName { constructor() { this.key = value; } } var obj = new ClassName();

• Object.create() method: var obj = Object.create(pr
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Q12. What are the differences between shallow copy and deep copy in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Shallow copy only copies the references of nested objects, while deep copy creates new copies of nested objects.
• Shallow copy creates a new object but does not create copies of nested objects, only copies their references.

• Deep copy creates a new object and also creates new copies of all nested objects.

• Shallow copy can be achieved using Object.assign() or spread operator, while deep copy can be achieved using JSON.parse(
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Q13. What will be the output of the following JavaScript code fragment: `const a; function test() { console.log(a); }; test();`?
Ans. 
The code will throw an error because 'a' is declared but not initialized.
• The code will result in a ReferenceError because 'a' is declared but not assigned a value.

• Variables declared with 'const' must be initialized at the time of declaration.

• Initializing 'a' with a value before calling test() will prevent the error.
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Q14. How can you use CSS to arrange elements in a row and column layout?
Ans. 
CSS can be used to arrange elements in a row and column layout using flexbox or grid layout properties.
• Use display: flex; for a row layout and display: flex; flex-direction: column; for a column layout

• Use justify-content and align-items properties to align items in the main axis and cross axis respectively

• For grid layout, use display: grid; and grid-template-columns or grid-template-rows to define the layout
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Q15. Have you utilized CSS preprocessors, and if so, which ones?
Ans. 
Yes, I have utilized CSS preprocessors such as SASS and LESS.
• I have experience using SASS to streamline my CSS workflow by utilizing variables, mixins, and nesting.

• I have also worked with LESS to improve code organization and maintainability through features like variables and functions.
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Q16. If I have assigned different colors to an ID and a class and applied both to the same element, which color will be applied based on CSS specificity precedence?
Ans. 
The color applied will be based on the specificity of the selector, with ID having higher specificity than class.
• ID has higher specificity than class in CSS

• Color applied will be based on the selector with higher specificity

• Example: If ID selector has color red and class selector has color blue, the color applied will be red
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