200+ Shri Ram Engineering Works Interview Questions and Answers

Inserting an element in a map using C++ code

• Use the insert() function to add a key-value pair to the map

• If the key already exists, the value will not be updated

• If you want to update the value for an existing key, you can use the subscript operator []

NAV stands for Net Asset Value.

• NAV is a financial term used to describe the value of an investment fund's assets minus its liabilities.

• It is calculated by dividing the total value of the fund's assets by the number of outstanding shares.

• NAV is used to determine the price at which shares in the fund are bought and sold.

• It is also used to calculate the performance of the fund over time.

• For example, if a mutual fund has assets worth $100 million and liabilities worth $10 million...read more

Use two-pointer approach to move all zeros to the beginning of the array.

• Initialize two pointers, one at the beginning and one at the end of the array.

• Swap elements at the two pointers if the element at the beginning pointer is zero.

• Move the pointers towards each other until they meet.

Pricing refers to the process of determining the value of a product or service and setting a price for it.

• Pricing involves analyzing costs, competition, and customer demand to determine the optimal price point.

• Different pricing strategies include cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing, and competitive pricing.

• Pricing decisions can impact sales, profitability, and market positioning.

• Examples of pricing strategies include premium pricing for luxury products and penetration pric...read more

Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution.

• Gini coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality.

• It is commonly used to measure income inequality in a population.

• A Gini coefficient of 0.4 or higher is considered to be a high level of inequality.

• Gini coefficient can be calculated using the Lorenz curve, which plots the cumulative percentage of the total income against the cumulative p...read more

The Tred lifecycle refers to the stages involved in the testing and development of a software product.

• Tred lifecycle includes requirements gathering, test planning, test execution, defect tracking, and test closure.

• It ensures that the software meets the specified requirements and is free from defects.

• Examples of activities in the Tred lifecycle include creating test cases, executing tests, and analyzing test results.

• It is an iterative process that may involve multiple cycles ...read more

SDLC in testing refers to the Software Development Life Cycle, which is a process followed for developing and testing software.

• SDLC is a systematic approach to software development and testing.

• It consists of several phases such as requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, and deployment.

• Each phase has specific objectives and deliverables.

• Testing is an integral part of SDLC and is performed at various stages to ensure quality and reliability of the software.

• Examples of ...read more

A testing lifecycle is a set of phases or stages that a software undergoes during the testing process.

• A testing lifecycle typically includes planning, designing, executing, and evaluating tests.

• It helps ensure that the software meets the desired quality standards.

• The lifecycle may vary depending on the development methodology used, such as waterfall or agile.

• Examples of testing lifecycle models include V-model, iterative model, and spiral model.

Swap zeros to the end of a string array

• Iterate through the array and move all zeros to the end

• Use two pointers to keep track of non-zero elements and zeros

• Example: Input: ['a', '0', 'b', 'c', '0'], Output: ['a', 'b', 'c', '0', '0']

Performing a join in SQL allows you to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

• Use the JOIN keyword to specify the tables you want to join

• Specify the columns you want to join on using the ON keyword

• Types of joins include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN

• Example: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column

The impact was significant.

• The impact resulted in a decrease in profits.

• The impact caused a shift in customer behavior.

• The impact led to the implementation of new policies and procedures.

• The impact affected the overall reputation of the bank.

BERT is bidirectional, GPT is unidirectional. BERT uses transformer encoder, GPT uses transformer decoder.

• BERT is bidirectional, meaning it can look at both left and right context in a sentence. GPT is unidirectional, it can only look at the left context.

• BERT uses transformer encoder architecture, while GPT uses transformer decoder architecture.

• BERT is pretrained on masked language model and next sentence prediction tasks, while GPT is pretrained on autoregressive language mo...read more

Attention mechanism allows models to focus on specific parts of input sequence when making predictions.

• Attention mechanism helps models to weigh the importance of different parts of the input sequence.

• It is commonly used in sequence-to-sequence models like machine translation.

• Examples include Bahdanau Attention and Transformer models.

Application of knowledge of accounting

• Preparing financial statements

• Analyzing financial data

• Budgeting and forecasting

• Auditing and assurance

• Tax planning and compliance

Control monitoring is the process of regularly checking and evaluating the effectiveness of controls put in place to manage risks.

• Regularly checking and evaluating controls

• Ensuring controls are effective in managing risks

• Identifying any gaps or weaknesses in controls

• Taking corrective actions to improve controls

• Examples: reviewing access logs to monitor unauthorized access, conducting periodic audits of financial controls

Reconciliation process involves comparing two sets of records to ensure they are in agreement.

• Reconciliation process involves comparing financial records, transactions, or statements to identify discrepancies.

• It includes verifying balances, transactions, and other data between different sources.

• Reconciliation helps in identifying errors, fraud, or missing transactions.

• Common types of reconciliations include bank reconciliation, account reconciliation, and intercompany reconci...read more

Markup is the difference between the cost of a product or service and its selling price.

• Markup is calculated by subtracting the cost of a product or service from its selling price.

• It is usually expressed as a percentage of the cost price.

• Markup is used by businesses to determine pricing strategies and profit margins.

• For example, if a product costs $50 and is sold for $70, the markup is $20 or 40%.

Reconciliation is the process of comparing two sets of records to ensure they are in agreement.

• Reconciliation involves verifying and adjusting financial transactions to ensure accuracy.

• It is commonly used in accounting to match transactions in bank statements with internal records.

• Reconciliation helps identify discrepancies and errors that need to be resolved.

• Examples include reconciling cash receipts with sales records or reconciling inventory counts with sales data.

Implemented streamlined processes to improve efficiency and customer satisfaction.

• Analyzed existing processes to identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies

• Developed and implemented new procedures to streamline operations

• Trained staff on new processes to ensure smooth transition

• Regularly monitored and evaluated the effectiveness of the new processes

• Collaborated with different departments to ensure seamless integration

Financial statements are formal records of the financial activities and position of a business, organization, or individual.

• Financial statements include the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.

• They provide information on the financial performance, financial position, and cash flows of an entity.

• These statements are used by investors, creditors, and management to make decisions.

• Examples of financial statements include annual reports, quarterly reports, and...read more

Citi is a global financial services company with a presence in over 160 countries.

• Citi was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York.

• It is one of the largest banks in the United States.

• Citi offers a wide range of financial products and services, including consumer banking, corporate banking, and investment banking.

• The company has a strong international presence, with operations in major financial centers around the world.

• Citi is known for its innovation in digital banking ...read more

Managed a complex project to implement a new CRM system for a multinational company

• Coordinated with multiple teams across different countries

• Managed a budget of $5 million

• Implemented the system within a tight deadline of 6 months

• Provided training to over 500 employees

• Ensured seamless integration with existing systems

• Handled unexpected challenges and changes in scope

SQL performance techniques

• Use indexes to speed up queries

• Avoid using SELECT * and only select necessary columns

• Use stored procedures to reduce network traffic

• Avoid using subqueries and instead use JOINs

• Use EXPLAIN to analyze query performance

• Normalize database tables to reduce redundancy

• Use connection pooling to reduce overhead

• Avoid using cursors and use set-based operations instead

Transactions are a set of operations that are executed as a single unit of work, ensuring data integrity and consistency.

• Transactions help maintain data integrity by ensuring all operations within the transaction are completed successfully or rolled back if any operation fails.

• Transactions follow the ACID properties - Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.

• Examples of transactions include transferring funds between bank accounts or booking a flight ticket where mul...read more

Trade life cycle refers to the stages involved in a trade from initiation to settlement.

• Trade initiation: Trade is proposed and agreed upon by parties involved.

• Trade execution: Trade is executed on the market.

• Trade confirmation: Parties confirm the details of the trade.

• Trade settlement: Payment and transfer of securities occur.

• Trade reconciliation: Ensuring all details match between parties.

• Trade reporting: Reporting the trade to relevant authorities.

• Trade lifecycle can vary ...read more

The HR function is structured based on the organization's needs and goals.

• The HR function may be centralized or decentralized.

• It may have different departments such as recruitment, compensation and benefits, employee relations, and training and development.

• The HR function may also have HR business partners who work closely with the business units to align HR strategies with business goals.

• The HR function may have a Chief HR Officer (CHRO) who is responsible for overseeing the...read more

Our automation framework is a modular, data-driven framework using Selenium and TestNG for web application testing.

• Modular design allows for easy maintenance and scalability

• Data-driven approach separates test data from test scripts

• Utilizes Selenium for browser automation and TestNG for test execution

• Supports parallel execution for faster test runs

The new technologies used include artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT).

• Artificial intelligence is being used for data analysis and automation of tasks.

• Machine learning algorithms are utilized for predictive analytics and pattern recognition.

• Blockchain technology ensures secure and transparent transactions.

• Internet of Things connects devices for real-time monitoring and control.

Left join is a type of join operation in SQL that returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table.

• Left join combines rows from two tables based on a related column between them.

• If there is no match for a row in the right table, NULL values are used for the columns from the right table.

• Example: SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

The current project architecture is based on microservices with a containerized approach using Docker and Kubernetes.

• Utilizes microservices architecture for scalability and flexibility

• Containerized approach using Docker for easy deployment and management

• Orchestrated with Kubernetes for automated scaling and load balancing

DCF analysis involves projecting future cash flows, discounting them back to present value, and calculating the intrinsic value of a company.

• Estimate future cash flows of the company

• Calculate the discount rate (WACC)

• Discount the future cash flows back to present value

• Sum up the present values to get the intrinsic value of the company

• Compare the intrinsic value with the current market price to determine if the stock is undervalued or overvalued

Bilateral trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between two countries.

• Bilateral trade agreements are made between two countries to facilitate trade and investment.

• It involves the import and export of goods and services between the two countries.

• Bilateral trade can help strengthen diplomatic relations between countries.

• Examples include the US-Mexico trade agreement and the Australia-Japan trade agreement.

Earnings of a bank refer to the profits generated by the bank through its various operations and activities.

• Earnings are typically derived from interest income, fees and commissions, and trading gains.

• Interest income is generated from loans and investments made by the bank.

• Fees and commissions are earned from services provided to customers, such as account maintenance fees or advisory fees.

• Trading gains are the profits made from buying and selling financial instruments.

• Earnin...read more

SQL joins are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column.

• There are four types of SQL joins: inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join.

• Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables.

• Left join returns all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.

• Right join returns all the rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.

• Full outer join returns all the rows from both tables, with NULL ...read more

Vulnerability is a weakness in a system that can be exploited, while risk is the likelihood of a threat exploiting that vulnerability.

• Vulnerability is a flaw or weakness in a system that can be exploited by a threat.

• Risk is the likelihood of a threat exploiting that vulnerability and the potential impact of that exploitation.

• Vulnerability is inherent in the system, while risk is the combination of the likelihood and impact of a threat exploiting that vulnerability.

• Example: A ...read more

Stream API is a feature in Java that allows processing collections of objects in a functional style.

• Stream API provides a way to perform operations on collections like filter, map, reduce, etc.

• It supports functional programming paradigms like lambda expressions.

• Example: List names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"); Stream stream = names.stream();

A table is a collection of data stored in rows and columns, while a view is a virtual table created by a query.

• Tables store actual data, while views display data from one or more tables based on a query

• Tables can be modified directly, while views are read-only

• Views can simplify complex queries by pre-defining joins and filters

• Views can also provide security by restricting access to certain columns or rows

Seeking new challenges and opportunities for growth

• Looking to expand my skill set and knowledge in a new environment

• Interested in taking on more responsibilities and leadership roles

• Seeking a fresh perspective and new challenges to keep me motivated

• Want to explore different industries and sectors to broaden my experience

SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

• SQL joins are used to retrieve data from multiple tables based on a related column between them

• Common types of SQL joins include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN

• INNER JOIN returns rows when there is at least one match in both tables

• LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table

• RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the right tab...read more

Java 8 introduced several new features including lambda expressions, streams, and default methods.

• Lambda expressions allow for functional programming and concise code.

• Streams provide a way to process collections of data in a parallel and functional manner.

• Default methods allow for adding new functionality to interfaces without breaking existing implementations.

• Method references provide a way to refer to methods without invoking them directly.

• Optional class provides a way to h...read more

Polymorphism is the ability of a function or method to behave differently based on the object it is acting upon.

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass.

• It enables a single interface to be used for different data types or classes.

• Examples include method overloading and method overriding in object-oriented programming.

IRR stands for Internal Rate of Return. It is a metric used to measure the profitability of an investment.

• IRR is the discount rate at which the net present value of cash inflows equals the net present value of cash outflows.

• It is used to evaluate the potential profitability of an investment or project.

• A higher IRR indicates a more profitable investment.

• IRR can be used to compare different investment opportunities with varying cash flows.

• For example, if an investment has an IR...read more

FABX is not a known acronym or term in finance.

ECL model stands for Expected Credit Loss model, used to estimate potential losses from defaulting loans.

• ECL model is a financial model used by banks to estimate potential credit losses from defaulting loans.

• It takes into account factors such as historical data, economic conditions, and borrower creditworthiness.

• The model helps banks set aside appropriate reserves to cover potential losses.

• ECL model is a key component of IFRS 9 accounting standards for financial instruments.

SIP stands for Source of Income and Wealth, while PEP stands for Politically Exposed Person.

• SIP refers to the source of income and wealth of a customer, while PEP refers to individuals who are or have been entrusted with prominent public functions.

• SIP is used to assess the legitimacy of funds, while PEP is used to identify potential risks associated with politically exposed individuals.

• Examples of SIP include salary, investments, and business income, while examples of PEP inc...read more

SUMIF is a function in Excel used to sum values based on a specific condition.

• SUMIF formula syntax: =SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])

• Example: =SUMIF(A1:A10, ">10", B1:B10) will sum values in B1:B10 where corresponding value in A1:A10 is greater than 10

• Criteria can be a number, expression, or text

• Sum_range is optional and if omitted, the range is used for both sum and criteria

Handling big data in SAS involves using efficient programming techniques and tools to process and analyze large datasets.

• Utilize SAS procedures like PROC SQL, PROC SORT, and PROC MEANS for data manipulation and summarization

• Use SAS macros to automate repetitive tasks and improve code efficiency

• Leverage SAS data step programming for data cleaning, transformation, and merging

• Consider using SAS/ACCESS engines to connect to external databases for processing large datasets

• Optimize...read more

MVC pattern is a software design pattern that separates an application into three main components: Model, View, and Controller.

• Model represents the data and business logic of the application.

• View represents the UI components of the application.

• Controller acts as an intermediary between Model and View, handling user input and updating the Model accordingly.

• Example: In a web application, the Model could be a database, the View could be the HTML/CSS for the user interface, and t...read more

Risk metrics are measurements used to assess and quantify the level of risk in a particular situation or investment.

• Risk metrics help organizations understand the potential risks they face and make informed decisions to mitigate them.

• Common risk metrics include Value at Risk (VaR), standard deviation, beta, and Sharpe ratio.

• These metrics are used in various industries such as finance, insurance, and project management to evaluate and manage risks effectively.

FP&A involves analyzing financial data to provide insights and support decision-making within an organization.

• FP&A focuses on budgeting, forecasting, and financial analysis

• It helps in identifying trends, risks, and opportunities for the business

• Provides insights to support strategic decision-making

• Involves creating financial models and reports for management

• Plays a crucial role in driving business performance and profitability

C is a procedural programming language, while C++ is an extension of C with added features of object-oriented programming.

• C is a procedural language, meaning it focuses on procedures or functions.

• C++ is an extension of C and supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.

• C++ has additional features like classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and templates.

• C++ allows for the use of objects and classes to organize and structure code.

• C++ supports features like function ov...read more

The accounting rule refers to the principles and guidelines that govern the preparation of financial statements.

• Accounting rules ensure consistency and accuracy in financial reporting

• They are established by accounting standard-setting bodies such as the FASB or IASB

• Examples include the revenue recognition principle and the matching principle

Simple interest is a basic formula used to calculate interest on a principal amount over a certain period of time.

• Simple interest is calculated using the formula: I = P * r * t, where I is the interest, P is the principal amount, r is the interest rate, and t is the time period.

• The interest rate is usually expressed as a percentage per year.

• Simple interest does not take into account compounding, so the interest amount remains constant throughout the period.

• For example, if you...read more

Agile principles are a set of values and practices that prioritize flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction in software development.

• Customer satisfaction through continuous delivery of valuable software

• Embracing change and responding to it quickly

• Frequent collaboration between developers and business stakeholders

• Self-organizing teams that are empowered to make decisions

• Regular reflection and adaptation to improve processes

Land does not depreciate because it is considered to have an infinite useful life.

• Land is not a depreciable asset on a company's balance sheet.

• Unlike buildings or machinery, land does not wear out or become obsolete.

• The value of land can fluctuate based on factors like location and demand.

• Land is typically classified as a non-depreciable asset in accounting.

Database design involves creating a structure that efficiently stores and organizes data for easy retrieval and manipulation.

• Identify the data requirements and relationships between different entities

• Normalize the database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity

• Choose appropriate data types and constraints for each field

• Create indexes to optimize query performance

• Consider scalability and future growth when designing the database

Hashmap is a data structure that stores key-value pairs and allows for fast retrieval of values based on keys.

• Hashmap is implemented using an array of linked lists, where each element in the array is a bucket that can store multiple key-value pairs.

• To store a key-value pair in a hashmap, the key is hashed to determine the index in the array where the pair will be stored.

• Hash collisions can occur when multiple keys hash to the same index, and in such cases, the hashmap uses a ...read more

Recent Europe conditions have been impacted by various factors including the COVID-19 pandemic, economic challenges, and political tensions.

• COVID-19 pandemic has led to lockdowns, travel restrictions, and economic downturn in many European countries.

• Economic challenges such as high unemployment rates and inflation have affected the region's stability.

• Political tensions, including Brexit negotiations and disputes over migration policies, have added to the uncertainty in Europe...read more

Implementing a thread-safe linked list in C++

• Use mutex locks to ensure only one thread can access the list at a time

• Implement functions for thread-safe insertion, deletion, and traversal

• Consider using condition variables to notify waiting threads of changes in the list

Managing rude customers involves staying calm, active listening, setting boundaries, and seeking help if needed.

• Stay calm and composed to avoid escalating the situation

• Practice active listening to show empathy and understanding

• Set clear boundaries and assertively communicate expectations

• Seek help from a supervisor or manager if the situation becomes too difficult to handle

Corporate tax cut can have positive impacts on business operations.

• Lower tax rates can increase profits and cash flow, allowing for reinvestment in operations.

• Reduced tax burden can also lead to increased hiring and expansion.

• However, the long-term effects on the economy and government revenue must be considered.

• Example: In 2017, the US corporate tax rate was reduced from 35% to 21%, leading to increased investment and job creation.

• Example: In India, corporate tax rates were ...read more

I am currently working with a tech stack that includes Java, Spring Boot, React, and PostgreSQL.

• Java

• Spring Boot

• React

• PostgreSQL

VaR measures the maximum potential loss within a confidence level, while ES measures the expected loss beyond VaR.

• VaR stands for Value at Risk and measures the maximum potential loss within a specified confidence level.

• ES stands for Expected Shortfall and measures the expected loss beyond the VaR.

• VaR is a single point estimate, while ES provides a more comprehensive view of tail risk.

• ES is considered more conservative and robust than VaR.

• Example: If VaR at 95% confidence leve...read more

List the difference between two arrays of strings

• Loop through each element in the first array and check if it exists in the second array

• If an element is not found in the second array, add it to the difference array

• Repeat the process for the second array to find elements in the first array that are not in the second array

Case statements in SQL allow for conditional logic and can be used to perform different actions based on specified conditions.

• Case statements are used to evaluate a set of conditions and return a result based on the first condition that is met.

• They can be used in SELECT, WHERE, and ORDER BY clauses.

• Case statements can include multiple conditions and can also have an ELSE clause to handle cases where none of the conditions are met.

• They can be used with different data types, su...read more

Trade life cycle is the process of a trade from initiation to settlement.

• Initiation: Trade is proposed and agreed upon by parties involved.

• Execution: Trade is executed either manually or electronically.

• Confirmation: Parties confirm details of the trade.

• Clearing: Trade details are submitted to clearing house for validation.

• Settlement: Actual exchange of funds and securities takes place.

• Post-trade processing: Reconciliation and reporting of the trade.

• Examples: Buy/sell orders, ...read more

Merge 2 sorted linked lists into a single sorted linked list

• Create a new linked list to store the merged result

• Compare the values of the nodes from both lists and add the smaller one to the result list

• Move the pointer of the list with the smaller value to the next node and repeat until both lists are empty

Common automation tools used in testing include Selenium, Appium, JUnit, TestNG, and Cucumber.

• Selenium is widely used for web application testing

• Appium is popular for mobile application testing

• JUnit and TestNG are commonly used for unit testing in Java

• Cucumber is used for behavior-driven development testing

Ensuring that a class can be safely used by multiple threads concurrently.

• Use synchronized keyword to ensure only one thread can access critical sections at a time.

• Avoid mutable shared state to prevent race conditions.

• Consider using thread-safe data structures like ConcurrentHashMap or AtomicInteger.

• Implementing the java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock interface for more fine-grained control over synchronization.

Java8 introduced several new features including lambda expressions, streams, default methods, and the new Date and Time API.

• Lambda expressions allow you to write more concise code by enabling functional programming.

• Streams provide a new way to work with collections and perform operations in a more declarative way.

• Default methods allow interfaces to have method implementations, reducing the need for abstract classes.

• The new Date and Time API provides a more comprehensive and f...read more

Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from an underlying asset or group of assets.

• Derivatives can be categorized into options, futures, forwards, and swaps.

• Options give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a specific price within a specific time frame.

• Futures are contracts to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price on a specified date in the future.

• Forwards are similar to futures but are customized contracts bet...read more