100+ S&P Global Interview Questions and Answers

The 3 financial statements are the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.

• Income statement shows a company's revenues and expenses over a period of time.

• Balance sheet provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time.

• Cash flow statement shows how changes in balance sheet and income statement affect cash and cash equivalents.

• Examples: Income statement - revenue, expenses, net income; Balance sheet - assets, liabilities, equity;...read more

STLC is Software Testing Life Cycle which includes various phases like requirement analysis, test planning, test design, test execution, and test closure. Bug life cycle is the process of a bug from identification to resolution.

• STLC includes phases like requirement analysis, test planning, test design, test execution, and test closure

• Bug life cycle involves stages like New, Assigned, Open, Fixed, Retest, Reopened, and Closed

• In STLC, testing activities are planned and executed...read more

Yes, I know both SQL and C#.

• I have experience in writing SQL queries for database management.

• I have worked on C# projects for developing desktop and web applications.

• I am familiar with object-oriented programming concepts and database design principles.

Operating expenses are the costs associated with running a business on a day-to-day basis.

• Operating expenses include rent, utilities, salaries, and supplies.

• These expenses are necessary for the ongoing operation of the business.

• They are distinct from capital expenses, which are investments in assets like equipment or property.

• Operating expenses are listed on a company's income statement and are subtracted from revenue to calculate net income.

Ratio analysis is a financial tool used to evaluate a company's performance by analyzing relationships between financial variables.

• Ratio analysis involves comparing different financial ratios to assess a company's financial health and performance.

• It helps in identifying trends, strengths, weaknesses, and potential areas of improvement.

• Common ratios used in ratio analysis include liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, and solvency ratios.

• For example, the current ratio is a li...read more

Collection in Java is a framework that provides interfaces and classes to store and manipulate groups of objects.

• Collections can be used to store objects of any type.

• Some common collection types include ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, and TreeMap.

• Collections can be sorted, searched, and filtered using various methods.

• Iterators can be used to traverse through collections and perform operations on each element.

• Collections can also be used in conjunction with streams to perform ...read more

useMemo is a hook used for memoization in React to optimize performance, while Memo is a higher order component used for memoization.

• useMemo is a hook in React that memoizes a function and returns the memoized value.

• Memo is a higher order component in React that memoizes the component and prevents unnecessary re-renders.

• useMemo is typically used for memoizing expensive calculations or functions, while Memo is used for memoizing components.

• Example: useMemo(() => calculateValue...read more

Detect loop in a singly linked list

• Use two pointers, one moving one step at a time and the other moving two steps at a time

• If there is a loop, the two pointers will eventually meet

• If any of the pointers reach the end of the list, there is no loop

When you stop drill down, you are pausing the detailed analysis to focus on the bigger picture.

• Stop drill down means temporarily halting the deep dive into specific details

• It allows you to step back and look at the overall situation or problem

• Helps in gaining perspective and identifying key issues or trends

• Example: When analyzing a production issue, you may stop drill down to assess the impact on overall operations

ESG stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance. It is a set of criteria used to evaluate a company's performance in these areas.

• Environmental criteria focus on a company's impact on the environment, such as carbon emissions, waste management, and resource conservation.

• Social criteria assess how a company manages relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities in which it operates.

• Governance criteria look at the company's leadership, executive pay...read more

Concurrency is the ability of multiple tasks to run simultaneously, while inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming where a class inherits properties and behaviors from another class.

• Concurrency allows multiple tasks to be executed at the same time, improving performance and efficiency.

• Inheritance allows a new class to inherit properties and behaviors from an existing class, promoting code reusability.

• Concurrency is commonly used in multi-threading to achieve ...read more

Use Linq query to find the 2nd most expensive item in a list of goods.

• Use OrderByDescending() to sort the goods by price

• Use Skip(1) to skip the most expensive item

• Use First() to get the 2nd most expensive item

MCAOP stands for Market Capitalization of Outstanding Shares and Book value is the total value of a company's assets that shareholders would theoretically receive if a company were liquidated.

• MCAOP is calculated by multiplying the current stock price by the total number of outstanding shares

• Book value is calculated by subtracting a company's total liabilities from its total assets

• MCAOP is used to determine the market value of a company, while Book value is used to assess the ...read more

Arrays are ordered collections of elements with duplicate values allowed, while sets are unordered collections of unique elements.

• Arrays allow duplicate values, while sets do not.

• Arrays are ordered, while sets are unordered.

• Arrays are accessed by index, while sets do not have a specific order.

• Example: Array - [1, 2, 3, 3], Set - {1, 2, 3}

Indices are weighted based on different methodologies such as market capitalization, price weighting, equal weighting, etc.

• Indices can be weighted by market capitalization, where companies with higher market capitalization have a greater impact on the index.

• Price weighting involves giving higher weights to stocks with higher prices.

• Equal weighting assigns the same weight to each stock in the index.

• Other methods include fundamental weighting, revenue weighting, and float-adjus...read more

Net worth is the total assets minus total liabilities of an individual or company.

• Net worth is a measure of wealth and financial health.

• It is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets.

• For example, if someone has assets worth $500,000 and liabilities of $200,000, their net worth would be $300,000.

HTTP is unsecured protocol while HTTPS is secured protocol using SSL/TLS encryption.

• HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, while HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.

• HTTP operates on port 80, while HTTPS operates on port 443.

• HTTPS encrypts the data transferred between the client and the server using SSL/TLS, while HTTP does not provide encryption.

• HTTPS provides authentication of the website's identity, while HTTP does not.

• Examples of HTTPS websites includ...read more

A balance sheet is like a snapshot of all the things a company owns and owes at a specific point in time.

• A balance sheet shows what a company owns (assets) and what it owes (liabilities) at a specific point in time.

• Assets are things like money, buildings, equipment, and inventory that the company owns.

• Liabilities are things like loans, bills, and other debts that the company owes to others.

• The difference between assets and liabilities is called equity, which is like the compa...read more

Ratio analysis is a method of evaluating the financial performance of a company by analyzing the relationships between various financial variables.

• Ratio analysis involves comparing different financial ratios to assess the company's profitability, liquidity, efficiency, and solvency.

• Common ratios used in ratio analysis include the current ratio, quick ratio, return on equity, and debt-to-equity ratio.

• It helps investors, creditors, and management make informed decisions about t...read more

Designing Instagram involves creating a visually appealing platform for sharing photos and videos.

• Focus on user-friendly interface for easy navigation

• Include features like filters, stories, and direct messaging

• Implement algorithms for personalized content recommendations

• Allow users to interact through likes, comments, and shares

• Ensure strong privacy and security measures for user data protection

Designing WhatsApp involves creating a user-friendly messaging app with features like text, voice, video calls, group chats, and media sharing.

• Focus on creating a simple and intuitive user interface

• Include features like text messaging, voice and video calls, group chats, and media sharing

• Implement end-to-end encryption for user privacy and security

• Allow users to customize their profiles and settings

• Provide options for users to easily connect with their contacts

• Regularly updat...read more

Rowid and rownum are pseudocolumns in Oracle that can be used to uniquely identify rows in a result set.

• Rowid is a unique identifier for a row in a table, stored internally by Oracle.

• Rownum is a pseudocolumn that assigns a unique number to each row in the result set.

• Rowid is a physical address of a row in a table, while rownum is a logical sequence number.

Implement a method to calculate the total price of items in a shopping cart.

• Create a method that takes in an array of items with prices as input

• Iterate through the array and sum up the prices of all items

• Return the total price

Depreciation in cash flow statement is a non-cash expense that reduces net income but does not impact cash flow.

• Depreciation is added back to net income in the cash flow statement because it is a non-cash expense.

• It represents the allocation of the cost of an asset over its useful life.

• Depreciation is important for assessing the true cash flow generated by a business.

• It is typically found in the operating activities section of the cash flow statement.

Closure is a function that has access to its own scope, as well as the scope in which it was defined.

• Closure allows a function to access variables from its outer scope even after the outer function has finished executing.

• It is created whenever a function is defined within another function.

• Closure is commonly used in event handlers, callbacks, and asynchronous code.

A transaction in DBMS is a unit of work performed against a database that must be completed in its entirety or not at all.

• A transaction typically includes multiple database operations like insert, update, delete, etc.

• Transactions ensure data integrity by following ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).

• If a transaction is successful, all changes are committed to the database. If it fails, all changes are rolled back.

• Example: transferring money between...read more

Partitioning in OS refers to dividing a physical disk into multiple logical storage units.

• Partitioning helps organize data and allows for multiple operating systems to be installed on a single disk

• Each partition can have its own file system and settings

• Common partitioning schemes include MBR (Master Boot Record) and GPT (GUID Partition Table)

• Partitioning can also be done for virtual disks in virtualization environments

Developed a predictive model for customer churn using machine learning algorithms.

• Used Python and scikit-learn library for data preprocessing and model building

• Performed feature engineering to improve model performance

• Evaluated model performance using metrics like accuracy, precision, and recall

Java 8 is a major release of the Java programming language, introducing new features like lambda expressions and streams.

• Introduced lambda expressions for functional programming

• Added streams API for processing collections

• Default methods in interfaces for backward compatibility

• Date and Time API improvements

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System, a type of database that stores data in tables with relationships between them.

• Uses structured query language (SQL) to interact with the database

• Data is stored in tables with rows and columns

• Supports ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)

• Examples include MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server

Unicorns are mythical creatures often depicted as horse-like animals with a single horn on their forehead.

• Unicorns are often associated with purity, grace, and magic.

• They are commonly depicted in folklore, fairy tales, and fantasy literature.

• In popular culture, unicorns are often portrayed as white horses with a colorful horn.

• Some cultures believe that unicorn horns have healing properties.

• The unicorn is the national animal of Scotland.

Use CSS to create a backdrop for a webpage.

• Use the 'background' property to set the color or image of the backdrop.

• Set the 'position' property to 'fixed' to ensure the backdrop covers the entire viewport.

• Adjust the 'z-index' property to ensure the backdrop is behind other elements.

Duration refers to the length of time that something lasts or continues.

• Duration is a measure of time.

• It can be expressed in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or years.

• Duration can be used to measure the length of events, processes, or intervals.

• For example, the duration of a movie could be 2 hours and 30 minutes.

• In project management, duration refers to the time it takes to complete a task or project.

Convexity is a measure of the curvature of a curve or surface.

• Convexity is a concept used in mathematics and finance.

• In mathematics, convexity refers to the property of a curve or surface that lies entirely on one side of a line or plane.

• In finance, convexity measures the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates.

• Convexity is important in risk management and portfolio optimization.

• Example: A bond with positive convexity will have a greater increase in price w...read more

LWC stands for Lightning Web Components, a modern Salesforce development framework.

• LWC allows developers to build web components using modern web standards like JavaScript and HTML.

• LWC provides a way to create reusable components that can be easily integrated into Salesforce applications.

• Developers can use LWC to create interactive and responsive user interfaces for Salesforce applications.

One of my weaknesses is that I can be overly critical of my own work.

• I tend to be a perfectionist and can spend too much time on a task trying to make it perfect.

• I sometimes struggle with delegating tasks to others because I want to ensure they are done correctly.

• I am working on improving my time management skills to prioritize tasks more effectively.

My strengths include problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and strong technical knowledge.

• Strong problem-solving skills - able to analyze complex issues and come up with effective solutions

• Attention to detail - meticulous in my work to ensure accuracy and quality

• Strong technical knowledge - well-versed in engineering principles and tools

• Good communication skills - able to effectively communicate ideas and collaborate with team members

Design a system for managing lift lobby to optimize elevator usage and reduce wait times.

• Implement a scheduling algorithm to prioritize elevator assignments based on current demand and destination floors.

• Utilize sensors to detect passenger presence and adjust elevator routes accordingly.

• Incorporate a user interface for passengers to input their desired floor and receive estimated wait times.

• Consider implementing a queuing system to manage passenger flow and prevent overcrowdi...read more

Implement a stack data structure without using any inbuilt functions or libraries.

• Create a class or struct to represent the stack

• Use an array to store the elements of the stack

• Implement push, pop, and peek operations

• Handle stack underflow and overflow conditions

• Example: class MyStack { int[] arr; int top; void push(int x) { // implementation } }

Java 8 introduced several new features including lambda expressions, functional interfaces, and streams.

• Lambda expressions allow for functional programming and simplify code

• Functional interfaces enable the use of lambda expressions

• Streams provide a way to process collections of data in a functional style

• Default methods allow for adding methods to interfaces without breaking existing implementations

• Date and time API improvements

• Nashorn JavaScript engine

Function to reverse a given string.

• Create an empty string to store the reversed string.

• Iterate through the original string in reverse order and append each character to the new string.

• Return the reversed string.

• Example: Input 'hello', Output 'olleh'

Excel formulas are used to perform calculations and manipulate data in Excel spreadsheets.

• Excel formulas start with an equal sign (=) followed by the function or calculation.

• Common Excel functions include SUM, AVERAGE, IF, VLOOKUP, and CONCATENATE.

• Formulas can reference cells, ranges, or other worksheets in the same workbook.

• Excel formulas can be used to perform mathematical operations, logical comparisons, text manipulation, and more.

Dividend yield ratio is a financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its stock price.

• Dividend yield ratio is calculated by dividing the annual dividends per share by the price per share.

• It is used by investors to evaluate the attractiveness of a stock based on its dividend payments.

• A higher dividend yield ratio indicates a higher return on investment from dividends.

• For example, if a company pays out $2 in dividends per share and ...read more

Projects are specific tasks or initiatives undertaken to achieve a particular goal or objective.

• Projects involve a defined scope, timeline, and budget.

• They require a team of individuals with specific skills and expertise.

• Projects can range from research studies to product development to process improvement.

• Examples include market research studies, software development projects, and clinical trials.

Event loop in JavaScript manages asynchronous operations by executing callback functions in a queue.

• Event loop is responsible for handling asynchronous operations in JavaScript.

• It allows non-blocking I/O operations by executing callback functions in a queue.

• Event loop continuously checks the call stack and the callback queue to determine which function to execute next.

• setTimeout and setInterval functions are examples of asynchronous operations managed by the event loop.

Duplicate an array of strings

• Create a new array and copy each element from the original array

• Use a loop to iterate through the original array and add each element to the new array

• Ensure the new array is a deep copy to avoid modifying the original array