100+ Senior Software Engineer 1 Interview Questions and Answers

An e2e system architecture design for user input to response output

• Identify user requirements and define system goals

• Choose appropriate technologies and frameworks

• Design system components and their interactions

• Ensure scalability, reliability, and security

• Test and validate the system before deployment

CRFS stands for Continuous Randomized Feedback System. It is a method used in clinical trials to collect data from patients.

• CRFS is a way to collect data from patients in clinical trials in real-time.

• It involves randomizing questions and collecting feedback from patients at various intervals.

• The data collected through CRFS can help researchers make informed decisions about the efficacy of a treatment.

• CRFS can be implemented through various methods such as mobile apps, web-bas...read more

Python is a general-purpose language while Node.JS is a JavaScript runtime environment.

• Python is used for web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.

• Node.JS is used for building scalable network applications and real-time web applications.

• Python is slower than Node.JS in terms of performance.

• Python has a larger standard library than Node.JS.

• Python is easier to learn and has a simpler syntax than Node.JS.

SQL is a relational database management system while NoSQL is a non-relational database management system.

• SQL databases are table-based while NoSQL databases are document-based, key-value pairs, graph databases, or column-based.

• SQL databases are structured while NoSQL databases are unstructured.

• SQL databases use SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and managing data while NoSQL databases use different query languages like MongoDB uses JSON-like documents.

• SQL databases...read more

When assets are added to DAM, a background workflow is triggered to process and organize the assets.

• Assets are uploaded to DAM system by users or automated processes.

• Metadata is extracted from the assets to categorize and tag them.

• Assets are stored in appropriate folders or categories based on metadata.

• Assets may undergo transformations or conversions for compatibility.

• Notifications may be sent to relevant stakeholders about the new assets.

• Quality checks may be performed to e...read more

CORS stands for Cross-Origin Resource Sharing. It is a security feature implemented in web browsers to restrict web pages from making requests to a different domain.

• CORS is used to prevent malicious websites from accessing sensitive data from other websites.

• To handle CORS, the server needs to include specific headers in the response to allow the browser to make requests from a different domain.

• The most common header used to handle CORS is 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin'. It spe...read more

Threads are lightweight processes that enable multitasking within a single process.

• Threads allow multiple tasks to be executed concurrently within a single process.

• They share the same memory space and resources of the parent process.

• Threads can improve performance by utilizing available CPU resources more efficiently.

• Examples include web servers handling multiple requests simultaneously and video games rendering graphics while processing user input.

Comparison between LinkedList and ArrayList, explanation of Comparator in Java, logic for XML validation using Stack, and HLD for URL shortener.

• LinkedList is a doubly linked list while ArrayList is a resizable array

• LinkedList is efficient for frequent insertions and deletions, while ArrayList is efficient for random access

• Comparator interface in Java is used to define custom sorting logic for objects

• XML validation can be done by using a Stack to check the opening and closing ...read more

Creating custom templates involves defining a unique layout for a document or webpage. Static templates are fixed, while editable templates allow for customization.

• To create a custom template, define the layout and design elements such as headers, footers, and content sections.

• Static templates have fixed elements that cannot be changed by the user, while editable templates allow users to customize certain parts.

• Examples of static templates include a company letterhead with fi...read more

Use the given request attributes to generate multiple combinations in Config Builder

• Identify all the attributes in the request response structure

• Create a list of possible values for each attribute

• Generate all possible combinations of values from the attributes

I have used three jetpack components in my previous projects.

• Used jetpack component A for implementing navigation in Android app

• Utilized jetpack component B for handling lifecycle events in ViewModel

• Integrated jetpack component C for data persistence using Room database

Hoisting is a JavaScript behavior where variable and function declarations are moved to the top of their scope.

• Hoisting applies to both variables and function declarations.

• Variable declarations are hoisted but not their initializations.

• Function declarations are fully hoisted, allowing them to be called before they are defined.

• Inline elements are displayed on the same line as their adjacent elements.

• Inline-block elements are displayed inline but can have a width and height, an...read more

There are four main types of services available in Android: Foreground Service, Background Service, Bound Service, and Intent Service.

• Foreground Service: Runs in the foreground with a visible notification. Example: Music player.

• Background Service: Runs in the background without a user interface. Example: Location tracking service.

• Bound Service: Allows other components to bind to it and interact with it. Example: Music player service bound to a music player activity.

• Intent Ser...read more

View model will get destroyed when the associated activity or fragment is destroyed.

• View model will get destroyed when the activity or fragment is finished or destroyed.

• If the activity is recreated due to configuration changes like screen rotation, the view model will be recreated as well.

• View model can also be explicitly cleared by calling ViewModel.clear() method.

A work manager is a tool used in software development to manage and schedule background tasks efficiently.

• Manages background tasks in a way that optimizes resources and improves performance

• Provides features like task prioritization, task chaining, and task cancellation

• Ensures tasks are executed in a timely manner and handles task failures gracefully

• Examples include Android WorkManager for managing background tasks in Android apps

C# program to reverse a string of text

• Use the ToCharArray method to convert the string to a char array

• Use a for loop to iterate through the array and reverse the characters

• Use the String constructor to create a new string from the reversed char array

To predict output for an interface program in C#

• Understand the input parameters and expected output of the interface program

• Analyze the logic and algorithms used in the program

• Consider edge cases and potential errors in the program

• Use debugging tools and test cases to validate the output prediction

Design a calendar app to resolve meeting conflicts and return preferred meetings

• Implement a feature to detect conflicts in meeting schedules

• Allow users to set preference criteria such as importance, duration, time of day, etc.

• Prioritize meetings based on preference criteria and availability

• Provide users with a list of meetings that can be attended without conflicts

Node.js is a powerful and efficient server-side JavaScript runtime environment.

• Node.js is fast and scalable, making it ideal for building real-time applications.

• It uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, which makes it lightweight and efficient.

• Node.js has a large and active community, with many useful libraries and modules available.

• It allows for easy sharing of code between the server and client, using JavaScript on both sides.

• Node.js is cross-platform, meaning it can...read more

Liskov Substitution Principle states that objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without affecting the program's correctness.

• Subclasses should be able to substitute their parent classes without altering the behavior of the program.

• Ensure that subclasses do not override or change the behavior of parent class methods.

• Avoid using type checking or casting to subclasses in the code.

• Example: If a method expects a superclass object, it should wo...read more

Program to check if given string is palindrome

• Create a function that takes a string as input

• Convert the string to lowercase to ignore case sensitivity

• Remove all non-alphanumeric characters from the string

• Reverse the string and compare it with the original string

• If they are the same, return true, else return false

OS processes are instances of a program that are being executed by the operating system.

• Processes are managed by the operating system's scheduler.

• Each process has its own memory space and system resources.

• Processes can communicate with each other through inter-process communication (IPC).

• Examples of processes include web browsers, media players, and text editors.

Nested views in SQL Server can be useful for simplifying complex queries and improving performance.

• Nested views can help in breaking down complex queries into smaller, more manageable parts.

• They can improve query performance by allowing the optimizer to optimize each view separately before combining them.

• However, excessive nesting of views can lead to performance issues and make the code harder to maintain.

• It is important to strike a balance between using nested views for cla...read more

Arrange non-negative integers to form the largest number

• Convert integers to strings for comparison

• Sort strings in descending order based on custom comparator

• Join sorted strings to form the largest number

Use hash set to track unique elements while iterating through array and modify array in-place

• Iterate through array and add elements to hash set to track unique elements

• Modify array in-place by removing duplicates using hash set

• Return the size of the hash set as the number of unique elements

I have used GitFlow and feature branch strategies in previous projects.

• Utilized GitFlow branching model for managing feature development and releases

• Created feature branches for each new feature or bug fix

• Merged feature branches back into development branch after code review and testing

• Used tags to mark releases in the master branch

Java code to find number of repeated characters in a String.

• Create a HashMap to store characters and their counts.

• Iterate through the String and update the counts in the HashMap.

• Count the characters with counts greater than 1 to find repeated characters.

Low level design for authentication

• Define authentication requirements

• Choose appropriate authentication mechanism

• Design authentication flow

• Implement secure storage of credentials

• Consider multi-factor authentication

• Include error handling and logging

Adapters are used to convert the interface of a class into another interface that a client expects. Types of adaptables include object adapters and class adapters.

• Adapters are used to make two incompatible interfaces work together.

• Object adapters use composition to adapt the interface of a class.

• Class adapters use multiple inheritance to adapt the interface of a class.

• Adaptables can be objects or classes that need to be adapted.

• Examples of adaptables include legacy systems, t...read more

transient and volatile are keywords in Java used for different purposes

• transient keyword is used to indicate that a field should not be serialized when converting an object to byte stream

• volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable's value will be modified by different threads

• transient keyword is used in serialization, while volatile keyword is used in multithreading

• example: transient keyword - private transient int age; example: volatile keyword - private volatile bo...read more

Babel is a JavaScript compiler that allows you to use the latest ECMAScript features in your code.

• Babel transpiles modern JavaScript code into older versions that are compatible with all browsers.

• It allows developers to write code using the latest syntax without worrying about browser support.

• Babel can also be configured to support specific plugins and presets for additional functionality.

Redux is a state management library for JavaScript applications. useMemo and useReducer are hooks in React for optimizing performance.

• Redux is used for managing the state of a JavaScript application in a predictable way.

• useMemo is a hook in React that memoizes the result of a function to optimize performance by avoiding unnecessary re-computations.

• useReducer is a hook in React that is an alternative to useState for managing complex state logic in components.

Lazy loading in Angular is a technique used to load modules only when they are needed, improving performance by reducing initial load time.

• Lazy loading helps in splitting the application into multiple bundles which are loaded on demand.

• It allows for faster initial loading times as only essential modules are loaded upfront.

• Lazy loading is achieved by using the loadChildren property in the route configuration of Angular.

• Example: loadChildren: () => import('./lazy-loaded-module'...read more

Abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and can have both abstract and non-abstract methods. Interface is a collection of abstract methods.

• Abstract class can have constructors while interface cannot

• A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only inherit from one abstract class

• Abstract class can have instance variables while interface cannot

• Abstract class is used when we want to provide a common base implementation to derived classes while interface is use...read more

Clean architecture is a software design approach that separates concerns and enforces a clear separation of layers.

• Clean architecture focuses on separating business logic from implementation details.

• It promotes testability, maintainability, and scalability of the software.

• Common components in clean architecture include entities, use cases, and interfaces.

• Examples of clean architecture patterns include Hexagonal Architecture and Onion Architecture.

Using LINQ to manipulate string arrays in C#

• Use LINQ methods like Where, Select, OrderBy, etc. to filter, transform, or sort string arrays

• Example: string[] names = {"Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"}; var result = names.Where(name => name.Length > 4);

• Example: string[] fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}; var sortedFruits = fruits.OrderBy(fruit => fruit);

let, const, and var are all used to declare variables in JavaScript, but they have different scopes and behaviors.

• let: block-scoped, can be reassigned but not redeclared

• const: block-scoped, cannot be reassigned or redeclared, but its properties can be modified

• var: function-scoped, can be reassigned and redeclared

Run modes in AEM are configurations that determine how the AEM instance will behave. Custom run modes are additional configurations created by users.

• Run modes in AEM include author, publish, and dispatcher.

• Custom run modes can be created by adding custom configurations in the runmodes folder.

• Custom run modes can be used to define specific behaviors or settings for the AEM instance.

Android architecture components are a collection of libraries that help you design robust, testable, and maintainable apps.

• Android architecture components include LiveData, ViewModel, Room, and WorkManager.

• LiveData is an observable data holder class that is lifecycle-aware.

• ViewModel provides data to the UI and survives configuration changes.

• Room is a SQLite object mapping library that provides an abstraction layer over SQLite.

• WorkManager is used for managing deferrable, async...read more

Inorder traversal is a way of visiting all nodes in a binary tree by visiting left subtree, then root, then right subtree.

• Start at the root node

• Traverse the left subtree recursively

• Visit the root node

• Traverse the right subtree recursively

• Repeat until all nodes are visited

Singleton pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.

• Create a private static instance variable of the class itself

• Make the constructor private to prevent instantiation from outside the class

• Provide a static method to access the singleton instance

A view is a virtual table created by a query. CTE stands for Common Table Expression, which is a temporary result set.

• View is a saved SQL query that acts as a virtual table

• CTE is a temporary result set that can be referenced within a query

• Views can be used to simplify complex queries and provide a layer of abstraction

• CTEs are useful for recursive queries or when a result set needs to be referenced multiple times

Using dynamic programming to solve a problem involving strings.

• Identify the subproblems and the optimal substructure.

• Use a 2D array to store the results of subproblems.

• Iterate through the strings to build up the solution.

• Example: Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) problem.

SOLID principle - Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

• SRP states that a class should have only one reason to change

• It promotes separation of concerns and modular design

• Example: A class that handles user authentication should not also handle database operations

Implementing a factorial function using recursion

• Define a function that takes an integer as input

• Base case: if input is 0, return 1

• Recursive case: return input multiplied by the factorial of input-1

• Example: factorial(5) = 5 * factorial(4) = 5 * 4 * factorial(3) = ... = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1

An Ecommerce app requires a high level design to ensure smooth user experience and efficient functionality.

• Identify user personas and their needs

• Design intuitive navigation and search functionality

• Implement secure payment gateway

• Integrate with inventory management system

• Ensure scalability and performance

• Provide personalized recommendations and promotions

A React component is a reusable piece of code that represents a part of the user interface.

• React components are like JavaScript functions that return React elements to be rendered on the screen.

• Components can be functional components or class components.

• Components can have their own state and lifecycle methods.

• Components can receive input data through props.