100+ Senior Software Engineer 1 Interview Questions and Answers

Using dynamic programming to solve a problem involving strings.

• Identify the subproblems and the optimal substructure.

• Use a 2D array to store the results of subproblems.

• Iterate through the strings to build up the solution.

• Example: Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) problem.

Implementing a factorial function using recursion

• Define a function that takes an integer as input

• Base case: if input is 0, return 1

• Recursive case: return input multiplied by the factorial of input-1

• Example: factorial(5) = 5 * factorial(4) = 5 * 4 * factorial(3) = ... = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1

An Ecommerce app requires a high level design to ensure smooth user experience and efficient functionality.

• Identify user personas and their needs

• Design intuitive navigation and search functionality

• Implement secure payment gateway

• Integrate with inventory management system

• Ensure scalability and performance

• Provide personalized recommendations and promotions

A React component is a reusable piece of code that represents a part of the user interface.

• React components are like JavaScript functions that return React elements to be rendered on the screen.

• Components can be functional components or class components.

• Components can have their own state and lifecycle methods.

• Components can receive input data through props.

Multiple choice questions on NodeJS internals

• Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment that executes JavaScript code outside of a web browser.

• It uses the V8 JavaScript engine from Google, which compiles JavaScript directly into machine code.

• Node.js has a non-blocking, event-driven architecture that makes it lightweight and efficient for handling I/O operations.

• Common Node.js internals topics include event loop, modules, buffers, streams, and err...read more

Activity and Fragment have different life cycles in Android development.

• Activity life cycle includes methods like onCreate, onStart, onResume, onPause, onStop, onDestroy.

• Fragment life cycle includes methods like onAttach, onCreate, onCreateView, onActivityCreated, onStart, onResume, onPause, onStop, onDestroyView, onDestroy, onDetach.

• Fragments can be added or removed dynamically during the activity life cycle.

• Fragments have their own view hierarchy and can be reused in multip...read more

Design patterns in Microservices are reusable solutions to common problems encountered in designing and implementing microservices architecture.

• Design patterns help in structuring microservices for scalability, resilience, and maintainability.

• Some common design patterns in microservices include Service Registry, Circuit Breaker, API Gateway, and Event Sourcing.

• Service Registry pattern involves a central registry that allows services to discover and communicate with each other...read more

C++ program snippet to show output

• Use cout to print output to console

• Use endl to add a new line

• Use << operator to concatenate output

• Use cin to get input from user

Comparator and Comparable are interfaces in Java used for sorting objects.

• Comparator interface is used to define custom sorting logic for objects.

• Comparable interface is used to define natural ordering of objects.

• Comparator is used when you want to sort objects based on multiple attributes.

• Comparable is used when you want to sort objects based on a single attribute.

• Example: Sorting a list of Person objects based on their age using Comparator.

• Example: Sorting a list of String ...read more

Use hashmap to find duplicates in an array of strings

• Create a hashmap to store each string as key and count as value

• Iterate through the array and check if the string already exists in the hashmap

• If it does, increment the count, else add it to the hashmap

• Return the strings with count greater than 1 as duplicates

Saga pattern is used to maintain data consistency in distributed systems by breaking down transactions into smaller, independent steps.

• Saga pattern involves breaking down a transaction into a series of smaller steps or sub-transactions.

• Each step in the saga is independent and can be rolled back if needed.

• If a step fails, compensating transactions can be executed to undo the changes made by previous steps.

• Saga pattern helps in maintaining data consistency in distributed system...read more

Dependency injection is a design pattern in which components are given their dependencies rather than creating them internally.

• Allows for easier testing by mocking dependencies

• Promotes loose coupling between components

• Improves code reusability and maintainability

• Examples: Constructor injection, Setter injection, Interface injection

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and is used as a blueprint for other classes to inherit from.

• Cannot be instantiated directly

• May contain abstract methods that must be implemented by subclasses

• Can have both abstract and non-abstract methods

• Used to define common behavior for subclasses

SDLC life cycle is a process used by software development teams to design, develop, and test high-quality software.

• SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle

• It includes phases like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance

• Each phase has specific goals and deliverables to ensure the software meets requirements

• Examples of SDLC models include Waterfall, Agile, and DevOps

System design on latest technologies involves designing scalable, efficient, and reliable systems using cutting-edge tools and frameworks.

• Understand the requirements and constraints of the system

• Choose appropriate technologies and frameworks based on the requirements

• Design system architecture considering scalability, reliability, and performance

• Implement microservices architecture for better scalability and maintainability

• Utilize cloud services like AWS, Azure, or Google Clou...read more

The question is unclear and lacks context.

• The question needs to be rephrased or clarified.

• It is unclear what 'iceland' refers to.

• Without more information, it is impossible to answer the question.

Oops implementation is a programming concept that allows for error handling and recovery.

• Oops implementation involves using try-catch blocks to handle exceptions in code.

• Example: try { // code that may throw an exception } catch (Exception e) { // handle the exception }

• Oops implementation helps in making code more robust and reliable by handling unexpected errors gracefully.

Binary search is a divide and conquer algorithm that efficiently finds the target value within a sorted array.

• Divide the array in half and compare the target value with the middle element

• If the target value is smaller, search the left half. If larger, search the right half

• Repeat the process until the target value is found or the subarray is empty

Check if a string of parentheses is valid

• Use a stack to keep track of opening parentheses

• Iterate through the string and push opening parentheses onto the stack

• When encountering a closing parenthesis, pop from the stack and check if it matches the corresponding opening parenthesis

• If stack is empty at the end and all parentheses have been matched, the string is valid

Bitmasking with string involves using bitwise operations to manipulate individual bits in a string.

• Use bitwise OR to set a specific bit in a string

• Use bitwise AND to check if a specific bit is set in a string

• Use bitwise XOR to toggle a specific bit in a string

Merge overlapping intervals

• Sort the intervals based on their start time

• Iterate through the intervals and merge overlapping ones

• Add the merged intervals to the result

APIs for Calendly app

• Create endpoints for scheduling, cancelling, and rescheduling appointments

• Implement authentication and authorization for API access

• Include error handling and response codes for each endpoint

• Provide documentation for API usage and parameters

OSGi annotations are used to define metadata for OSGi components in Java applications.

• @Component: Marks a class as an OSGi component

• @Reference: Declares a dependency on another OSGi service

• @Activate: Marks a method to be called when the component is activated

• @Deactivate: Marks a method to be called when the component is deactivated

WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) is a UI framework for building Windows desktop applications.

• WPF allows for rich user interfaces with advanced graphics and multimedia capabilities.

• It uses XAML (Extensible Application Markup Language) to define the UI elements.

• Data binding in WPF allows for automatic synchronization of data between the UI and the underlying data model.

• WPF supports styling and templating to customize the look and feel of the application.

• Example: Creating a...read more

Git commands are used to manage version control of code. There are various types of Git commands.

• Basic commands: add, commit, push, pull, clone

• Branching commands: branch, checkout, merge, rebase

• Advanced commands: stash, cherry-pick, reset, revert

• Query commands: log, diff, blame, show

LRU cache is a data structure that stores the most recently used items and discards the least recently used items.

• Use a doubly linked list to keep track of the order of items in the cache

• Use a hash table to store the key-value pairs for fast access

• When a new item is added, check if the cache is full and remove the least recently used item if necessary

Oracle architecture refers to the structure and components of the Oracle database system.

• Oracle architecture consists of physical and logical components.

• Physical components include memory, storage, and processes.

• Logical components include instances, databases, and schemas.

• Oracle uses a client-server architecture.

• Oracle database is divided into tablespaces and data files.

• Oracle architecture supports high availability and scalability.

• Examples of Oracle architecture components a...read more

High level system design involves creating an overall architecture for a software system.

• Identify the main components of the system

• Define the interactions between the components

• Consider scalability, reliability, and performance

• Use diagrams to visualize the design

• Example: Designing a social media platform with user profiles, posts, and messaging functionality

Low level system design involves designing the internal components of a software system.

• Focus on the architecture of the system at a detailed level

• Consider how different components interact with each other

• Optimize for performance and efficiency

• Think about scalability and maintainability

• Examples: designing a database schema, creating algorithms for data processing

LLD for a payment system involves designing the detailed architecture of the system to handle transactions securely and efficiently.

• Identify the components of the payment system such as user interface, payment gateway, database, and external APIs.

• Design the flow of data between these components, ensuring secure communication and error handling.

• Consider scalability and performance requirements to handle a large number of transactions.

• Implement features like transaction logging...read more

Designing the system architecture of YouTube for scalability and performance.

• Use a distributed system architecture to handle large amounts of data and traffic

• Implement a content delivery network (CDN) to reduce latency and improve user experience

• Utilize a microservices architecture for modularity and scalability

• Implement caching mechanisms to improve performance and reduce server load

• Use a relational database for storing metadata and a distributed file system for storing vide...read more

ASP.NET Core is a cross-platform, high-performance framework for building modern, cloud-based, internet-connected applications.

• ASP.NET Core is open-source and developed by Microsoft.

• It supports cross-platform development on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

• It provides improved performance and scalability compared to previous versions of ASP.NET.

• ASP.NET Core includes a modular and lightweight architecture.

• It supports Docker containers and microservices architecture.

• ASP.NET Core allow...read more

Configuring multiple datasources involves defining multiple connection properties and managing them in the application.

• Define multiple datasource configurations in application.properties or application.yml file

• Use @Primary annotation to specify the primary datasource

• Use @Qualifier annotation to specify which datasource to inject in a specific component

• Configure datasource beans in a configuration class

Custom middleware is a software component that acts as a bridge between an application and its underlying infrastructure.

• Middleware can be used to perform tasks such as authentication, logging, error handling, and data transformation.

• Examples of custom middleware include logging middleware that logs requests and responses, authentication middleware that verifies user credentials, and error handling middleware that catches and handles errors.

• Middleware is often used in web dev...read more

Current CTC is confidential. Expected CTC is based on market standards and my experience.

• Current CTC is confidential information as per company policy.

• Expected CTC is based on market standards and my experience in the industry.

• I am open to discussing compensation during the negotiation phase.

A framework is a reusable set of libraries or tools that provide a structure for developing software applications.

• Framework provides a foundation for building software applications

• It includes pre-written code, libraries, and tools to help developers

• Frameworks can be specific to a programming language or platform

• Examples: React for front-end web development, Django for back-end web development

Factory design pattern is used to create objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created.

• Factory method creates objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created.

• It provides a way to delegate the instantiation logic to child classes.

• Example: Java's Calendar.getInstance() method returns a Calendar object based on the current timezone and locale.

Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps.

• Centralized state management

• State is read-only

• Changes are made with pure functions (reducers)

• Actions are dispatched to update state

• Used with React for managing application state

Find and remove duplicates in an array of strings

• Iterate through the array and use a Set to keep track of unique elements

• Check if each element is already in the Set, if so, remove it from the array

Design a system for managing lift lobby to optimize elevator usage and reduce wait times.

• Implement a scheduling algorithm to prioritize elevator assignments based on current demand and destination floors.

• Utilize sensors to detect passenger presence and adjust elevator routes accordingly.

• Incorporate a user interface for passengers to input their desired floor and receive estimated wait times.

• Consider implementing a queuing system to manage passenger flow and prevent overcrowdi...read more

Bug life cycle is the process of identifying, reporting, fixing, and verifying bugs in software development.

• Bug identification: Bugs are identified through testing, user feedback, or code reviews.

• Bug reporting: Bugs are reported in a bug tracking system with details like steps to reproduce, severity, and priority.

• Bug fixing: Developers address the reported bugs by analyzing the root cause and implementing a fix.

• Bug verification: Testers verify that the bug is fixed and does n...read more

SDLC life cycle is a process followed by software development teams to design, develop, and test high-quality software.

• SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle

• It includes phases like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance

• Each phase has specific goals and deliverables to ensure the software meets requirements

• Examples of SDLC models include Waterfall, Agile, and DevOps

Find the shortest path in a matrix from start to end point

• Use Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm to find the shortest path in a matrix

• Create a queue to store the current position and its distance from the start point

• Explore all possible directions (up, down, left, right) from the current position

• Keep track of visited positions to avoid revisiting them

• Repeat the process until reaching the end point

Sort array of strings using Java Stream API

• Use Stream API's sorted() method to sort the array

• Use Comparator.naturalOrder() to sort the strings in natural order

• Convert the sorted stream back to an array using toArray() method

Message Queue implementation involves a system that allows applications to communicate by sending and receiving messages asynchronously.

• Message Queues are used to decouple different parts of a system, allowing them to communicate without being directly connected.

• Popular message queue implementations include RabbitMQ, Apache Kafka, and Amazon SQS.

• Message Queues can help with load balancing, fault tolerance, and scalability in distributed systems.

• Messages in a queue can be proc...read more

Collections in Oracle are data structures used to store and manipulate groups of data.

• Collections can be nested tables, varrays, or associative arrays.

• Nested tables are like one-dimensional arrays, varrays are like arrays with a maximum size, and associative arrays are like dictionaries.

• Collections can be used to pass multiple values as a single parameter to a stored procedure or function.

• Example: DECLARE TYPE emp_list IS TABLE OF employees%ROWTYPE;

• Example: DECLARE TYPE phone...read more

API optimization in web API involves improving performance, efficiency, and scalability of API endpoints.

• Use caching to reduce response times and server load

• Implement pagination to limit the amount of data returned in each request

• Optimize database queries to reduce processing time

• Use compression techniques like GZIP to reduce payload size

• Minimize the number of API calls required for a task