200+ TCS Interview Questions and Answers

The mechanism of action of cardiac drugs and diabetes drugs varies depending on the specific drug.

• Cardiac drugs work by affecting the heart's electrical conduction system, blood vessels, or cardiac muscle cells.

• Examples of cardiac drugs include beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors.

• Diabetes drugs work by improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production, or reducing glucose production in the liver.

• Examples of diabetes drugs include metformin, ...read more

I would investigate the cause and try alternative sterilization methods.

• Check if there is an issue with the equipment or the sterilization process

• Try alternative sterilization methods such as chemical sterilization or dry heat sterilization

• Consult with colleagues or experts in the field for advice

• Document the issue and any actions taken for future reference

The stationary phase used in HPLC can be either polar or non-polar.

• Polar stationary phases are used for separating polar compounds, while non-polar stationary phases are used for separating non-polar compounds.

• Common polar stationary phases include silica gel and alumina, while common non-polar stationary phases include C18 and C8.

• The choice of stationary phase depends on the properties of the sample being analyzed and the desired separation.

• The stationary phase is typically ...read more

I would provide the doctor with relevant information about the molecule and its benefits compared to other options.

• Highlight the unique benefits of the molecule

• Provide clinical data and studies supporting its efficacy

• Address any concerns or misconceptions the doctor may have

• Offer samples or trials to allow the doctor to try the molecule firsthand

The human body consists of several systems that work together to maintain overall health and function.

• Circulatory system: responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body (e.g. heart, blood vessels)

• Respiratory system: involved in breathing and gas exchange (e.g. lungs, trachea)

• Digestive system: responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients (e.g. stomach, intestines)

• Nervous system: controls and coordinates body functions (e.g. brain, s...read more

I would choose to follow safety parameters over GLP.

• Safety of personnel and environment is of utmost importance

• GLP can be compromised temporarily but safety cannot

• Non-compliance with safety regulations can lead to serious consequences

A swab sample involves using a swab to collect a sample from a specific area, while a rinse sample involves rinsing a larger area to collect a sample.

• Swab sample: Collects a sample from a specific area using a swab.

• Rinse sample: Involves rinsing a larger area to collect a sample.

• Swab samples are commonly used for surface testing, such as swabbing a countertop or equipment.

• Rinse samples are often used for environmental testing, such as rinsing a large area of a production floo...read more

I have handled various instruments including calipers, micrometers, gauges, and spectrophotometers.

• Calipers for measuring distance between two opposite sides of an object

• Micrometers for measuring small distances with high precision

• Gauges for measuring various parameters such as pressure, temperature, and humidity

• Spectrophotometers for measuring the intensity of light in a spectrum

• Also familiar with pH meters, balances, and pipettes

• Regularly trained on new instruments and thei...read more

The two most important reactions for humans, animals and plants are photosynthesis and respiration.

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

• Respiration is the process by which living organisms convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide and water.

• Photosynthesis and respiration are complementary processes that sustain life on Earth.

• Photosynthesis produces the oxygen that animals and humans breat...read more

Enhancement of pipeline products based on market research, customer feedback, and industry trends.

• Conduct market research to identify gaps and opportunities in the market

• Gather customer feedback to understand their needs and preferences

• Analyze industry trends to stay ahead of the competition

• Collaborate with R&D team to develop innovative products

• Invest in marketing and advertising to increase product visibility

• Regularly review and update product portfolio to ensure relevance ...read more

Different types of breakers with their ratings, applications, and working principles.

• Circuit Breaker: Used in electrical power systems to protect circuits from overloads and short circuits.

• Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB): Rated up to 1,000 amps, commonly used in residential and commercial applications.

• Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB): Rated up to 125 amps, used in low-voltage electrical systems.

• Air Circuit Breaker (ACB): Rated up to 6,000 amps, used in large-scale industria...read more

Serialisation and track and trace system is a method used to uniquely identify and trace products throughout the supply chain.

• Serialisation involves assigning a unique serial number or code to each individual product or packaging unit.

• Track and trace system uses this serial number to track the movement of products from manufacturing to distribution to the end consumer.

• It helps in ensuring product authenticity, preventing counterfeiting, and improving supply chain visibility.

• S...read more

To convince a doctor to sell your products, you need to establish trust, provide evidence of efficacy, and offer competitive pricing.

• Establish a rapport with the doctor and understand their needs

• Provide evidence of the product's efficacy through clinical trials and studies

• Offer competitive pricing and discounts to incentivize the doctor to prescribe your product

• Provide educational materials and resources to help the doctor understand the product and its benefits

• Follow up regu...read more

Answering questions related to upstream processing, including process flow, material and system use, FIT, CIP, SIP, bioreactor system, and role of raw material in media.

• Previous job responsibilities in upstream processing

• Process flow of upstream processing

• Make and MOC of the material and system use during operation

• FIT, CIP, and SIP

• Types of and part of bioreactor system

• Role of raw material in media

Glycerol is used for long term preservation of bacterial cultures due to its ability to prevent ice crystal formation and cell damage.

• Glycerol acts as a cryoprotectant, preventing ice crystal formation and cell damage during freezing.

• It allows for long term storage of bacterial cultures at -80°C.

• Glycerol is added to the bacterial culture before freezing to a final concentration of 15-20%.

• It is a common practice in microbiology and biotechnology research.

• Other cryoprotectants ...read more

Questions related to distillation column, chlorine gas TLV limit, and reactor types and handling.

• Distillation column is a separation process used to purify or separate components of a mixture.

• TLV limit for chlorine gas is 1 ppm (parts per million).

• Reactor types include batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and fluidized bed reactors. Handling involves proper safety measures and monitoring of reaction conditions.

HPLC stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography. It is a technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture.

• HPLC works on the principle of separation of components based on their interaction with the stationary phase and mobile phase.

• The stationary phase is a solid or liquid material that is packed into a column, while the mobile phase is a liquid that flows through the column.

• The sample is injected into the mobile phase and as it flows through ...read more

The type of foil used during primary packing varies depending on the product and its requirements.

• Aluminum foil is commonly used for primary packing in the food industry.

• Blister packs in the pharmaceutical industry often use PVC or PVDC coated foil.

• In the medical field, sterile barrier systems may use Tyvek or other specialized foils.

• Different types of foils may be used for different purposes, such as moisture resistance or heat sealing.

• The choice of foil depends on factors l...read more

Lupin is a pharmaceutical company based in India, known for producing generic drugs and biosimilars.

• Lupin is one of the top five pharmaceutical companies in India.

• It has a global presence in over 100 countries.

• Lupin specializes in producing generic drugs and biosimilars.

• Some of its popular products include Azithromycin, Gabapentin, and Levothyroxine.

• Lupin has also made significant investments in research and development.

Criteria for Uniformity of Dosage Unit

• Uniformity of weight and drug content in each dosage unit

• Acceptable range of variation in weight and drug content

• Ensuring consistent potency and efficacy of the drug

• Testing methods include weight variation test and content uniformity test

• Criteria varies depending on the type of drug and dosage form

Recombinant fermentation is a process of using microorganisms to produce recombinant proteins.

• Recombinant DNA technology is used to insert a gene into a microorganism's DNA

• The microorganism is then grown in a fermentation tank to produce the desired protein

• Examples include the production of insulin using E. coli bacteria

• Optimization of fermentation conditions is crucial for high yield and purity of the protein

Dissolution criteria refers to the amount of drug substance that should dissolve in a specified time period.

• It is a measure of drug release from a dosage form.

• It is important for ensuring the drug is being absorbed properly.

• The criteria varies depending on the type of drug and dosage form.

• For example, immediate-release tablets should dissolve at least 80% in 30 minutes.

• Slow-release tablets may have a longer dissolution time.

I have performed the microbiological test the most.

• Microbiological test is crucial in ensuring the safety and quality of products.

• Examples include testing for microbial contamination in food and pharmaceutical products.

• I have performed this test numerous times in my previous roles as a Quality Control Officer.

Quality is meeting customer expectations. GMP is a set of guidelines for ensuring quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing. cGMP is an updated version. Alcoa is a framework for data integrity. Compliance is adhering to regulations. ICH is an international organization for harmonizing pharmaceutical regulations.

• Quality is meeting customer expectations and ensuring that products meet their intended use.

• GMP is a set of guidelines for ensuring quality in pharmaceutical manufacturi...read more

ALCOA and ALCOA+ are guidelines for data integrity in pharmaceutical industry.

• ALCOA stands for Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, and Accurate.

• ALCOA+ adds the principles of Complete, Consistent, Enduring, and Available.

• These guidelines ensure that data is reliable, accurate, and can be traced back to its source.

• For example, all data entries must be dated and signed by the person who made them.

• ALCOA+ also requires that data is complete and consistent throughout ...read more

Biological drug development involves complex processes and requires extensive research and testing.

• Biological drugs are derived from living organisms and are highly specific in their action.

• The development process involves identifying the target molecule, designing the drug, and conducting preclinical and clinical trials.

• The manufacturing process is complex and requires specialized facilities and equipment.

• Regulatory approval is a lengthy and rigorous process, with a focus on...read more

Corrective action is taken to fix a problem that has already occurred, while preventive action is taken to avoid a problem from happening in the future.

• Corrective action is reactive, while preventive action is proactive.

• Corrective action is taken after a problem has been identified, while preventive action is taken before a problem occurs.

• Examples of corrective action include repairing a machine that has broken down, while examples of preventive action include regular mainten...read more

I have handled various types of bacterial cultures.

• I have experience with both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

• I have worked with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

• I have handled pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella.

• I have also worked with non-pathogenic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus.

• I have experience with bacterial cultures in both liquid and solid media.

Stages of process validation include process design, process qualification, and continued process verification.

• Process design involves defining the process parameters and identifying critical process parameters.

• Process qualification involves testing the process to ensure it consistently produces quality products.

• Continued process verification involves monitoring the process to ensure it remains in a state of control.

• Examples of process validation include sterilization process...read more

OOS stands for Out of Specification.

• OOS refers to a result that falls outside the predetermined acceptance criteria or specification limits.

• It can occur during testing, manufacturing, or packaging processes.

• OOS results must be investigated to determine the root cause and appropriate corrective actions.

• Examples include a product failing a potency test or a package not meeting weight requirements.

The type of pump and valve depends on the specific production process and requirements.

• The selection of pump and valve depends on factors such as the fluid being handled, flow rate, pressure, temperature, and material compatibility.

• Common types of pumps include centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps, and diaphragm pumps.

• Common types of valves include ball valves, gate valves, globe valves, and butterfly valves.

• For example, in a chemical production process, a centrifug...read more

Criteria for blend uniformity in pharmaceutical manufacturing

• Blend uniformity is the degree to which the API and excipients are evenly distributed throughout the blend

• Criteria for blend uniformity include acceptance criteria for assay and content uniformity

• Sampling plan and testing method should be appropriate for the blend characteristics

• Blend uniformity testing should be performed at appropriate stages of manufacturing process

• Examples of blend uniformity tests include strat...read more

System suitability parameters are used to ensure that the HPLC system is working properly.

• System suitability parameters include resolution, tailing factor, and peak symmetry.

• These parameters are measured using a standard sample before running actual samples.

• Acceptance criteria for each parameter should be established and documented.

• If the system fails to meet the acceptance criteria, corrective action should be taken before running samples.

• Examples of corrective action includ...read more

I have handled various machines including printers, scanners, and copiers.

• Printers: HP LaserJet, Canon Inkjet

• Scanners: Epson, Fujitsu

• Copiers: Xerox, Ricoh

Released batches are planned based on demand and production capacity.

• Analyze demand and production capacity to determine batch size and frequency

• Consider lead time for raw materials and production time for each batch

• Ensure quality control measures are in place for each batch

• Track inventory levels to avoid overproduction or stockouts

• Adjust planning as needed based on market trends and customer feedback

A tablet is a solid dosage form of medication. The process of tablet production involves mixing active pharmaceutical ingredients with excipients and compressing the mixture into a tablet form.

• Tablets are one of the most common forms of medication.

• The production process involves several steps such as granulation, drying, blending, compression, and coating.

• Excipients such as binders, fillers, and lubricants are added to the active pharmaceutical ingredients to ensure the table...read more

Shake flask study is a method used to evaluate the growth and productivity of microorganisms in a small-scale culture.

• It involves growing microorganisms in a small flask with shaking to provide oxygen and nutrients.

• The flask is incubated at a specific temperature and pH to mimic the conditions of the larger culture.

• Samples are taken at regular intervals to measure cell growth and product formation.

• Shake flask studies are often used in the development of bioprocesses for the p...read more

The guidelines for OOS investigation involve thorough documentation, root cause analysis, and corrective actions.

• Thoroughly document all relevant information related to the OOS (Out of Specification) event.

• Perform a comprehensive root cause analysis to identify the underlying reasons for the OOS.

• Implement appropriate corrective actions to prevent recurrence of the OOS.

• Follow established regulatory guidelines and industry best practices during the investigation.

• Ensure proper c...read more

I will reduce cost-of-goods by optimizing supply chain, negotiating with suppliers, and implementing cost-saving measures.

• Optimize supply chain to reduce transportation and inventory costs

• Negotiate with suppliers for better pricing and terms

• Implement cost-saving measures such as lean manufacturing and waste reduction

• Explore alternative materials or suppliers to reduce costs

• Monitor and analyze expenses to identify areas for improvement

In addition to analysis, I am involved in project management, team collaboration, and strategic planning.

• Project management: I oversee the planning, execution, and monitoring of various projects within my area of responsibility.

• Team collaboration: I work closely with cross-functional teams to ensure effective communication and coordination.

• Strategic planning: I contribute to the development and implementation of long-term goals and objectives for the organization.

• Example: Apa...read more

Yes, I am familiar with the Insulin market and top players, including Lupin as a top company in the Diabetis market.

• I am aware of the key players in the Insulin market, including Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Eli Lilly.

• I understand the importance of brand competition in the Diabetis market, with companies like Novo Nordisk's Novolog and Sanofi's Lantus being major competitors.

• I am knowledgeable about the pricing strategies of different Insulin brands and how they impact market sh...read more

Normal phase and reverse phase HPLC differ in the polarity of the stationary and mobile phases.

• Normal phase HPLC uses a polar stationary phase and a non-polar mobile phase.

• Reverse phase HPLC uses a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase.

• Normal phase is used for separating polar compounds while reverse phase is used for non-polar compounds.

• Examples of normal phase solvents include hexane and heptane while examples of reverse phase solvents include water and methan...read more

3-phase power supply has 3 alternating currents while 1-phase has only 1.

• 3-phase power supply is more efficient for high-power applications

• 1-phase power supply is commonly used for household appliances

• 3-phase power supply requires 3 wires while 1-phase requires only 2 wires

• 3-phase power supply is more expensive to install than 1-phase

Disintegration time of tablets is determined by USP to ensure proper drug release.

• USP sets standards for disintegration time of tablets to ensure proper drug release.

• Disintegration time varies depending on the type of tablet and its intended use.

• For example, immediate-release tablets should disintegrate within 30 minutes, while extended-release tablets may take up to 2 hours.

• Disintegration time can be affected by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other subs...read more

Measures to reduce human error

• Provide adequate training and education

• Implement standard operating procedures

• Use checklists and reminders

• Encourage reporting of errors

• Conduct regular audits and reviews

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.

• pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen'

• It is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

• A pH of 7 is considered neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline

• pH can be measured using pH meters, pH paper/strips, or pH indicators

Distillation is a process of separating components of a liquid mixture based on their different boiling points.

• Distillation involves heating a liquid mixture to vaporize the more volatile components.

• The vapor is then cooled and condensed back into a liquid, resulting in the separation of the components.

• The component with the lower boiling point will vaporize first and can be collected separately.

• Common examples of distillation include the production of alcoholic beverages and...read more

HPLC stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography. It is a technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture.

• HPLC uses a stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate components based on their chemical properties.

• The stationary phase is typically a solid or liquid packed into a column, while the mobile phase is a liquid that flows through the column.

• Components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary and mobile phases, causing th...read more

Laboratory incidences can be categorized as pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical. Each category requires a different approach to deal with them.

• Pre-analytical incidents include sample collection errors, mislabeling, and transportation issues. To deal with them, proper training of staff, use of standardized protocols, and regular quality control checks are necessary.

• Analytical incidents involve errors in testing procedures, equipment malfunction, and calibration iss...read more

Safety precautions include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, proper ventilation, labeling containers, and storing chemicals properly.

• Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats

• Ensure proper ventilation in the area where chemicals are being handled

• Label all containers with the name of the chemical and any hazard warnings

• Store chemicals in a secure location away from incompatible substances

• Have an emergency respo...read more

Earthing and grounding are terms used interchangeably, but they have different meanings. Earthing refers to the connection of a conductor to the earth, while grounding refers to the connection of a conductor to a ground.

• Earthing is used to protect people and equipment from electrical shock by providing a low-impedance path for fault current to flow to the earth.

• Grounding is used to protect equipment from electrical noise and interference by providing a low-impedance path for ...read more

Process validation is the documented evidence that a process is capable of consistently producing a product that meets its predetermined specifications and quality attributes.

• Process validation is a critical component of quality assurance in manufacturing.

• It involves establishing documented evidence that a process is capable of consistently producing a product that meets its predetermined specifications and quality attributes.

• Process validation typically involves three stages...read more

A water system flow diagram illustrates the movement of water through various components of a system.

• The diagram typically includes sources of water, such as reservoirs or wells.

• It shows the pathways through which water flows, such as pipes or channels.

• Components like pumps, valves, and filters are depicted to indicate their role in the system.

• The diagram may also include water treatment processes, such as filtration or disinfection.

• It helps visualize the overall water system...read more

Yes, I have a good understanding of human anatomy and physiology.

• I have studied anatomy and physiology extensively in my education and career.

• I understand the structure and function of the human body's organs, tissues, and systems.

• I am familiar with common medical terminology and can communicate effectively with healthcare professionals.

• For example, I know that the cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and that the res...read more

Data backup can be taken using various methods such as cloud storage, external hard drives, and network-attached storage (NAS).

• Cloud storage: Use services like Google Drive, Dropbox, or Amazon S3 to store data remotely.

• External hard drives: Connect an external hard drive to the system and copy the data onto it.

• Network-attached storage (NAS): Set up a dedicated storage device on the network to backup data from multiple systems.

• Backup software: Utilize specialized backup softwa...read more

A System Administrator can manage Https sites by configuring and maintaining the necessary security protocols and certificates.

• A System Administrator should have knowledge of SSL/TLS protocols and certificates.

• They should be able to configure web servers to support Https.

• They should regularly update and renew SSL certificates.

• They should monitor and troubleshoot any issues related to Https connections.

• They should ensure proper encryption and security measures are in place.

• Exa...read more

Starters are devices used to start and control the speed of electric motors.

• Types of starters include direct-on-line, star-delta, soft starters, and variable frequency drives.

• Starters are needed to protect the motor from damage due to high starting currents.

• They also help to control the speed of the motor and improve its efficiency.

• The type of starter used depends on the motor's power rating and the application it is used for.

If Assy is less than 100%, API quality for dispensing will be affected.

• API quality for dispensing will be lower if Assy is less than 100%

• Assy refers to the assembly process of components in a product

• It is important to ensure Assy is at 100% to maintain high API quality for dispensing

Human body systems are groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform specific functions.

• The cardiovascular system is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.

• It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

• The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells.

• The blood carries waste products away from the cells and helps regulate body temperature.

Grignard reagent is an organometallic compound used in organic synthesis to form carbon-carbon bonds.

• Grignard reagents are formed by reacting an alkyl or aryl halide with magnesium metal.

• They are highly reactive and can be used to introduce a carbon chain into a molecule.

• Grignard reagents are commonly used in the synthesis of alcohols, carboxylic acids, and ketones.

• They can also be used for nucleophilic addition reactions and as bases in organic reactions.

• For example, a Grign...read more

Upstream processes involve raw material sourcing and preparation, while downstream processes focus on purification and packaging of the final product.

• Upstream processes involve sourcing raw materials, such as cell lines or chemicals.

• Downstream processes focus on purification, filtration, and packaging of the final product.

• Examples of upstream processes include fermentation and cell culture.

• Examples of downstream processes include chromatography and filtration.

Flow meter measures flow rate using a variety of methods, while Venturi meter measures flow rate using a constriction in the flow path.

• Flow meter can use methods like ultrasonic, electromagnetic, thermal, etc. to measure flow rate.

• Venturi meter uses a constriction in the flow path to create a pressure difference and measure flow rate.

• Flow meter is more accurate and versatile, while Venturi meter is simpler and less expensive.

• Examples of flow meters include ultrasonic flow met...read more

OOT stands for Out of Trend. It is a term used in quality control to describe a result that falls outside of the expected range.

• OOT is a deviation from the expected trend or pattern

• It can be caused by various factors such as equipment malfunction, human error, or environmental changes

• OOT results should be investigated to determine the root cause and corrective actions taken

• Examples of OOT include a sudden spike or drop in test results, or a consistent shift in results over ti...read more

There are various types of distillation, such as fractional distillation, simple distillation, and vacuum distillation.

• Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures with close boiling points, such as in the separation of different components of crude oil.

• Simple distillation is used to separate liquids with significantly different boiling points, such as in the purification of water.

• Vacuum distillation is used to distill substances at lower temperatures by reducing the ...read more

AV value in CU test is calculated by dividing the average of the duplicate readings by the standard solution value.

• AV value stands for Average Value.

• CU test is a test used to determine the copper content in a sample.

• Duplicate readings are taken to ensure accuracy.

• The standard solution value is a known concentration of copper used as a reference.

• AV value = (Average of duplicate readings) / (Standard solution value)

Product changeover cleaning procedure involves thorough cleaning and sanitizing of equipment and work areas to prevent cross-contamination.

• Start by removing any remaining product from equipment and surfaces

• Use appropriate cleaning agents and sanitizers to clean all surfaces thoroughly

• Follow specific cleaning procedures outlined in the company's standard operating procedures (SOPs)

• Ensure all equipment is properly disassembled, cleaned, and reassembled according to manufacturer...read more

A clean room is a controlled environment with low levels of pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosol particles, and chemical vapors.

• Clean rooms are classified based on the number of particles allowed per cubic meter at a specified particle size.

• The classification is typically done according to international standards such as ISO 14644-1.

• Examples of clean room classifications include ISO Class 5, ISO Class 7, and ISO Class 9.

Lambert Beer's law relates the concentration of a solution to the amount of light absorbed by the solution.

• The law states that the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to its concentration and the path length of the light through the solution.

• It is commonly used in spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution.

• The law assumes that the solution is homogeneous, the absorbing species is in a single form, and the incident light is mono...read more

CAPA stands for Corrective and Preventive Action. Tablet is a solid dosage form of medication.

• CAPA is a process used to identify and address the root cause of a problem or non-conformance in a product or process.

• Tablet is a solid dosage form of medication that is compressed into a small, flat shape.

• Tablets can be coated or uncoated, and can be designed to release medication immediately or over a period of time.

• Tablets are commonly used to treat a variety of medical conditions...read more

There are two types of capsules - hard and soft gelatin capsules.

• Hard capsules are made of two pieces that fit together and are filled with powder or pellets.

• Soft gelatin capsules are made of a single piece and are filled with liquid or semi-solid substances.

• Capsules can also be categorized by their size, color, and shape.

• Examples of capsules include Tylenol, Advil, and Vitamin E capsules.

The type of condenser used in domestic air conditioners is typically the air-cooled condenser.

• Air-cooled condensers are the most common type used in residential air conditioners.

• They work by using a fan to blow air over the condenser coils, which helps to dissipate heat.

• This type of condenser does not require a separate water source for cooling.

• Examples of air-cooled condensers include the coil and fin condenser and the microchannel condenser.

The capillary tube is a component in the refrigeration cycle that helps regulate the flow of refrigerant.

• The capillary tube is a small, narrow tube made of copper or aluminum.

• It is located between the condenser and the evaporator in the refrigeration system.

• Its main function is to restrict the flow of high-pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser to the low-pressure evaporator.

• By creating a pressure drop, the capillary tube allows the refrigerant to expand and evaporate...read more

Electrical energy use is my area of expertise and interest.

• I have specialized in electrical engineering and have a deep understanding of electrical systems.

• I am passionate about finding ways to optimize electrical energy use and reduce waste.

• I believe that electrical energy is a critical resource that needs to be managed carefully to ensure sustainability.

• My previous work experience has been in the electrical energy sector, where I have gained valuable knowledge and skills.

• I ...read more

The cardiovascular system is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through the vessels.

• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

• The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

• Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries.

• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect ar...read more

The single line diagram of MSEB power supply shows the electrical connections and components in a simplified manner.

• It displays the power system from the point of view of a single line

• It shows the distribution of power from the source to the load

• It includes transformers, circuit breakers, switches, and other components

• It helps in understanding the flow of electricity and identifying potential issues

• Example: The single line diagram of MSEB power supply may show a substation re...read more

Fixing impurities limit involves identifying the source of impurities and implementing measures to reduce or eliminate them.

• Conduct a risk assessment to identify potential sources of impurities

• Establish impurity limits based on regulatory requirements and product specifications

• Implement measures to reduce or eliminate impurities, such as process optimization or equipment upgrades

• Monitor impurity levels regularly to ensure compliance with established limits

• Document all impurit...read more

Cleaning validation is the process of ensuring that equipment and surfaces are properly cleaned to prevent contamination.

• Cleaning validation is a critical part of ensuring product quality and safety.

• It involves testing and verifying that cleaning procedures are effective and consistent.

• This can include swabbing surfaces and equipment to test for residual contaminants.

• Cleaning validation is required in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, and medical devices....read more

Data integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data throughout its lifecycle. ALCOA++ is a set of principles for ensuring data integrity.

• ALCOA++ stands for Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original, Accurate, Complete, Consistent, Enduring, and Available.

• Attributable - Data should be attributable to the person who created, modified, or observed it.

• Legible - Data should be clear and easy to read.

• Contemporaneous - Data should be recorded at the ti...read more

SST parameters and types, and difference between HPLC and UPLC.

• SST parameters include glucose, electrolytes, liver enzymes, and more.

• Types of SST include plain, gel, and clot activator.

• HPLC uses high pressure to separate compounds, while UPLC uses even higher pressure for faster separation.

• HPLC is better for larger molecules, while UPLC is better for smaller molecules.

• Both are used in pharmaceutical and biotech industries for drug development and quality control.

Raw materials dispensing activities involve the distribution of materials for production, while PM materials activity refers to the management of materials for preventive maintenance.

• Raw materials dispensing activities involve receiving, storing, and distributing materials needed for production processes.

• This includes accurately recording inventory levels, ensuring proper storage conditions, and maintaining a well-organized warehouse.

• For example, a warehouse officer may recei...read more

A pH meter is a scientific instrument used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

• Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

• Range typically from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral

• Used in various industries such as food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and environmental monitoring

Quality assurance involves ensuring that products or services meet specified requirements and standards.

• Quality assurance is a process that focuses on preventing defects and errors in products or services.

• It involves creating and implementing quality control processes to ensure consistency and reliability.

• Quality assurance also includes monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of these processes to continuously improve quality.

• Examples of quality assurance activities inclu...read more

HPLC and UPLC are both analytical techniques used in chemistry to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture.

• HPLC stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography, while UPLC stands for Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography.

• UPLC uses smaller particle sizes in the column packing material, resulting in higher resolution and faster analysis times compared to HPLC.

• UPLC typically operates at higher pressures and flow rates than HPLC.

• HPLC is more commonly used for ...read more

Critical parameters of coating process include temperature, humidity, coating thickness, drying time, and coating uniformity.

• Temperature control is crucial to ensure proper curing of the coating material.

• Humidity levels can affect the drying time and adhesion of the coating.

• Coating thickness must be monitored to meet specifications and ensure product quality.

• Drying time should be optimized to prevent defects like cracking or blistering.

• Coating uniformity is important for cons...read more

An HVAC flow diagram shows the path of air through a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.

• The diagram typically includes components such as air handlers, ductwork, filters, and fans.

• It shows the direction of airflow and the location of temperature and humidity sensors.

• The diagram may also include information about the type of HVAC system, such as a split system or a packaged unit.

• The flow diagram is important for understanding how the HVAC system works and for tr...read more

Change controls are procedures used to manage changes to a product or process.

• Change controls ensure that changes are properly evaluated, approved, and implemented

• They help to prevent errors, defects, and deviations from specifications

• Examples include changes to manufacturing processes, equipment, or materials

• Documentation and record-keeping are important aspects of change controls

A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

• Buffer solutions are made by mixing a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

• The pH of a buffer solution remains relatively constant even with the addition of small amounts of acid or base.

• Buffer solutions are commonly used in various chemical and biological processes, such as in laboratory experiments and in the human body.

• Examples of buffer...read more

Reflux is the process of vapor condensing and returning to the distillation column. Reflux ratio is the ratio of condensed vapor to the vapor that is allowed to leave the column.

• Reflux is important in distillation processes to ensure separation of components

• Reflux ratio is typically controlled to optimize separation efficiency

• Hazard refers to potential danger or harm, while safety refers to measures taken to prevent harm

• In a production setting, hazard and safety consideration...read more

Iodometry is a titration method that uses iodine, while iodimetry is a titration method that uses iodide ions.

• Iodometry involves the determination of oxidizing agents by titrating with iodine.

• Iodimetry involves the determination of reducing agents by titrating with iodide ions.

• Iodometry is commonly used in the analysis of vitamin C content in fruit juices.

• Iodimetry is often used in the determination of copper content in brass alloys.

Machine problems refer to issues or malfunctions with equipment or devices. Resolving these problems involves troubleshooting and fixing the root cause.

• Identifying the specific issue or malfunction with the machine

• Troubleshooting to determine the root cause of the problem

• Repairing or replacing faulty components

• Testing the machine to ensure the problem has been resolved

The refrigeration cycle is a process that removes heat from a space and transfers it to the external environment.

• The cycle consists of four main components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.

• The compressor compresses the refrigerant gas, raising its temperature and pressure.

• The high-pressure gas then flows into the condenser, where it releases heat and condenses into a high-pressure liquid.

• The liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, which r...read more

Data Integrity guidelines ensure accuracy, completeness, consistency, and reliability of data throughout its lifecycle.

• Data should be recorded contemporaneously and accurately.

• Data should be attributable, legible, and original.

• Data should be complete, consistent, and enduring.

• Data should be secure, backed up, and retrievable.

• Data should be reviewed, approved, and audited regularly.

• Examples include ALCOA+ principles, 21 CFR Part 11, and GAMP 5.

Calibration ensures accuracy of instruments by comparing measurements to a known standard.

• Calibration is the process of adjusting an instrument to ensure its measurements are accurate.

• Principles of instruments include accuracy, precision, repeatability, and reproducibility.

• Examples of calibrated instruments include thermometers, scales, and pressure gauges.