200+ WNS Interview Questions and Answers

Calculate the total number of handshakes between 2 cricket teams with 11 players each.

• Use the formula n(n-1)/2 to calculate the number of handshakes for each team.

• Multiply the result by the number of players in the other team.

• Add the two results together to get the total number of handshakes.

11 players in a cricket team shake hands with each other once. Find the total number of handshakes.

• Each player shakes hands with 10 other players.

• Total number of handshakes = 11C2 = 55

• Formula for nC2 = n*(n-1)/2

Clinical research involves studying the safety and effectiveness of drugs and medical devices in humans.

• A clinical trial is a research study that tests the safety and effectiveness of a drug or medical device in humans.

• Pharmacokinetics refers to how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

• Pharmacodynamics refers to how a drug interacts with the body to produce its effects.

• Adverse drug reactions are unwanted or harmful effects that occur after ...read more

The interview questions cover topics related to pharmacovigilance, clinical research, GVP modules, good clinical practices, health and regulatory authorities, seriousness criteria, labeling assessment, dechallange rechallange, and narrative writing.

• Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• PV has a long history dating back to the 1960s thalidomide tr...read more

Abbreviations commonly used in the Pharmacovigilance (PV) and clinical research field.

• PV - Pharmacovigilance

• ADR - Adverse Drug Reaction

• AE - Adverse Event

• SAE - Serious Adverse Event

• CIOMS - Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences

• ICH - International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

• FDA - Food and Drug Administration

• EMA - European Medicines Agency

• IRB - Institutional Review Board

• GCP - Good Clinical Practice

• ICH...read more

Clinical research is a process of testing new drugs or medical devices on humans to determine their safety and efficacy.

• Clinical research involves testing new drugs or medical devices on humans to determine their safety and efficacy

• It is conducted in phases, starting with small studies in healthy volunteers and progressing to larger studies in patients

• The phases of clinical research are Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, and Phase IV

• Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is a set of interna...read more

Questions related to clinical trials, drug development, and research.

• Phases in clinical trials are stages of testing a drug or treatment on humans.

• Clinical research and development involves designing and conducting clinical trials to test the safety and efficacy of drugs.

• Drug development is the process of discovering and testing new drugs.

• A PI in clinical trials is the principal investigator, who is responsible for the overall conduct of the trial.

• Clinical trials are studies ...read more

Global temp table is a temporary table that can be accessed by multiple sessions.

• Global temp table is created using CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement.

• Data in global temp table is visible to all sessions but is deleted when the session that created it ends.

• Global temp table can be used to store intermediate results in a multi-step process.

• In my project, I used global temp table to store data temporarily while performing complex calculations.

Identify the defective cube out of 12 identical cubes using a weight balance in minimum rounds.

• Divide the cubes into three groups of four each.

• Weigh two groups against each other.

• If they balance, the defective cube is in the third group.

• If they don't balance, take the heavier group and weigh two cubes against each other.

• If they balance, the defective cube is the remaining cube.

• If they don't balance, the heavier cube is the defective one.

Truncate resets identity value, delete does not.

• Truncate resets the identity value to the original seed value

• Delete does not change the identity value

• Example: Truncate table resets identity value to 1

• Example: Delete from table does not change identity value

Alter command on table affects views created on the table.

• Views are virtual tables created from one or more tables.

• Alter command on a table can change the structure of the table, which can affect the views created on it.

• If the columns used in the view are altered or dropped, the view will become invalid.

• If the data in the table is changed, the data in the view will also change accordingly.

Risk mitigation in projects can be achieved through d-risking tools for protocols.

• Identify potential risks and their impact on the project

• Develop a risk management plan to address identified risks

• Implement risk mitigation strategies such as contingency planning and risk transfer

• Regularly monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies

• Examples of d-risking tools for protocols include risk assessment checklists, risk matrices, and decision trees

VLOOKUP searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a corresponding value in the same row. INDEX/MATCH uses two functions to look up a value based on its position in a table.

• VLOOKUP only searches for values in the first column of a table, while INDEX/MATCH can search for values in any column.

• INDEX/MATCH is more flexible and efficient for large datasets.

• VLOOKUP is easier to use for simple lookups with small datasets.

• INDEX/MATCH can handle errors more effect...read more

Using pivot and data grouping in Excel requires coding knowledge.

• Select the data range to be pivoted

• Go to Insert tab and click on PivotTable

• Drag and drop fields into Rows, Columns, and Values

• To group data, select the cells and right-click to select Group

• Coding knowledge can be used to automate pivot creation and data grouping

Critical data and processes in remote monitoring and how to mitigate risks.

• Critical data includes patient information, vital signs, and medication adherence.

• Processes include data collection, analysis, and communication with healthcare providers.

• Risk mitigation can be achieved through secure data transmission, regular system checks, and staff training.

• Examples of risk mitigation strategies include encryption of data, two-factor authentication, and regular system backups.

Procedure to create dummy tables of whole schema

• Loop through all tables in schema

• Create a new table with same structure and name as original table

• Insert dummy data into new table

Adverse events and reconciliation are important aspects of clinical data management.

• Adverse events must be reported and documented accurately.

• Reconciliation involves comparing data from different sources to ensure consistency.

• Flow in clinical data management refers to the movement of data through various stages of the clinical trial process.

• Effective management of adverse events and reconciliation can improve data quality and patient safety.

Design an employee-Manager class and write a method to display employee organizational hierarchy.

• Create an Employee class with attributes like name, id, managerId, etc.

• Create a Manager class that inherits from Employee class and has a list of employees under them.

• Write a method to display the hierarchy using recursion.

• Use a data structure like a dictionary to store the employees and their managers.

• Consider edge cases like circular references and missing managers.

Phase 3 Clinical trials are crucial for determining the safety and efficacy of a new treatment before it can be approved for public use. Study Subjects sign an Informed Consent document to show their agreement to participate willingly.

• Phase 3 Clinical trials are the final stage of testing before a new treatment can be approved for public use.

• These trials involve a larger group of participants to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of the treatment.

• Study Subjects sign an ...read more

Joins are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column. Types include inner, outer, left, right, and cross join.

• Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables.

• Outer join returns all rows from both tables, with null values for non-matching rows.

• Left join returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.

• Right join returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.

• Cross join returns the Ca...read more

PV stands for Pharmacovigilance, which is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Causality refers to the relationship between a drug and an adverse event, whether the drug caused the event or not.

• Anti-hypertensive drugs are classified into several categories, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Each class has a different m...read more

Antidiabetic drugs are used to treat diabetes, anticancer drugs are used to treat cancer, and PV definition refers to polycythemia vera, a type of blood cancer.

• Antidiabetic drugs help regulate blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.

• Anticancer drugs are used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.

• PV definition refers to polycythemia vera, a type of blood cancer where the body produces too many red blood cells.

• Examples of antidiabetic drugs include metformin, insulin, an...read more

The questions cover various topics related to pharmacovigilance, clinical trials, orphan drugs, rechallenge, and NSAIDs mechanism of action.

• Madra is a software used for pharmacovigilance data management.

• Clinical trials have phases like Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Pharmacovigilance starts during Phase 1.

• Blinding is a method to prevent bias in research studies. Single blinding means either the participant or the researcher is unaware of the treatment given, while do...read more

Clinical research is the study of drugs, devices, and treatments in humans to determine their safety and effectiveness.

• Clinical trials are conducted in phases to ensure safety and efficacy of the drug or treatment.

• Phase 1: Small group of healthy volunteers to determine safety and dosage.

• Phase 2: Larger group of patients to determine efficacy and side effects.

• Phase 3: Even larger group of patients to confirm efficacy and monitor adverse reactions.

• Phase 4: Post-marketing survei...read more

A data manager's day-to-day life involves managing and analyzing data, ensuring data quality, and collaborating with other teams.

• Managing and organizing data sets

• Ensuring data quality and accuracy

• Collaborating with other teams to ensure data is being used effectively

• Analyzing data to identify trends and patterns

• Creating reports and visualizations to communicate findings

• Staying up-to-date with industry trends and advancements in technology

Valid case criteria

• The case must have a clear and specific problem or issue

• The case must have relevant and reliable data or information

• The case must have a logical and coherent structure

• The case must have realistic and feasible solutions

• The case must have potential for learning and application

• The case must have ethical and legal considerations

• The case must have appropriate scope and complexity

Data transformations in SSIS include Lookup which retrieves data from a source based on a matching condition.

• Lookup is used to retrieve data from a source based on a matching condition

• It can be used to perform joins between two data sources

• Lookup can be used to update or insert data into a destination based on a match

• Other data transformations in SSIS include sorting, aggregating, and merging data

ICH-GCP is a guideline for conducting clinical trials. Clinical trials are research studies to test new treatments. There are 4 phases.

• ICH-GCP stands for International Conference on Harmonisation - Good Clinical Practice

• Clinical trials are conducted to test the safety and efficacy of new treatments

• Phase 1 trials test the safety of the treatment on a small group of healthy volunteers

• Phase 2 trials test the efficacy of the treatment on a small group of patients

• Phase 3 trials te...read more

Mule 3 and 4 have different types of exceptions.

• Mule 3 has 4 types of exceptions: Messaging, Expression, Security, and Connector.

• Mule 4 has 3 types of exceptions: Mule, Application, and System.

• The main difference is that Mule 4 has a new type of exception called Mule, which is used for all Mule-specific errors.

Indexes are database structures used to improve query performance.

• Indexes are created on one or more columns of a table.

• They allow for faster data retrieval by reducing the number of disk I/O operations.

• However, they can slow down data modification operations such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

• Indexes can also take up significant disk space and memory.

• Different types of indexes include B-tree, bitmap, and hash indexes.

Checklist for data migration includes planning, data profiling, data cleansing, testing, and validation.

• Plan the migration process

• Profile the data to identify potential issues

• Cleanse the data to ensure accuracy and consistency

• Test the migration process thoroughly

• Validate the migrated data to ensure completeness and accuracy

There is no limit to the number of document ready functions that can be used in a js file.

• Multiple document ready functions can be used to ensure that all necessary elements are loaded before executing code.

• Each document ready function should be enclosed in its own set of parentheses.

• It is important to avoid nesting document ready functions within each other.

• Example: $(document).ready(function() { //code }); $(document).ready(function() { //code });

MedDRA is a medical terminology used for coding and classifying adverse events and medical conditions.

• MedDRA stands for Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities.

• It is a standardized dictionary used in the pharmaceutical industry.

• MedDRA allows for consistent reporting and analysis of adverse events in clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance.

• It includes a hierarchy of terms, with each term assigned a unique code.

• Example: MedDRA code 10000123 represents 'headache'.

Pharmacology drug classification with common ADRs

• Pharmacology drugs can be classified into various categories such as analgesics, antibiotics, antihypertensives, etc.

• Common ADRs include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and allergic reactions.

• Examples of drugs and their ADRs include aspirin (GI bleeding), penicillin (allergic reactions), and lisinopril (cough).

Scaling in Mule refers to the ability to handle increased traffic and workload by adding more resources.

• Scaling can be done horizontally by adding more instances of the application or vertically by increasing the resources of the existing instance.

• Horizontal scaling is useful when the workload is distributed across multiple instances, while vertical scaling is useful when a single instance needs more resources.

• Scaling can be done manually or automatically based on predefined ...read more

I will listen to the client's concerns, empathize with them, and work towards finding a solution to their problem.

• Remain calm and composed

• Listen actively to the client's concerns

• Empathize with the client and acknowledge their feelings

• Apologize for any inconvenience caused

• Assure the client that their concerns will be addressed and a solution will be found

• Work towards finding a solution that meets the client's needs

• Follow up with the client to ensure their satisfaction

Declaration specifies the data type of a variable, while definition allocates memory and initializes the variable.

• Declaration is like stating the type of a variable, while definition is like creating an instance of that variable.

• Declaration is done in the beginning of a program or method, while definition can be done anywhere.

• Example: int x; is a declaration, while int x = 5; is a definition.

The platform used to build the study is Microsoft SQL Server.

• Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft.

• It is commonly used for building and managing databases in various applications.

• It supports SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and managing data.

• It offers features like data storage, retrieval, and security.

• Examples of platforms using Microsoft SQL Server include online stores, financial systems, and healthcare applicati...read more

TMF stands for Trial Master File. eTMF has 8 sections including essential documents for clinical trials.

• TMF stands for Trial Master File, which is a collection of essential documents for a clinical trial.

• eTMF (electronic Trial Master File) typically has 8 sections including regulatory documents, study documents, and essential documents.

• The 8 sections in eTMF are usually: Regulatory, Investigator, Ethics Committee, Study Management, Quality Management, Essential Documents, Oth...read more

I have extensive experience with Excel, Python, R, and SQL for data analysis and programming tasks.

• Proficient in Excel for data manipulation, analysis, and visualization

• Skilled in Python for data cleaning, statistical analysis, and machine learning

• Familiar with R for statistical modeling and data visualization

• Experience with SQL for querying databases and extracting insights

A Salesforce Developer interview question about relationships, whoid and whatid, global class, and Salesforce.

• Different relationships in Salesforce include one-to-many, many-to-many, and hierarchical relationships.

• Whoid and whatid are fields used in Salesforce to identify the related object in an activity record. Whoid represents a person, while whatid represents an object.

• A global class in Salesforce is a class that can be accessed from any Apex code in a Salesforce organiza...read more

In Excel, the shortcut for copy is Ctrl + C, for paste is Ctrl + V, and for delete is Ctrl + D. In MS Word, the shortcuts are the same.

• Excel: Ctrl + C for copy

• Excel: Ctrl + V for paste

• Excel: Ctrl + D for delete

• MS Word: Ctrl + C for copy

• MS Word: Ctrl + V for paste

• MS Word: Ctrl + D for delete

Dataweave functions and writing custom functions

• Dataweave functions are built-in functions in MuleSoft's Dataweave language

• Custom functions can be written using the 'fun' keyword and specifying input and output types

• Functions can be defined in a separate module and imported into the main Dataweave script

• Functions can also be defined inline within the Dataweave script

• Examples of custom functions include string manipulation, date formatting, and mathematical operations

People management attributes include communication, delegation, motivation, and conflict resolution.

• Effective communication skills

• Ability to delegate tasks and responsibilities

• Motivating and inspiring team members

• Conflict resolution and problem-solving skills

• Empathy and emotional intelligence

• Performance management and feedback

• Leadership and decision-making abilities

Regulatory guidelines require risk-based monitoring to ensure patient safety and data integrity.

• Risk-based monitoring involves prioritizing monitoring activities based on the level of risk associated with the study.

• Regulatory agencies such as FDA and EMA have issued guidance on risk-based monitoring.

• Risk-based monitoring can help reduce costs and improve efficiency while maintaining data quality.

• Examples of risk factors include complexity of the study design, number of study ...read more

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance is essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs.

• It involves monitoring and analyzing data from various sources, including clinical trials, spontaneous reports, and literature.

• The ultimate goal of pharmacovigilance is to minimize the risks associated with drug use and maximize the ...read more

Important delivery parameters to monitor include time, quality, cost, and customer satisfaction.

• Time taken to deliver the product/service

• Quality of the product/service delivered

• Cost of delivering the product/service

• Customer satisfaction with the delivery process

Program to remove vowels from string array input by user

• Iterate through each string in the array

• For each string, iterate through each character and remove vowels

• Use a function to check if a character is a vowel (e.g. 'aeiouAEIOU')

Key stakeholders in a clinical trial include sponsors, investigators, participants, regulatory authorities, and ethics committees.

• Sponsors: Provide funding and resources for the trial

• Investigators: Conduct the trial and collect data

• Participants: Individuals who volunteer to participate in the trial

• Regulatory authorities: Ensure compliance with regulations and guidelines

• Ethics committees: Review and approve the trial protocol to protect participant rights

Connecting a database with the backend involves establishing a connection, configuring the database settings, and using appropriate APIs or libraries.

• Establish a connection to the database using connection strings or configuration files

• Configure the database settings such as host, port, username, and password

• Use appropriate APIs or libraries to interact with the database, such as JDBC for Java or SQLAlchemy for Python

• Execute SQL queries or commands to retrieve, insert, update...read more

Data warehousing is structured and optimized for querying, while data lake is a more flexible storage solution for raw data.

• Data warehousing involves storing structured data in a relational database for optimized querying.

• Data lakes store raw, unstructured data in its native format for flexibility and scalability.

• Data warehousing is useful for business intelligence and reporting, providing a structured and organized data repository.

• Data lakes are useful for storing large volu...read more

Dechallenge and rechallenge are terms used in pharmacovigilance to describe the process of stopping and restarting a medication to determine its role in adverse events.

• Dechallenge involves stopping the medication to see if the adverse event resolves

• Rechallenge involves restarting the medication to see if the adverse event returns

• These processes help determine if the medication is the cause of the adverse event

• Dechallenge and rechallenge are important tools in drug safety moni...read more

Secure web methods, APIs, and controllers by implementing authentication, authorization, and encryption.

• Implement authentication to verify the identity of the user or application accessing the resource.

• Implement authorization to control access to specific resources based on user roles or permissions.

• Use encryption to protect sensitive data transmitted over the network.

• Implement rate limiting to prevent denial of service attacks.

• Use HTTPS instead of HTTP to encrypt all data tr...read more

Find pairs from array whose sum is equal to target.

• Use a hashmap to store the difference between target and each element in the array.

• Iterate through the array and check if the current element exists in the hashmap.

• If it exists, then a pair with the sum equal to target is found.

Causality refers to the relationship between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is a result of the first.

• Causality is the principle that everything has a cause and effect.

• It is the relationship between an action and its consequences.

• For example, smoking causes lung cancer.

• Causality is important in scientific research to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

• It is also important in legal and ethical contexts to determine responsibil...read more

I have extensive experience as a System Engineer handling hardware, software, and network issues.

• Managed hardware installations and troubleshooting for servers, desktops, and peripherals

• Installed, configured, and maintained software applications and operating systems

• Diagnosed and resolved network connectivity issues

• Performed regular maintenance tasks to ensure system reliability

• Collaborated with cross-functional teams to implement IT solutions

Pharma document processing involves creating, reviewing, and submitting regulatory documents to obtain approval for pharmaceutical products.

• Pharma document processing includes creating documents such as clinical trial protocols, investigator brochures, and regulatory submissions.

• These documents must be reviewed and approved by various stakeholders, including regulatory agencies.

• ICH guidelines provide a framework for the development, testing, and registration of pharmaceutical...read more

Clinical research involves conducting studies to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new medical treatments, devices, or interventions.

• Clinical research is essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care.

• It involves recruiting participants, collecting data, and analyzing results to determine the benefits and risks of a new treatment.

• Regulatory bodies like the FDA oversee and regulate clinical research to ensure ethical standards and patient safety.

• Ex...read more

MedDRA hierarchy is a system of organizing medical terms into categories based on their relationship to each other.

• MedDRA is organized into five levels of hierarchy

• The top level is System Organ Classes (SOCs), which are broad categories of related adverse events

• The second level is High Level Group Terms (HLGTs), which are more specific than SOCs

• The third level is High Level Terms (HLTs), which are more specific than HLGTs

• The fourth level is Preferred Terms (PTs), which are th...read more

Process builder is more powerful than workflow and can perform complex actions.

• Process builder can update related records, create records, and call Apex classes

• Workflow can only update the record it is triggered on

• Process builder has a visual interface for easier setup

• Workflow has been around longer and is simpler to use

• Both can be used to automate business processes

Antidiabetic drugs are classified into several categories based on their mechanism of action and chemical structure.

• Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells (e.g. glipizide)

• Biguanides decrease hepatic glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity (e.g. metformin)

• Thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity and decrease insulin resistance (e.g. pioglitazone)

• Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors increase insulin secretion and decrease glucagon se...read more

Drop deletes the table structure and data, truncate deletes only data, and delete deletes specific rows.

• Drop: removes the table and all its data permanently

• Truncate: removes all data from the table but keeps the structure

• Delete: removes specific rows from the table based on a condition

• Drop and truncate cannot be rolled back, but delete can be

• Drop and truncate reset the identity of the table, but delete does not

Get 7th highest salary without CTE

• Use subquery to get distinct salaries

• Order the salaries in descending order

• Use LIMIT and OFFSET to get the 7th highest salary

Aura components use events to communicate between components. There are three types of events: Component, Application, and System.

• Component events are used to communicate between components in the same hierarchy.

• Application events are used to communicate between components across the entire application.

• System events are used to communicate with Salesforce and other third-party systems.

• Events are fired using the $A.get('e.eventName') method.

• Events can also have attributes that...read more

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance is the process of monitoring and evaluating the safety of drugs.

• It involves collecting and analyzing data on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance helps to identify new ADRs and monitor the safety of drugs already on the market.

• It also involves commu...read more

I am proficient in advanced Excel and VBA macro programming.

• I have experience creating complex formulas, pivot tables, and data visualization in Excel.

• I have developed VBA macros to automate repetitive tasks and improve efficiency.

• I am familiar with functions like VLOOKUP, INDEX-MATCH, and conditional formatting in Excel.

• I have used VBA to create interactive user forms and automate data processing.

• I have successfully completed projects that involved analyzing large datasets a...read more

Abstraction is the process of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary information to the user.

• Abstraction is a fundamental concept in OOP

• It helps in reducing complexity and increasing efficiency

• It allows the user to focus on the essential features of an object

• Examples include abstract classes, interfaces, and encapsulation

KNN is a machine learning algorithm that classifies data points based on the majority class of its k-nearest neighbors.

• KNN stands for K-Nearest Neighbors

• It is a non-parametric and lazy learning algorithm

• To decide the optimal value of N (number of neighbors), cross-validation techniques like Grid Search can be used

• Choosing a small value of N can lead to overfitting, while a large value can lead to underfitting

Spark-submit, repartition vs coalesce, dag vs lineage

• spark-submit is a command-line tool to submit Spark applications

• repartition and coalesce are used to change the number of partitions in an RDD/DataFrame

• DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) is a logical representation of a Spark job

• Lineage is the sequence of transformations that created an RDD

• Repartitioning shuffles data across the network, while coalescing reduces the number of partitions

• DAG is used to optimize the execution plan o...read more

Mule APIs can be deployed on both Prim and Cloudhub platforms.

• For Prim deployment, create a deployment package and deploy it on the server.

• For Cloudhub deployment, create an application in Anypoint Platform and deploy it on Cloudhub.

• Both platforms support different deployment strategies like blue-green deployment, canary deployment, etc.

• Prim deployment requires manual configuration of servers, while Cloudhub provides automatic scaling and load balancing.

• Cloudhub also provides...read more

Clinical site manager oversees multiple clinical research sites while site clinical research associate focuses on one specific site.

• Clinical site manager is responsible for managing multiple clinical research sites, overseeing operations, budgets, and staff.

• Site clinical research associate focuses on one specific site, conducting monitoring visits, ensuring compliance with protocols, and collecting data.

• Clinical site manager may have more administrative and managerial respons...read more

SUSAR stands for Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction. ICH R1 and R2 are guidelines for reporting adverse drug reactions. Dechallenge and rechallenge are processes to determine if a drug caused an adverse reaction. MedDRA is a standardized medical terminology used for coding adverse events.

• SUSAR refers to a serious adverse reaction that is both suspected to be caused by the drug and unexpected in its nature.

• ICH R1 and R2 are guidelines established by the Internationa...read more

Phases of clinical trials are stages of drug development that determine safety and efficacy.

• Phase 1: Small group of healthy volunteers to determine safety and dosage

• Phase 2: Larger group of patients to determine efficacy and side effects

• Phase 3: Even larger group of patients to confirm efficacy, monitor side effects, and compare to existing treatments

• Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance to monitor long-term effects and safety in larger population

Lifecycle methods of authentication methods are functions that are executed at different stages of the authentication process.

• Lifecycle methods are used to perform actions before, during, and after authentication.

• Examples of lifecycle methods include initialization, authentication, authorization, and cleanup.

• These methods can be used to validate user credentials, generate access tokens, enforce security policies, and log authentication events.

Swap two values without using a third variable in a program

• Use bitwise XOR operation to swap two values without using a third variable

• Example: int a = 5, b = 10; a = a ^ b; b = a ^ b; a = a ^ b; // Now a = 10, b = 5

• Ensure the values are of the same data type for bitwise XOR operation to work correctly

Delegates are a type-safe function pointers in C# used to encapsulate methods and pass them as arguments.

• Delegates allow for event-driven programming

• Delegates can be used to implement callbacks

• Delegates can be chained together to create a multicast delegate

• Delegates can be used to implement the observer pattern

• Delegates can be used to implement the command pattern

Approach HCP Segmentation Analysis by identifying key characteristics, grouping HCPs based on similarities, and analyzing each segment's needs.

• Identify key characteristics such as specialty, prescribing behavior, geographic location, etc.

• Group HCPs based on similarities in characteristics to create segments.

• Analyze each segment's needs, preferences, and behaviors to tailor strategies accordingly.

• Utilize data analytics tools and software to aid in segmentation analysis.

• Regular...read more

Antihypertensive drugs are used to lower high blood pressure. Example: Lisinopril.

• Antihypertensive drugs are prescribed to treat hypertension or high blood pressure.

• They work by relaxing the blood vessels, reducing the pressure on the walls of the arteries.

• Examples of antihypertensive drugs include ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.

• Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure.

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on algorithms and statistical models to enable computers to learn and make decisions.

• Artificial intelligence is a broad field that aims to create intelligent machines that can mimic human behavior and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.

• Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on developing algorithms and statistical models that allow computers to learn from da...read more

I am comfortable with multiple programming languages, including Python, Java, and C++.

• Proficient in Python for automation scripting

• Experience with Java for backend development

• Knowledge of C++ for system programming

• Comfortable switching between languages based on project requirements

Joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

• Types of joins include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN.

• INNER JOIN returns rows when there is at least one match in both tables.

• LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table.

• RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the right table and the matched rows from the left table.

• FULL JOIN returns rows when there is a match in one of the tabl...read more

A project management plan is a document that outlines how a project will be executed, monitored, and controlled.

• It includes information on project scope, objectives, timelines, budget, and resources.

• It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of team members and stakeholders.

• The plan serves as a roadmap for the project and helps ensure that it stays on track and meets its goals.

• Examples of components of a project management plan include a risk management plan, a communica...read more

ADR stands for Alternative Dispute Resolution. It is a process of resolving disputes outside of the court system.

• ADR includes methods such as mediation, arbitration, and negotiation.

• It is often used as a quicker and less expensive alternative to traditional litigation.

• ADR can be voluntary or mandatory, depending on the situation.

• Examples of ADR include settling a divorce through mediation, resolving a business dispute through arbitration, or negotiating a contract with a clie...read more

I have knowledge of clinical trial phases, RBM, and documents used in clinical research.

• Clinical trial phases include preclinical, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3, and phase 4.

• Risk-Based Monitoring (RBM) is an approach that focuses on identifying and managing risks in clinical trials.

• Documents used in clinical research include informed consent forms, case report forms, study protocols, and investigator brochures.

eTMF stands for electronic Trial Master File. Phases of clinical trials include preclinical, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3, and phase 4.

• eTMF is a digital version of the traditional Trial Master File, used to manage and store essential documents related to a clinical trial.

• Phases of clinical trials include preclinical (testing on animals), phase 1 (testing on a small group of healthy volunteers), phase 2 (testing on a larger group of patients), phase 3 (testing on an even larger g...read more

Stakeholder conflicts can be managed by identifying their interests, prioritizing them, and finding common ground.

• Identify stakeholders and their interests

• Prioritize interests based on importance and urgency

• Find common ground and compromise

• Communicate effectively and transparently

• Involve stakeholders in decision-making process

• Use conflict resolution techniques if necessary

ICH-GCP stands for International Conference on Harmonisation - Good Clinical Practice. Clinical trials are research studies that test how well new medical approaches work in people.

• ICH-GCP is a set of international standards for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting clinical trials.

• It ensures that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected and that the data generated is credible.

• Clinical trials are essential for evaluating the effectiveness a...read more

The current version of MedDRA is version 24.1.

• The current version of MedDRA is updated regularly to include new terms and improve coding accuracy.

• MedDRA version 24.1 was released in March 2021.

• Users of MedDRA must ensure they are using the most up-to-date version for accurate coding and reporting.

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance is essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs.

• It involves monitoring and analyzing data from various sources, including clinical trials, spontaneous reports, and scientific literature.

• The ultimate goal of pharmacovigilance is to minimize the risks associated with drug use and ma...read more

Use SQL query to fetch maximum and minimum salary from emp table

• Use SELECT MAX(salary) FROM emp to fetch maximum salary

• Use SELECT MIN(salary) FROM emp to fetch minimum salary