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SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a signaling protocol used for initiating, maintaining, and terminating real-time communication sessions.
SIP is widely used in VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) communications.
It enables features like call setup, modification, and termination.
SIP can handle multimedia sessions, including voice, video, and messaging.
Example: SIP is used in applications like Skype and Zoom for m...
The procurement life cycle encompasses all stages of acquiring goods and services, from planning to contract closure.
1. Need Identification: Recognizing the requirement for goods/services, e.g., a hospital needing new medical equipment.
2. Supplier Selection: Evaluating and choosing suppliers based on criteria like cost and quality, e.g., selecting a vendor for surgical tools.
3. Purchase Order Creation: Formalizing...
I am open to relocation for project purposes, as it enhances collaboration and project success.
Relocation allows for closer collaboration with team members and stakeholders.
I have previously relocated for a project in New York, which improved our design process.
Being on-site can lead to quicker decision-making and feedback loops.
I understand the importance of being present for client meetings and workshops.
Income refers to the money received for work, investments, or other sources, crucial for financial stability and growth.
Income can be earned through salaries, wages, or commissions from employment.
Investment income includes dividends, interest, and capital gains from stocks or bonds.
Passive income sources include rental income from properties or royalties from creative works.
For example, a service engineer may ear...
OSPF neighbor states define the stages of establishing and maintaining OSPF adjacencies between routers.
1. Down: No OSPF packets received; neighbor is not known.
2. Attempt: Used in point-to-point networks; router is trying to establish a connection.
3. Init: OSPF packets received, but no acknowledgment; neighbor is known but not fully established.
4. Two-Way: Routers have seen each other; they can now exchange routi...
The root bridge in STP is selected based on the lowest Bridge ID, which consists of the Bridge Priority and MAC address.
Bridge ID is a combination of Bridge Priority (default 32768) and MAC address.
The switch with the lowest Bridge ID becomes the root bridge.
If two switches have the same Bridge Priority, the one with the lower MAC address wins.
Example: Switch A (Priority 32768, MAC 00:11:22:33:44:55) vs. Switch B ...
DHCP assigns IP addresses dynamically through a four-step process: Discover, Offer, Request, and Acknowledge.
1. DHCP Discover: Client broadcasts a request for an IP address.
2. DHCP Offer: Server responds with an available IP address and configuration details.
3. DHCP Request: Client requests the offered IP address from the server.
4. DHCP Acknowledge: Server confirms the assignment, and the client can use the IP add...
HSRP provides network redundancy by allowing multiple routers to work together as a single virtual router.
HSRP enables high availability by designating one router as the active router and others as standby.
The active router handles all traffic, while standby routers monitor its status.
If the active router fails, a standby router takes over, ensuring continuous network service.
HSRP uses a virtual IP address that cl...
OOP is a programming paradigm based on objects, encapsulating data and behavior for modular and reusable code.
Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data within one unit (e.g., a class).
Inheritance: Mechanism to create a new class using properties and methods of an existing class (e.g., class Dog inherits from class Animal).
Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different und...
I chose data analysis to leverage data-driven insights for informed decision-making and impactful problem-solving.
Passion for uncovering patterns: I enjoy analyzing data to find trends, like identifying customer preferences in retail.
Impactful decision-making: Data analysis helps organizations make informed choices, such as optimizing supply chain logistics.
Diverse applications: Data analysis is applicable in vari...
I applied via Company Website and was interviewed in Jul 2024. There were 3 interview rounds.
I appeared for an interview in May 2025, where I was asked the following questions.
malloc allocates memory without initialization; calloc allocates and initializes memory to zero.
malloc(size_t size): Allocates 'size' bytes of memory. Example: int *arr = (int *)malloc(10 * sizeof(int));
calloc(size_t num, size_t size): Allocates memory for an array of 'num' elements, each 'size' bytes, initialized to zero. Example: int *arr = (int *)calloc(10, sizeof(int));
malloc does not initialize memory, leading to ...
Both 'const char* p' and 'char const* p' are equivalent, indicating a pointer to a constant character string.
const char* p: Pointer to a constant character. The character data cannot be modified through this pointer.
char const* p: Same as above; the const qualifier applies to the character data, not the pointer itself.
Example: const char* str1 = 'Hello'; char const* str2 = 'World'; Both point to string literals that ca...
A function in C is a block of code that performs a specific task and can be reused throughout a program.
Functions help in code modularity and reusability.
Syntax: returnType functionName(parameters) { /* code */ }
Example: int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
Functions can return values or be void (no return).
Example of void function: void printHello() { printf('Hello'); }
C has several data types, including basic types, derived types, and user-defined types, each serving different purposes.
1. Basic Data Types: Include int, char, float, and double. Example: int age = 30;
2. Derived Data Types: Arrays, pointers, structures, and unions. Example: int arr[5];
3. User-Defined Data Types: Enums and typedefs. Example: enum Color {RED, GREEN, BLUE};
4. Size and Range: Each data type has a specific ...
A dangling pointer is a pointer that does not point to a valid object or memory location, often due to deallocation.
Occurs when an object is deleted or goes out of scope, but the pointer still references it.
Example: If you delete an object and still try to access it through a pointer, it becomes dangling.
Can lead to undefined behavior, crashes, or data corruption if dereferenced.
Common in languages like C and C++ where...
I appeared for an interview in Jan 2025.
A sequence was provided: 4181, 2684, 1597, 987, 610.
first 2 are given and write code for other value calculation using java 8
The second question required writing a reverse of a palindrome using both Java 8 streams. I was able to successfully write both and clear the first round.
Java 17 introduces sealed classes to restrict inheritance and improve code maintainability.
Sealed classes are declared using the 'sealed' keyword followed by the permitted subclasses.
Subclasses of a sealed class must be either final or sealed themselves.
Errors may occur when trying to extend a sealed class with a non-permitted subclass.
Implementation of 'notify me if item is back in stock' feature in an ecommerce application
Create a database table to store user notifications for out-of-stock items
Implement a service to check item availability and send notifications to subscribed users
Provide a user interface for users to subscribe to notifications for specific items
Utilize Java concurrency features to optimize Excel operations for faster response times.
Use Java's ExecutorService to manage a pool of threads for concurrent processing.
Implement parallel streams to process large datasets in Excel efficiently.
Utilize Apache POI for reading/writing Excel files in a multi-threaded manner.
Consider using CompletableFuture for asynchronous operations on Excel data.
Batch operations to minim...
I appeared for an interview in Jan 2025.
Experienced Accounts Payable Executive with a strong background in financial management and process improvement.
Over 8 years of experience in accounts payable management
Skilled in streamlining processes to improve efficiency and accuracy
Proficient in financial analysis and reporting
Strong attention to detail and ability to meet deadlines
Excellent communication and interpersonal skills
I process invoices by verifying accuracy, coding, obtaining approvals, and entering into the system. I address queries related to payment status, discrepancies, and vendor information through email.
Verify accuracy of invoices
Code invoices based on expense categories
Obtain necessary approvals before processing
Enter invoices into the accounting system
Address queries related to payment status
Resolve discrepancies in invoi...
Experienced Accounts Payable Executive with a strong background in financial management and process improvement.
Over 8 years of experience in accounts payable management
Skilled in streamlining processes to improve efficiency and accuracy
Proficient in financial analysis and reporting
Strong attention to detail and ability to meet deadlines
Managed a team of AP specialists to ensure timely payments and vendor relationships
When invoicing in a different currency, I take actions such as converting the amount to the company's base currency, checking for exchange rate fluctuations, and ensuring accuracy in the conversion process.
Convert the amount on the invoice to the company's base currency using the current exchange rate
Check for exchange rate fluctuations to ensure accuracy in the conversion process
Communicate with vendors or suppliers t...
I applied via Campus Placement and was interviewed in Dec 2024. There were 5 interview rounds.
The assessment focused on general aptitude, which was relatively easy and manageable to pass. However, the pseudo-code section may pose a greater challenge during the first round.
It is very easy; you just need to speak at least once to easily pass through this round. mostly they dont try to reject you unless you are very nervous and very low about confidence they want you to speak atleast once , even the point is valid or not.
You will undergo a written test comprising three coding sections (either in Python or C) containing five or six questions each, along with ten multiple-choice questions on software testing, which are relatively easy. However, the most challenging section is networking, for which you will need to write theory responses; therefore, it is important to prepare thoroughly for that part.
I applied via Naukri.com and was interviewed in Dec 2024. There was 1 interview round.
Active Directory is a directory service developed by Microsoft for Windows domain networks.
Centralized database for managing network resources
Stores information about users, computers, and other network objects
Allows for authentication and authorization of users
Enables administrators to assign policies, deploy software, and apply updates
Example: Creating user accounts, managing group policies
Active Directory Users and Computers is a Microsoft Management Console snap-in that allows administrators to manage users, groups, computers, and organizational units in a Windows domain environment.
Allows administrators to create, delete, and manage user accounts
Enables administrators to create and manage security groups
Provides the ability to manage computer accounts and organizational units
Allows for delegation of a...
Creating users and groups in Active Directory involves using tools like Active Directory Users and Computers.
Open Active Directory Users and Computers tool
Navigate to the appropriate organizational unit (OU)
Right-click on the OU and select 'New' -> 'User' or 'Group'
Fill in the required user or group information such as name, username, password, etc.
Click 'OK' to create the user or group
Enabling and disabling users in Active Directory involves using the Active Directory Users and Computers tool.
Open Active Directory Users and Computers tool
Locate the user account to enable/disable
Right-click on the user account and select 'Enable Account' or 'Disable Account'
Click 'Apply' to save the changes
A Distribution List in Exchange Server is a group of email recipients that can be addressed as a single recipient.
Used to send emails to multiple recipients at once
Can be created and managed by users or administrators
Can include both internal and external email addresses
Can be used for sending newsletters, announcements, etc.
A shared mailbox in Exchange Server is a mailbox that multiple users can access to send and receive emails.
Allows multiple users to access the same mailbox
Users can send and receive emails on behalf of the shared mailbox
Useful for departments or teams to manage a common email address
Can be set up with permissions to control access levels
Group Policy in Active Directory is applied through a hierarchical process based on site, domain, and organizational unit levels.
Group Policy objects (GPOs) are created and linked to sites, domains, or organizational units in Active Directory.
The order of precedence for applying Group Policy is Local, Site, Domain, and Organizational Unit.
Group Policy settings are inherited from parent containers to child containers un...
GPOs are applied in the following order: Local, Site, Domain, OU. The last applied GPO takes precedence.
Local GPOs are applied first
Site GPOs are applied next
Domain GPOs are applied after Site GPOs
OU GPOs are applied last and take precedence over others
The last applied GPO takes precedence in case of conflicting settings
WMI in GPO allows administrators to manage Windows settings and resources through a centralized interface.
WMI is a set of extensions to the Windows Driver Model that provides an operating system interface through which instrumented components provide information and notification.
In GPO, WMI filters can be used to apply policies based on specific conditions, such as hardware or software configurations.
Administrators can...
Distribution list is used for sending emails to a group of people, while a shared mailbox is used for multiple users to access and send emails from a single email address.
Distribution list is a group email address that sends emails to multiple recipients.
Shared mailbox is an email address that multiple users can access and send emails from.
Distribution list is mainly used for broadcasting emails to a group of people.
Sh...
E1, E3, and E5 plans in Microsoft Office 365 differ in features and pricing.
E1 plan includes basic Office applications and online services.
E3 plan includes advanced Office applications, email hosting, and online services.
E5 plan includes all features of E3 plus advanced security and compliance tools.
E5 plan is the most expensive among the three plans.
Cloud storage is stored on remote servers accessed over the internet, while on-premises storage is stored locally within an organization's physical location.
Cloud storage is accessed over the internet, providing flexibility and scalability.
On-premises storage is physically located within an organization's premises, providing more control over data security.
Cloud storage is typically managed by a third-party provider, w...
An administrative role can be assigned to a user in Active Directory by using the Active Directory Users and Computers tool.
Open Active Directory Users and Computers tool
Locate the user to whom you want to assign the administrative role
Right-click on the user and select Properties
Go to the Member Of tab
Click Add and enter the name of the administrative group
Click OK to save the changes
Active Directory is a directory service developed by Microsoft for Windows domain networks.
Centralized database for managing network resources
Stores information about users, computers, and other network objects
Allows for authentication and authorization of users
Enables single sign-on for users across multiple applications
Supports group policies for managing security and access control
ADDS is a service provided by Microsoft Windows Server for managing users, computers, and resources in a network.
ADDS is a directory service used to store information about network resources such as users, groups, and computers.
It allows administrators to manage and secure resources within a network.
ADDS uses a hierarchical structure with domains, trees, and forests to organize network resources.
It provides features li...
A database schema is a blueprint that defines the structure of a database, including tables, fields, relationships, and constraints.
Defines the organization of data into tables and columns
Specifies relationships between tables
Includes constraints to enforce data integrity
Can be represented visually using diagrams
Example: In a library database schema, there may be tables for books, authors, and borrowers with relationsh...
The object management system in Active Directory is used to organize and manage objects such as users, groups, and computers within the directory.
Allows for centralized management of objects within the directory
Enables administrators to create, modify, and delete objects
Helps in organizing objects into logical containers for easier management
Facilitates delegation of administrative tasks to specific users or groups
Supp...
I applied for this job by submitting an online application through the company's career portal.
Visited company's website and navigated to the careers section
Filled out the online application form with my personal and professional details
Uploaded my resume and cover letter as required documents
Received confirmation email after submitting the application
In my last job, I was responsible for managing a team of specialists, overseeing project timelines, and ensuring quality control.
Managed a team of specialists to ensure project completion
Oversaw project timelines and deadlines
Ensured quality control measures were implemented and followed
Collaborated with other departments to meet project goals
Yes, I am comfortable working in a rotational shift.
I have previous experience working in rotational shifts and have adapted well to the schedule.
I understand the importance of flexibility in the workplace and am willing to adjust my schedule as needed.
I am able to maintain a healthy work-life balance even with a rotational shift.
I am aware of the potential challenges of working in different shifts and have strategies ...
I am drawn to HCLTech for its innovation, values, and the opportunity to lead impactful projects in a dynamic environment.
HCLTech is a global leader in technology services and consulting, known for its commitment to innovation and customer-centric solutions.
The company emphasizes a culture of collaboration and continuous learning, which aligns with my values as a supervisor.
I admire HCLTech's focus on sustainability an...
I have led multiple real-time projects, enhancing team efficiency and delivering quality results through effective supervision.
Managed a team of 10 in a software development project, improving delivery time by 20%.
Implemented Agile methodologies, resulting in a 30% increase in team productivity.
Conducted regular training sessions, enhancing team skills and reducing onboarding time for new members.
Collaborated with cros...
I appeared for an interview in Dec 2024.
20 - MCQ test related C&C++ basic to advance
2 - coding questions -
1) create class which allows only one instance creation at a time if you try to create another before deleting existing object then class should throw exception..
2) find the distance between leftmost string and rightmost string(string's chars order doesn't matter) In a given long shuffled string.
Ex :-
Shuffled string = "xaxxcxbxxxcxxaxxbx"
target string= "abc"
Ans: 3
(Leftmost string is last index 6
Right most is 9 so 9-6=3)
Note:- other chars not necessarily 'x' it can be any
OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and code to manipulate that data.
OOP focuses on creating objects that interact with each other to solve complex problems.
Encapsulation: Objects encapsulate data and behavior within a single unit.
Inheritance: Objects can inherit attributes and methods from other objects.
Polymorphism: Objects can take on different forms or have multiple...
Runtime polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass.
Use virtual functions in base class and override them in derived classes
Use pointers or references of base class to call derived class methods
Example: Animal class with virtual function 'makeSound', Dog and Cat classes overriding 'makeSound'
Vtable and Vptr are mechanisms in C++ for supporting dynamic polymorphism through virtual functions.
Vtable (Virtual Table) is a static table created by the compiler for each class with virtual functions.
Vptr (Virtual Pointer) is a pointer in each object instance that points to the Vtable of its class.
When a virtual function is called, the Vptr is used to look up the correct function in the Vtable.
Example: If class A ha...
STL libraries provide efficient and easy-to-use container classes like Vector for storing and manipulating data.
STL Vector is a dynamic array that can resize itself automatically.
It provides random access to elements, similar to arrays.
Vector supports various operations like push_back, pop_back, insert, erase, etc.
Example: std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
Singleton class ensures only one instance of a class is created and provides a global point of access to it.
Ensures only one instance of a class is created
Provides a global point of access to the instance
Useful for managing global resources or settings
Mutex is used in multithreading to prevent multiple threads from accessing shared resources simultaneously.
Mutex stands for mutual exclusion and is used to synchronize access to shared resources in multithreaded programs.
It allows only one thread to access the shared resource at a time, preventing data corruption or race conditions.
Mutexes are typically used in critical sections of code where data integrity is importan...
I appeared for an interview in Jan 2025.
I use tools like remote desktop software, ticketing systems, and knowledge bases to support various applications such as Microsoft Office, antivirus software, and VPN clients.
Remote desktop software (e.g. TeamViewer, AnyDesk)
Ticketing systems (e.g. ServiceNow, Jira)
Knowledge bases (e.g. Confluence, SharePoint)
Applications like Microsoft Office, antivirus software, VPN clients
ITSM stands for Information Technology Service Management. Incident management deals with resolving unplanned interruptions to services. Service request management handles planned service requests. Change management involves controlling changes to IT systems.
ITSM is a framework that helps organizations manage their IT services efficiently.
Incident management focuses on restoring normal service operation as quickly as p...
I prioritize and escalate critical operational issues to ensure timely resolution and minimal impact on operations.
Quickly assess the severity and impact of the issue
Communicate with relevant stakeholders to gather information and coordinate response
Follow established protocols and procedures for handling critical incidents
Escalate to higher levels of support or management as needed
Provide regular updates on the status...
I handle a variety of technical issues related to software, hardware, network connectivity, and user account access.
Troubleshooting software applications for errors or bugs
Resolving hardware malfunctions or issues
Assisting with network connectivity problems
Resetting passwords and troubleshooting user account access
Providing technical support for various IT systems and tools
AHT is the total time spent on a call including ACW, while ACW is the time spent after the call ends. FCR is the percentage of calls resolved on the first attempt.
AHT includes the time spent talking to the customer and the time spent on ACW, while ACW is the time spent after the call ends for wrap-up tasks.
For example, if a call lasts 10 minutes and the ACW is 2 minutes, the AHT would be 12 minutes.
FCR is the percentag...
Tickets are prioritized based on impact, urgency, and customer importance before SLA.
Tickets are categorized based on impact, urgency, and customer importance.
High impact issues with urgent resolution needs are given top priority.
Customer importance may also play a role in prioritization.
Regular reviews and updates are done to ensure tickets are prioritized correctly.
Automated ticketing systems may help in prioritizing...
I appeared for an interview in Jan 2025.
Design control process ensures products meet requirements. PLM tools manage product data.
Design control process ensures products meet design requirements and regulatory standards
PLM tools (Product Lifecycle Management) are used to manage product data, documents, and processes
Examples of PLM tools include Teamcenter, Windchill, and Agile PLM
NPD is the process of bringing a new product to market from concept to launch.
NPD involves idea generation, product design, development, testing, and commercialization.
It requires cross-functional collaboration between engineering, marketing, and other departments.
Examples include Apple launching a new iPhone model or Tesla introducing a new electric car.
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