Certainty Infotech Interview Questions and Answers

Python uses automatic memory management through a garbage collector.

• Python uses reference counting to keep track of objects in memory.

• When an object's reference count reaches zero, it is automatically deallocated.

• Python also employs a garbage collector to handle cyclic references.

• The garbage collector identifies and collects objects that are no longer reachable.

• Memory management in Python is transparent to the develope...read more

self is a reference to the instance of the class and is used to access its attributes and methods.

• self is the first parameter of any method in a class.

• It is used to refer to the instance of the class within the class itself.

• self allows the instance to access its own attributes and methods.

• It is automatically passed when a method is called on an instance.

Pickling is the process of converting a Python object into a byte stream, while unpickling is the reverse process.

• Pickling allows objects to be serialized and stored in a file or transferred over a network.

• The pickle module in Python provides functions for pickling and unpickling objects.

• Example: Pickling a list - pickle.dump([1, 2, 3], file)

• Example: Unpickling a list - pickle.load(file)

Generators in Python are functions that can be paused and resumed, allowing for efficient memory usage and lazy evaluation.

• Generators are created using the yield keyword

• They are used to create iterators

• Generators produce a sequence of values on-the-fly

• They are memory efficient as they generate values one at a time

• Generators are useful for processing large datasets or infinite sequences

Deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all the objects it references, while shallow copy creates a new object and references the same objects as the original.

• Deep copy creates a completely independent copy of an object, including all nested objects.

• Shallow copy creates a new object, but references the same nested objects as the original.

• Deep copy is useful when you want to modify one object without affec...read more