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Certainty Infotech Python Developer Interview Questions and Answers
Certainty Infotech Python Developer Interview Experiences
1 interview found
Anonymous
I appeared for an interview in Aug 2019.
Interview Questionnaire
5 Questions
- Q1. How is memory managed in Python?
- Ans.
Python uses automatic memory management through a garbage collector.
Python uses reference counting to keep track of objects in memory.
When an object's reference count reaches zero, it is automatically deallocated.
Python also employs a garbage collector to handle cyclic references.
The garbage collector identifies and collects objects that are no longer reachable.
Memory management in Python is transparent to the develope...
- Q2. What is self in Python?
- Ans.
self is a reference to the instance of the class and is used to access its attributes and methods.
self is the first parameter of any method in a class.
It is used to refer to the instance of the class within the class itself.
self allows the instance to access its own attributes and methods.
It is automatically passed when a method is called on an instance.
- Q3. What is pickling and unpickling?
- Ans.
Pickling is the process of converting a Python object into a byte stream, while unpickling is the reverse process.
Pickling allows objects to be serialized and stored in a file or transferred over a network.
The pickle module in Python provides functions for pickling and unpickling objects.
Example: Pickling a list - pickle.dump([1, 2, 3], file)
Example: Unpickling a list - pickle.load(file)
- Q4. What are the generators in python?
- Ans.
Generators in Python are functions that can be paused and resumed, allowing for efficient memory usage and lazy evaluation.
Generators are created using the yield keyword
They are used to create iterators
Generators produce a sequence of values on-the-fly
They are memory efficient as they generate values one at a time
Generators are useful for processing large datasets or infinite sequences
- Q5. What is the difference between deep and shallow copy?
- Ans.
Deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all the objects it references, while shallow copy creates a new object and references the same objects as the original.
Deep copy creates a completely independent copy of an object, including all nested objects.
Shallow copy creates a new object, but references the same nested objects as the original.
Deep copy is useful when you want to modify one object without affec...
Interview Preparation Tips
Skills evaluated in this interview
Top trending discussions
Interview questions from similar companies
I appeared for an interview in Nov 2020.
(2 Questions)
Round duration - 120 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
This was an online coding, mcq and debugging round round held on Amcat platform, there were 3 sections in the test.
1)20 MCQ questions {10 involving mathematics and the other 10 on programming fundamentals}; duration:20 mins;
you cannot navigate back to a questions after moving further, so have to answer carefully
2)debugging section- it involved 7 questions which were to be completed within 20 mins, 5 of them were very easy, each question only took almost a minute to figure out the problem with the code, last 2 questions were relatively moderate and there were errors at 3-4 sections of the entire code. I was able to solve all the questions in 15 mins
3)2 Coding questions- duration:80 mins, one was moderate on string while the other one involved dynamic programming, I was able to successfully execute all the available test cases.
- Q1.
Smallest Window Problem Statement
Given two strings,
SandX, your task is to find the smallest substring inSthat contains all the characters present inX.Example:
Input:
S = "abdd", X = "bd"
Outpu...
- Ans.
Find the smallest substring in S that contains all characters in X.
Use a sliding window approach to find the smallest window in S containing all characters of X.
Maintain a hashmap to keep track of characters in X and their frequencies.
Slide the window by moving the right pointer until all characters in X are found, then move the left pointer to minimize the window size.
Return the smallest window found.
Example: S = 'abd...
- Q2.
Minimum Sum in Matrix Problem Statement
You are given a 2D matrix 'ARR' of size 'N x 3' with integers, where 'N' is the number of rows. Your task is to compute the smallest sum achievable by selecting one...
- Ans.
Find the smallest sum achievable by selecting one element from each row of a 2D matrix, following certain constraints.
Iterate through each row and find the minimum element that does not violate the constraints.
Keep track of the minimum sum achieved by selecting elements from each row.
Avoid selecting elements directly beneath previously selected elements.
(1 Question)
Round duration - 45 minutes
Round difficulty - Hard
The interview started with introduction, there were two interviewers, they both introduced themselves and then asked me to introduce myself. Then we had a brief description on my projects, and they really appreciated my projects. Then as they were more concerned with DSA part, so we moved towards solving a coding problem. It was a famous rotten oranges problem with some change in language but as I haven't seen it beforehand, I wasn't able to give them an optimal approach and had to ask for some hints, but with a certain amount of help and hints, I was able to solve the problem and successfully coded it in 5 mins. Then the interviewers went for a dry run of the algorithm and tried to run it on each and every corner case, but as my algorithm was kind of bullet proof, it successfully passed all the corner cases.
Then they went for some questions on OOPS concepts involving inheritance and we had a long discussion on virtual function and runtime polymorphism. Then the interview was ended after a Q/A round that lasted for 3-4 minutes.
- Q1.
Rotten Oranges Problem Statement
Given a grid containing oranges in three possible states:
- Value 0 - Empty cell
- Value 1 - Fresh orange
- Value 2 - Rotten orange
Every second, any fresh orange adjac...
- Ans.
Given a grid with fresh and rotten oranges, determine the minimum time for all oranges to become rotten.
Create a queue to store the coordinates of rotten oranges and perform BFS to rot adjacent fresh oranges
Track the time taken to rot all oranges and return -1 if some fresh oranges remain
Handle edge cases like empty grid or no fresh oranges present
Example: For input grid = [[2,1,1],[1,1,0],[0,1,1]], the minimum time to...
Interview Preparation Tips
Tip 1 : Try to keep yourself involved in competitive programming on regular basis {ex-Codechef, codeforces etc}
Tip 2 : brush up concepts on DSA and practice at least all questions from interviewbit and around 300 questions from GFG and Leetcode of upto intermediate level, this will help you in building your concepts and you will be quickly able to answer the questions in face to face interviews
Tip 3 : Complete some courses on data structures and algorithms and some programming languages{coding ninjas courses are preferable for valuable content}
Tip 1 : Try to keep only those things in resume on which you have very good command and you should be able to answer all of the questions(upto moderate level) related to your technical skills
Tip 2 : Mention your projects with brief description, try avoiding very high level description because some times reader might not be able to understand your work, keep it descriptive and understandable
Skills evaluated in this interview
I appeared for an interview in Oct 2020.
(2 Questions)
Round duration - 120 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Evening test around 5
Platform :- SHL
Environment was amazing
- Q1.
Subtree of Another Tree Problem Statement
Given two binary trees, T and S, determine whether S is a subtree of T. The tree S should have the same structure and node values as a subtree of T.
Explanation:
... - Ans.
Given two binary trees T and S, determine if S is a subtree of T with the same structure and node values.
Check if the second tree is a subtree of the first tree by comparing their structures and node values.
Use a recursive approach to traverse both trees and check for equality.
Handle cases where one tree is null or the values do not match.
Return true if S is a subtree of T, false otherwise.
- Q2.
Search in a Row-wise and Column-wise Sorted Matrix Problem Statement
You are given an N * N matrix of integers where each row and each column is sorted in increasing order. Your task is to find the positi...
- Ans.
Given a sorted N*N matrix, find the position of a target integer X.
Iterate over each row and column to find the target integer X
Utilize the sorted nature of the matrix to optimize the search process
Return the position of X if found, else return -1 -1
(2 Questions)
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
1 Hour
Afternoon
- Q1.
Intersection of Linked List Problem
You are provided with two singly linked lists containing integers, where both lists converge at some node belonging to a third linked list.
Your task is to determine t...
- Ans.
Find the node where two linked lists merge, return -1 if no merging occurs.
Traverse both lists to find their lengths and the difference in lengths
Move the pointer of the longer list by the difference in lengths
Traverse both lists simultaneously until they meet at the merging point
- Q2.
Problem: Pair Sum in a Binary Search Tree
Given a Binary Search Tree (BST) and an integer 'S', your task is to find all pairs of nodes within the BST that total to 'S' and return these pairs. If no such p...
- Ans.
Find pairs of nodes in a BST that sum up to a given value 'S'.
Traverse the BST in-order to get a sorted list of nodes.
Use two pointers approach to find pairs with sum 'S'.
Keep track of visited nodes to avoid using the same node twice in a pair.
(2 Questions)
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Online Round held on Chime
- Q1.
Is Binary Heap Tree Problem Statement
You are given a binary tree of integers. Your task is to determine if it is a binary heap tree or not.
Input:
The first line of input contains an integer ‘T’ denoti... - Ans.
Determine if a given binary tree is a binary heap tree or not based on certain properties.
Check if the binary tree is a complete binary tree where every level, except the last level, is completely filled and the last level is as far left as possible.
Ensure that every parent node is greater than all its children nodes, forming a max-heap.
If any node does not have a left or right child, it should be represented as -1 in ...
- Q2.
Edit Distance Problem Statement
Given two strings
SandTwith lengthsNandMrespectively, your task is to find the "Edit Distance" between these strings.The Edit Distance is defined as the minimum nu...
- Ans.
The task is to find the minimum number of operations required to convert one string into another using delete, replace, and insert operations.
Use dynamic programming to solve the problem efficiently.
Create a 2D array to store the edit distances between substrings of the two input strings.
Fill up the array based on the minimum of three possible operations: insert, delete, or replace.
The final answer will be the value at...
Interview Preparation Tips
Tip 1 : 1 Programming Language
Tip 2 : Practice Data Structures with atleast 300 ques.
Tip 3 : CS Fundamental
Tip 1 : 1 Pager
Tip 2 : Add top 3 projects in Resume.
Skills evaluated in this interview
Interview Questionnaire
2 Questions
- Q1. Have you worked on RFP
- Ans.
Yes, I have worked on RFPs in my previous roles.
I have experience in responding to RFPs from clients.
I have worked on creating proposals and presentations for RFPs.
I have collaborated with cross-functional teams to gather information and create RFP responses.
I have also reviewed and evaluated RFPs from potential vendors.
For example, in my previous role at XYZ Company, I was responsible for leading the RFP response proc...
- Q2. Have you managed team
I applied via LinkedIn and was interviewed in Nov 2021. There was 1 interview round.
Interview Questionnaire
1 Question
- Q1. Generics in Java
- Ans.
Generics in Java allow for type safety and reusability of code.
Generics allow for the creation of classes, interfaces, and methods that can work with any data type.
They provide compile-time type safety, preventing runtime errors.
Examples include ArrayList
, HashMap . Wildcards can be used to allow for flexibility in generic types.
Generics can improve code readability and reduce the need for casting.
Ge...
Interview Preparation Tips
Skills evaluated in this interview
I appeared for an interview before Sep 2020.
(2 Questions)
Round duration - 90 Miinutes
Round difficulty - Medium
First round had MCQ + 2 coding questions. It was held in morning around 11 am. It was held on campus.
- Q1.
Robot Delivery Path Problem
You are tasked with directing a robot from the top-left corner of an N*N matrix to a specified point (x, y), delivering a parcel. The robot is restricted to move only on flat a...
- Ans.
Determine if a robot can reach a specified destination in a matrix by moving only downwards or rightwards.
Start at (0,0) and move towards the destination (x, y) only downwards or rightwards.
Check if the path is clear (1) and avoid obstacles (0) while staying within matrix boundaries.
Return true if the robot can reach the destination, false otherwise.
Example: For input matrix [[1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 5]] with desti...
- Q2.
Unique Element in Array
Given an arbitrary array
arrconsisting ofNnon-negative integers where every element appears thrice except for one. Your task is to find the element in the array that appears onl... - Ans.
Find the unique element in an array where every element appears thrice except for one.
Use XOR operation to find the unique element.
Iterate through the array and XOR each element to find the unique element.
The XOR operation cancels out elements that appear thrice, leaving only the unique element.
Example: arr = [2, 2, 3, 2], XOR of all elements = 3.
Example: arr = [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 99], XOR of all elements = 99.
(2 Questions)
Round duration - 90 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Second Round was held in morning around 10-11 am. There was one interviewer working on his laptop. Interviewer was really helpful and first offered me water and then for a bit talked about himself.
- Q1.
BST Iterator Problem Statement
You are tasked with implementing a class
BSTIterator, which is designed to traverse a Binary Search Tree (BST) in the inorder manner. The class must support the following op... - Ans.
Implement a BSTIterator class to traverse a Binary Search Tree in inorder manner.
Implement a constructor to initialize the iterator with the root of the BST.
Implement next() and hasNext() methods to traverse the BST in inorder.
Implement prev() and hasPrev() methods to access the previous element in the inorder traversal.
Use level-order traversal format to represent the tree input.
Output the inorder traversal of the bin...
- Q2.
Distance Between Two Nodes in a Binary Tree
Given a binary tree and the values of two distinct nodes, determine the distance between these two nodes in the tree. The distance is defined as the minimum num...
- Ans.
Calculate the distance between two nodes in a binary tree.
Traverse the tree to find the paths from the root to each node
Find the lowest common ancestor of the two nodes
Calculate the distance by adding the distances from the LCA to each node
Interview Preparation Tips
Tip 1 : Keep talking about what are you thinking
Tip 2 : Don't beat about the bush if don't know the answer just say so
Tip 1 : Only show projects you are confident about
Tip 2 : Basic Web and android projects are also fine
Skills evaluated in this interview
Tanay Lakshman
I applied via Referral and was interviewed in Sep 2021. There were 6 interview rounds.
Interview Questionnaire
1 Question
- Q1. Tell us about Reliability?
- Ans.
Reliability refers to the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
Reliability is a measure of how often a system or component fails and how quickly it can be restored to normal operation.
It is important to design systems with redundancy and failover mechanisms to ensure high reliability.
Reliability can be improved through regular maintena...
Interview Preparation Tips
Interview Questionnaire
1 Question
- Q1. Tell me about software system
I applied via Company Website and was interviewed in Jul 2020. There were 3 interview rounds.
Interview Questionnaire
8 Questions
- Q1. What is CI/CD pipeline, and why it is needed?
- Ans.
CI/CD pipeline is a process of continuous integration and continuous delivery/deployment of software.
CI/CD pipeline automates the software delivery process
It helps in detecting and fixing bugs early in the development cycle
It ensures that the software is always in a releasable state
It reduces the time between writing code and deploying it to production
Examples of CI/CD tools include Jenkins, Travis CI, and CircleCI
- Q2. How did you implement Automation in your last organization?
- Q3. What is jenkinsfile?
- Ans.
Jenkinsfile is a text file that defines the entire build process for a Jenkins pipeline.
Jenkinsfile is written in Groovy syntax
It can be stored in a version control system like Git
It allows for defining stages, steps, and conditions for a pipeline
Jenkinsfile can be executed on any Jenkins instance
Example: pipeline { agent { docker 'maven:3-alpine' } stages { stage('Build') { steps { sh 'mvn -B -DskipTests clean package...
- Q4. How would you connect the machine in private subnet?
- Ans.
To connect a machine in a private subnet, use a bastion host or VPN.
Set up a bastion host in the public subnet to act as a gateway.
Use SSH tunneling or RDP to connect to the bastion host.
From the bastion host, connect to the machine in the private subnet.
Alternatively, set up a VPN to securely connect to the private subnet.
Configure the security group and network ACLs to allow the necessary traffic.
- Q5. How can you verfiy/check/validate your Ansible playbooks?
- Ans.
Ansible playbooks can be verified/validated using various tools and techniques.
Use Ansible's built-in syntax checker 'ansible-playbook --syntax-check'
Use Ansible's 'ansible-lint' tool to check for best practices and potential issues
Use 'ansible-playbook --check' to simulate playbook execution without making changes
Use 'ansible-playbook --diff' to show the differences between the current and desired state
Use 'ansible-pl...
- Q6. What is inventory,roles,variable in ansible?
- Ans.
Inventory is a list of hosts where Ansible runs tasks. Roles are reusable collections of tasks, files, and templates. Variables are used to store data.
Inventory is a file or directory containing a list of hosts or groups of hosts
Roles are used to organize tasks, files, and templates into reusable collections
Variables are used to store data that can be used across multiple tasks and roles
Example: inventory file can cont...
- Q7. How to add user in Jenkins?
- Ans.
Adding a user in Jenkins
Go to Jenkins dashboard and click on 'Manage Jenkins'
Click on 'Manage Users' and then 'Create User'
Fill in the user details and click 'Create User'
Assign the necessary permissions to the user
- Q8. What is Maven? Diff B/W Install and Deploy
- Ans.
Maven is a build automation tool used for Java projects. Install is for local repository, deploy is for remote repository.
Maven is used to manage dependencies and build Java projects
Install command installs the project's artifact (jar, war, etc.) to the local repository
Deploy command uploads the artifact to a remote repository
Install is used during development, deploy is used for distribution
Example: 'mvn install' inst...
Interview Preparation Tips
Skills evaluated in this interview
I applied via LinkedIn and was interviewed before Jul 2021. There were 3 interview rounds.
(1 Question)
- Q1. General questions about previous company and the work I did there and then building on from there?
(1 Question)
- Q1. Details about my experience?
(3 Questions)
- Q1. Total Experience I have overall?
- Q2. Current Salary inclusive of fixed?
- Q3. Salary expectations?
Interview Preparation Tips
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