30+ Privilege Industries Interview Questions and Answers

Restricting communication between Kubernetes pods can be achieved using network policies.

• Use Network Policies in Kubernetes to define rules for pod-to-pod communication

• Specify which pods are allowed to communicate with each other based on labels

• Deny all traffic by default and only allow specific traffic as needed

• Example: Define a network policy to allow communication only between pods with label 'app=frontend' and 'app=backend'

Various branching strategies in version control systems help manage code changes effectively.

• Mainline/Branch by Release: Each release has its own branch for bug fixes and maintenance.

• Feature Branching: Each new feature is developed in a separate branch and merged back to main branch after completion.

• Gitflow Workflow: Uses main, develop, feature, release, and hotfix branches for a structured workflow.

• Trunk-Based Development: All developers work on a single branch, promoting co...read more

Key elements in continuous testing tools include automation, integration with CI/CD pipelines, reporting and analytics, scalability, and support for various testing types.

• Automation of test cases to ensure quick feedback on code changes

• Integration with CI/CD pipelines for seamless testing in the software delivery process

• Reporting and analytics capabilities to track test results and identify issues

• Scalability to handle testing across different environments and configurations

• Su...read more

A virtual private cloud (VPC) or Vnet is a private network in the cloud that allows you to isolate resources and control network traffic.

• VPC/Vnet provides a secure and isolated environment for resources in the cloud.

• It allows you to define your own IP address range, subnets, route tables, and network gateways.

• VPC/Vnet helps in creating a secure connection between on-premises data centers and cloud resources.

• It is used in DevOps to ensure secure communication between different...read more

Yes, I faced challenges while creating the DevOps pipeline.

• One challenge was integrating multiple tools and technologies into the pipeline.

• Another challenge was ensuring smooth communication and collaboration between different teams involved in the pipeline.

• I also faced challenges in automating the testing and deployment processes to achieve continuous integration and continuous delivery.

• Dealing with legacy systems and transitioning them into the new pipeline was also a chall...read more

Ansible is a popular automation tool used in DevOps for configuration management, application deployment, and orchestration.

• Ansible is agentless, meaning it does not require any software to be installed on the nodes being managed.

• It uses YAML syntax for writing playbooks, which are used to define automation tasks.

• Ansible can be used for tasks such as provisioning servers, deploying applications, and managing configurations.

• It allows for easy scaling and automation of repetiti...read more

Continuous delivery focuses on automating the software delivery process up to production, while continuous deployment automatically deploys every change to production.

• Continuous delivery involves automating the software delivery process up to production, ensuring that code is always in a deployable state.

• Continuous deployment goes a step further by automatically deploying every change that passes automated tests to production.

• Continuous delivery allows for manual approval bef...read more

Branching strategy is a way to manage code changes and release strategy is a plan to deploy code changes to production.

• Branching strategy defines how code changes are managed and merged into the main codebase.

• Release strategy defines how code changes are deployed to production.

• Common branching strategies include Gitflow, Trunk-based development, and Feature branching.

• Common release strategies include Continuous Deployment, Blue-Green Deployment, and Canary Deployment.

Containers in Kubernetes communicate with each other through networking and service discovery mechanisms.

• Containers within the same pod can communicate over localhost.

• Containers in different pods can communicate using Kubernetes services.

• Kubernetes assigns each pod a unique IP address for communication.

• Kubernetes also supports DNS-based service discovery for containers.

Feature branching and task branching are strategies used in version control systems to manage development tasks.

• Feature branching involves creating a separate branch for each new feature being developed, allowing for isolation and independent development.

• Task branching is similar to feature branching but is used for smaller tasks or bug fixes.

• Both feature branching and task branching help in organizing and managing code changes effectively.

• Example: Creating a feature branch '...read more

Setting up a VPC in Azure involves creating a virtual network, subnets, and configuring security groups.

• Create a virtual network in the Azure portal

• Define subnets within the virtual network

• Configure network security groups to control inbound and outbound traffic

• Establish peering connections with other VPCs if needed

Blue green deployment pattern is a software release strategy that reduces downtime and risk by running two identical production environments.

• In blue green deployment, one environment (blue) is currently live and serving production traffic, while the other environment (green) is idle.

• Once the new version of the software is deployed to the green environment and tested thoroughly, traffic is switched from the blue to the green environment.

• This allows for seamless deployment with...read more

Client based development is a software development approach where the client's needs and feedback are prioritized throughout the development process.

• Focus on meeting client requirements and expectations

• Regular communication and feedback from the client

• Iterative development cycles based on client input

• Client involvement in decision-making processes

• Examples: Agile development, customer-centric design

K8s is a container orchestration platform. Terraform state file stores the state of your infrastructure. Autoscaling adjusts resources based on demand. Load balancer distributes traffic. CDN delivers content efficiently.

• K8s, short for Kubernetes, is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

• Terraform state file is a JSON file that stores the state of your infrastructure managed by Terra...read more

Day to day activities include managing Azure DevOps pipelines, working with variables groups and pipeline variables, and basic Azure services tasks.

• Managing Azure DevOps pipelines for continuous integration and deployment

• Working with variables groups to store and manage variables across multiple pipelines

• Using pipeline variables to customize and parameterize pipeline runs

• Basic tasks in Azure services like creating resources, managing permissions, and monitoring services

Centralized VCS stores all versions of files in a central server, while distributed VCS allows each user to have a full copy of the repository.

• Centralized VCS has a single point of failure, while distributed VCS is more resilient.

• In centralized VCS, users need constant connection to the central server, while distributed VCS allows offline work.

• Examples of centralized VCS include SVN and CVS, while Git is a popular distributed VCS.

IAC stands for Infrastructure as Code, which involves managing and provisioning infrastructure through code. Configuration management involves managing and maintaining the state of systems.

• IAC allows for automating the process of setting up and managing infrastructure using code

• Configuration management ensures that the desired state of systems is maintained consistently

• Tools like Terraform, Ansible, and Puppet are commonly used for IAC and configuration management

• IAC helps in...read more

Azure Functions is a serverless compute service that allows you to run event-triggered code without managing infrastructure.

• Azure Functions is used to run small pieces of code called functions in response to events.

• Azure Logic Apps is a cloud-based service that helps you automate and orchestrate tasks, business processes, and workflows.

• To integrate Azure Functions with Azure Logic Apps, you can use the 'Azure Functions' connector in Logic Apps to trigger functions based on ev...read more

Resilience testing is a type of testing that evaluates a system's ability to recover from failures and continue functioning.

• Resilience testing involves intentionally introducing failures or disruptions to a system to see how it responds.

• The goal of resilience testing is to identify weaknesses in the system's design or implementation that could lead to downtime or data loss.

• Examples of resilience testing include simulating network outages, server crashes, or high traffic loads...read more

DevOps KPI are key performance indicators used to measure the success of DevOps practices in an organization.

• DevOps KPIs should align with business goals and objectives.

• Examples of DevOps KPIs include deployment frequency, lead time for changes, mean time to recover, and change failure rate.

• Monitoring KPIs helps in identifying areas for improvement and optimizing DevOps processes.

DevOps methodology consists of various phases including plan, code, build, test, release, deploy, operate, and monitor.

• Plan: Define goals, set priorities, and create a roadmap.

• Code: Develop and review code changes.

• Build: Compile the code and create executable files.

• Test: Verify code changes through automated testing.

• Release: Deploy changes to production environment.

• Deploy: Automate deployment process to various environments.

• Operate: Monitor and manage the infrastructure.

• Monit...read more

Jenkins is a popular open-source automation server used for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines.

• Jenkins is used to automate the building, testing, and deployment of software projects.

• Pipeline scripts in Jenkins are written using a domain-specific language called Groovy.

• A basic pipeline script includes stages like checkout code, build, test, and deploy.

• Example pipeline script: pipeline { agent any stages { stage('Build') { steps { echo 'Building th...read more

RBAC stands for Role-Based Access Control, a method of restricting network access based on roles assigned to users.

• RBAC assigns roles to users, allowing them access to specific resources based on their role.

• It helps in managing permissions efficiently by grouping users with similar access levels.

• RBAC enhances security by limiting access to sensitive data and resources.

• Example: An admin role may have full access to all resources, while a user role may have limited access.

Docker is a containerization platform that allows developers to package applications with all dependencies into a standardized unit for easy deployment.

• Docker allows for consistent development, testing, and deployment environments across different systems.

• It improves scalability and resource utilization by isolating applications in lightweight containers.

• Docker simplifies the process of managing dependencies and configurations, making it easier to deploy applications in vario...read more

We implemented a chaos engineering approach to induce controlled failures in our project.

• Used chaos engineering to simulate various failure scenarios

• Introduced faults in different parts of the system to test resilience

• Monitored system behavior during failure simulations

• Analyzed impact of failures on system performance and reliability

The infrastructure architecture of the current company is based on a hybrid cloud model with a mix of on-premises and cloud resources.

• Hybrid cloud model with on-premises and cloud resources

• Utilization of containerization technologies like Docker and Kubernetes for application deployment

• Automation of infrastructure provisioning and configuration management using tools like Terraform and Ansible

• Implementation of CI/CD pipelines for continuous integration and deployment

• Monitorin...read more

I have created a CICD pipeline using Jenkins, Git, Docker, and Kubernetes.

• Used Jenkins for continuous integration

• Integrated Git for version control

• Utilized Docker for containerization

• Deployed applications using Kubernetes

• Implemented automated testing and deployment processes

Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

• Kubernetes follows a master-slave architecture where the master node controls the cluster and the worker nodes run the containers.

• The master node consists of components like API server, scheduler, controller manager, and etcd.

• Worker nodes have components like kubelet, kube-proxy, and container runtime (e.g. Docker).

• Kubernetes uses ...read more

Terraform modules are reusable components that allow you to encapsulate and organize your infrastructure code.

• Modules help in creating reusable infrastructure components

• They allow for better organization and encapsulation of code

• Modules can be shared and reused across different projects

• Example: A Terraform module for creating a VPC with subnets, security groups, and route tables

I have worked on implementing CI/CD pipelines, infrastructure as code, and automation scripts in various devops projects.

• Implemented Jenkins pipelines for automated build, test, and deployment processes

• Utilized Terraform to manage infrastructure as code for cloud environments

• Developed Ansible playbooks for configuration management and automation

• Integrated monitoring tools like Prometheus and Grafana for system health checks

Jenkins pipeline is a suite of plugins that supports implementing and integrating continuous delivery pipelines.

• Jenkins pipeline allows defining the entire build process as code, making it easier to manage and version control.

• It enables automating the steps of building, testing, and deploying software applications.

• Pipeline scripts can be written in Groovy language and can be stored in a Jenkinsfile within the project's repository.

• Pipeline stages can be defined to break down t...read more

RBAC stands for Role-Based Access Control in Kubernetes, allowing administrators to control access to resources based on roles assigned to users.

• RBAC is a method of regulating access to computer or network resources based on the roles of individual users within an enterprise.

• In Kubernetes, RBAC allows cluster administrators to dynamically configure access policies through the API.

• Roles define a set of permissions, while RoleBindings associate roles with users or groups.

• Cluste...read more

CICD pipeline is a set of automated processes that allow for continuous integration, testing, and deployment of code changes.

• Automates the process of building, testing, and deploying code changes

• Helps in detecting and fixing issues early in the development cycle

• Improves collaboration between development and operations teams

• Examples: Jenkins, GitLab CI/CD, CircleCI

Branching and merging are version control concepts used in software development to manage code changes.

• Branching allows developers to work on separate code changes without affecting the main codebase

• Merging is the process of integrating changes from one branch into another

• Branching and merging help in parallel development, code isolation, and collaboration among team members

Containerisation is a method of packaging and running applications with their dependencies in isolated environments.

• Containerisation allows applications to be portable and run consistently across different environments.

• Containers provide a lightweight and efficient way to isolate applications and their dependencies.

• Popular containerization technologies include Docker and Kubernetes.

• Containers use operating system-level virtualization to provide isolated environments for appli...read more

Run level is a mode of operation in Unix-like operating systems that determines which services and processes are started at boot time.

• Run levels range from 0 to 6, with each level having a specific set of services and processes that are started or stopped.

• Run level 0 is used to halt the system, while run level 6 is used to reboot the system.

• Run level 1 is known as single-user mode, used for system maintenance and troubleshooting.

• Run level 5 is typically used for graphical use...read more

The project flow of the existing company involves continuous integration, automated testing, deployment, and monitoring.

• Continuous integration is used to merge code changes frequently.

• Automated testing ensures code quality and reduces manual errors.

• Deployment process involves pushing code changes to production servers.

• Monitoring tools are used to track system performance and detect issues.

• Version control system like Git is used to manage code changes.

Ingress is a Kubernetes resource that manages external access to services within a cluster.

• Ingress allows external traffic to reach services within a Kubernetes cluster

• It acts as a layer 7 HTTP reverse proxy

• Ingress rules define how incoming requests should be routed to different services based on hostnames or paths