50+ SNS iHub Interview Questions and Answers

A one to one function is a function where each input has a unique output.

• Also known as an injective function.

• No two inputs can have the same output.

• For example, f(x) = x + 2 is a one to one function.

• However, f(x) = x^2 is not a one to one function as both x and -x have the same output.

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward when you breathe in, and relaxes and moves upward when you breathe out.

• When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, creating more space in the chest cavity for the lungs to expand.

• This downward movement of the diaphragm also causes the abdomen to expand.

• When you breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, pushing the air out of the lungs.

• The diaphragm plays a crucial role in the process of respiration, he...read more

The expression for the energy of a hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV/n^2.

• The energy of a hydrogen atom is determined by the equation E = -13.6 eV/n^2

• The energy levels of hydrogen are quantized and can be calculated using the Rydberg formula

• The energy of a hydrogen atom can be calculated using the Bohr model

• The energy of a hydrogen atom is related to the ionization energy required to remove an electron

• The energy of a hydrogen atom can be measured using spectroscopy

Anatomy and physiology are branches of biology that study the structure and function of living organisms.

• Anatomy focuses on the structure of organisms, including their organs, tissues, and cells.

• Physiology examines how these structures function and interact with each other.

• Anatomy provides the foundation for understanding physiology.

• Examples of anatomy include studying the different parts of the human body, such as the heart, lungs, and brain.

• Physiology explores processes lik...read more

Degree of freedom refers to the number of ways a molecule can move in space. A diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of freedom.

• Degree of freedom is the number of independent ways a molecule can move in space

• For a diatomic molecule, there are 5 degrees of freedom: 3 translational and 2 rotational

• Translational degrees of freedom refer to movement in x, y, and z directions

• Rotational degrees of freedom refer to rotation about the x and y axes

• The vibrational degree of freedom is not pr...read more

Domain is the set of all possible input values and range is the set of all possible output values of a function.

• Domain can be represented as x-values in a function.

• Range can be represented as y-values in a function.

• Domain and range can be finite or infinite.

• For example, in the function f(x) = x^2, the domain is all real numbers and the range is all non-negative real numbers.

The domain of √x is x≥0 and the range is y≥0.

• The square root of a negative number is undefined in real numbers.

• The square root of 0 is 0.

• The square root of a positive number has two possible values, one positive and one negative.

• The range of √x is always non-negative.

Salting in salting out is a protein purification technique. Protein folding is the process of forming a functional 3D structure. TCA cycle is a metabolic pathway.

• Salting in salting out involves adding or removing salt to precipitate proteins.

• Protein folding is essential for proper protein function and can be disrupted by mutations or environmental factors.

• TCA cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria to generate energy from food molecules.

• All three concept...read more

The derivative of x^x is x^x(1+ln(x))

• Use logarithmic differentiation to solve

• Take natural logarithm of both sides

• Apply product rule and chain rule

• Simplify the expression

Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone. Deadweight loss is maximum in monopolistic markets. During recession, government implements expansionary fiscal policy. Perfect price discrimination is charging each customer their maximum willingness to pay.

• Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that is given up when a decision is made.

• Deadweight loss is maximum in monopolistic markets where there is no competition to drive prices down to...read more

Conditional probability is the likelihood of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred.

• It is calculated by dividing the probability of the intersection of the two events by the probability of the given event.

• It is denoted by P(A|B), where A is the event we want to find the probability of and B is the event that has already occurred.

• Example: What is the probability of getting a head on the second toss of a coin given that the first toss resulted in a hea...read more

The integral of a complex function can be found using techniques such as contour integration and Cauchy's integral formula.

• Contour integration is a powerful technique for evaluating complex integrals.

• Cauchy's integral formula relates the value of a complex integral to the values of a function on a closed contour.

• Residue theorem is often used to evaluate complex integrals around simple closed contours.

• Complex integration requires knowledge of complex analysis and the propertie...read more

Elastic collision is a type of collision where kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.

• In an elastic collision, the total kinetic energy of the system before and after the collision remains the same.

• Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved in elastic collisions.

• Objects bounce off each other without any loss of energy in an elastic collision.

• Examples of elastic collisions include billiard balls colliding on a table or two cars colliding head-on without deformation.

The domain of a function is the set of all possible input values, while the range is the set of all possible output values.

• The domain of the function f(x) = √x is all non-negative real numbers, since the square root of a negative number is undefined.

• The range of the function f(x) = √x is all non-negative real numbers, since the square root of a non-negative number is always non-negative.

• The domain can be represented as [0, +∞) and the range as [0, +∞).

Inflammation occurs as a response to injury or infection, involving the release of chemicals and immune cells.

• Inflammation is a protective response by the body to harmful stimuli.

• It involves the release of chemicals such as histamine and cytokines.

• Immune cells, including white blood cells, are recruited to the site of inflammation.

• Inflammation can cause redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

• Examples of inflammation include a sprained ankle, a sore throat, or a skin infection.

Alternating series is a series in which the terms alternate in sign.

• In an alternating series, the terms can be positive or negative, but they alternate in sign.

• The alternating series test states that if the terms of an alternating series decrease in absolute value, then the series converges.

• Examples of alternating series include the alternating harmonic series and the Leibniz formula for pi.

Depreciation of exchange rate leads to increase in interest rate.

• Depreciation of exchange rate leads to inflationary pressure.

• Central banks increase interest rates to control inflation.

• Higher interest rates attract foreign investors, increasing demand for domestic currency.

• Examples: India increased interest rates in 2018 when rupee depreciated.

• Similarly, Turkey increased interest rates in 2021 when lira depreciated.

Bernoulli differential equation is a type of first-order ordinary differential equation that can be solved using a substitution method.

• Bernoulli differential equation is of the form dy/dx + P(x)y = Q(x)y^n, where n is a constant.

• To solve Bernoulli differential equation, a substitution is made to transform it into a linear differential equation.

• The substitution u = y^(1-n) is commonly used to transform the equation.

• After substitution, the resulting linear differential equation...read more

Six Sigma is a data-driven approach to improve quality and reduce defects in operational processes.

• Six Sigma aims to minimize variability and defects in processes through statistical analysis and problem-solving methodologies.

• It involves five phases: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC).

• Six Sigma is widely used in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and finance to improve efficiency and customer satisfaction.

• It requires trained professionals known ...read more

Haemoglobin is found in red blood cells and carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, while myoglobin is found in muscles and stores oxygen for muscle use.

• Haemoglobin is found in red blood cells, while myoglobin is found in muscles.

• Haemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, while myoglobin stores oxygen for muscle use.

• Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to myoglobin.

• Haemoglobin consists of four protein subunits, while myo...read more

The second law of motion states that the force acting on an object is directly proportional to its mass and acceleration.

• Force = mass x acceleration

• The greater the force applied, the greater the acceleration produced

• The greater the mass of an object, the greater the force needed to accelerate it

• Examples: pushing a heavy box requires more force than pushing a light box; a car requires more force to accelerate than a bicycle

The most important hormone during child birth is oxytocin.

• Oxytocin is responsible for stimulating contractions of the uterus during labor.

• It also plays a role in bonding between mother and baby.

• Oxytocin is sometimes administered to induce or speed up labor.

• It is often referred to as the 'love hormone' due to its role in social bonding and maternal behavior.

Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone in order to pursue a certain action.

• Opportunity cost is a fundamental concept in economics.

• It refers to the cost of an alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action.

• For example, if you choose to spend money on a vacation, the opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative use of that money, such as investing it or paying off debt.

• Opportunity cost can also be applied to time, ...read more

Box potential refers to the maximum potential energy that can be stored in a confined space.

• Box potential is a concept in physics that is used to describe the maximum amount of energy that can be stored in a confined space.

• It is often used in the context of particle physics and quantum mechanics.

• The box potential is determined by the size and shape of the container, as well as the properties of the particles or waves that are confined within it.

• For example, a particle in a on...read more

Quick ratio is a measure of a company's ability to pay off its current liabilities with its most liquid assets.

• Quick ratio, also known as acid-test ratio, is a financial metric used to assess a company's short-term liquidity.

• It measures the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations without relying on the sale of inventory.

• The formula for quick ratio is (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities.

• A quick ratio of 1 or higher indicates that a company has en...read more

A series converges when the sum of its terms approaches a finite value as the number of terms increases.

• A series converges if the sequence of partial sums approaches a finite limit.

• Convergence can be determined by analyzing the behavior of the terms in the series.

• If the terms of the series decrease in magnitude and approach zero, the series may converge.

• Convergence can also be determined using convergence tests such as the ratio test or the comparison test.

• Examples of converg...read more

A one-one function is a function in which each element in the domain maps to a unique element in the codomain.

• Also known as an injective function.

• No two elements in the domain map to the same element in the codomain.

• Each element in the codomain has at most one pre-image in the domain.

• Example: f(x) = x^2 is not a one-one function, but f(x) = x is a one-one function.

Fiscal stimulus refers to government policies aimed at increasing aggregate demand and stimulating economic growth.

• Fiscal stimulus involves increasing government spending or reducing taxes to boost economic activity.

• It is typically used during times of economic downturn or recession.

• Examples of fiscal stimulus measures include infrastructure spending, tax cuts, and direct cash transfers to individuals or businesses.

• The goal of fiscal stimulus is to encourage consumer spending...read more

Perfect price discrimination is a pricing strategy where a seller charges each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay.

• Seller charges different prices to different customers based on their willingness to pay

• Seller captures the entire consumer surplus

• Requires seller to have perfect information about each customer's willingness to pay

• Examples include car dealerships negotiating prices with customers and airlines charging different prices for the same seat based on de...read more

Mitochondrial inheritance is the passing of genetic material through the mitochondria, which is inherited exclusively from the mother.

• Mitochondrial DNA is only inherited from the mother, as the father's sperm does not contribute mitochondria to the embryo.

• Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can lead to various genetic disorders, such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and mitochondrial myopathy.

• Mitochondrial inheritance can be traced through maternal lineage, making it useful ...read more

Consolidation is the gradual settlement of soil due to expulsion of water, while compaction is the process of increasing soil density by reducing air voids.

• Consolidation is a time-dependent process, while compaction is typically achieved in a short period of time.

• Consolidation occurs due to the expulsion of water from soil voids under load, while compaction involves applying external force to reduce air voids.

• Consolidation is more common in fine-grained soils like clays, whil...read more

Founder effect is the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

• Occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population

• Genetic diversity is limited to the alleles present in the founders

• Can lead to increased frequency of certain genetic disorders

• Common in isolated populations like island communities

Incomplete dominance is a genetic concept where neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blending of traits.

• In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous genotype produces a phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

• For example, in snapdragons, red flowers (RR) crossed with white flowers (WW) result in pink flowers (RW).

• Incomplete dominance is different from co-dominance where both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype.

• It is imp...read more

Autonomic disorder is a condition that affects the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions.

• Autonomic disorders can affect various bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation.

• Examples include orthostatic hypotension, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and autonomic neuropathy.

• Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, irregular heartbeats, sweating abnormalities, and digestive issues.

A simple supported beam is a beam that is supported at both ends and is free to rotate and undergo vertical movement.

• Supported at both ends

• Free to rotate

• Free to undergo vertical movement

Point of contraflexure is the point in a beam where the bending moment changes sign.

• Point of contraflexure is where the bending moment is zero.

• It is the point where the bending moment changes from positive to negative or vice versa.

• It is typically located between two points of maximum bending moment.

• In a simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load, the point of contraflexure is at the center of the beam.

Compaction is the process of reducing the volume of soil by removing air and water, while consolidation is the process of soil particles settling closer together due to applied pressure.

• Compaction involves reducing the void spaces in soil by applying pressure, typically done with machinery like rollers or compactors

• Consolidation occurs when soil particles are rearranged and settle closer together under the weight of structures or natural forces

• Compaction is often used in cons...read more

A cash flow statement is a financial statement that shows the inflow and outflow of cash in a business.

• It provides information on the sources and uses of cash.

• It helps in assessing the liquidity and solvency of a business.

• It is divided into three sections: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

• Example: A company's cash flow statement shows that it has generated more cash from operating activities than it has spent on investing and financing acti...read more

Divergence theorem relates a triple integral over a region to a surface integral over the boundary of the region.

• Divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem, states that the flux of a vector field through a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of the field over the region enclosed by the surface.

• It is a fundamental theorem in vector calculus and has applications in physics, engineering, and fluid dynamics.

• For example, in electromagnetism, the...read more

Determinate structures have fixed dimensions and can be analyzed using equations, while non-determinate structures have redundant members and require additional analysis methods.

• Determinate structures have a fixed number of unknown forces that can be solved using equilibrium equations.

• Non-determinate structures have more unknown forces than equilibrium equations, requiring additional analysis methods like virtual work or flexibility method.

• Examples of determinate structures i...read more

Stokes theorem relates a surface integral of a vector field to a line integral of the field's curl. Gauss theorem relates a volume integral of a vector field to a surface integral of the field's divergence.

• Stokes theorem is used to relate a surface integral of a vector field to a line integral of the field's curl

• Gauss theorem is used to relate a volume integral of a vector field to a surface integral of the field's divergence

• Stokes theorem is applicable to closed surfaces, wh...read more

Marketing mix refers to the set of tactics or tools used by a company to promote its products or services.

• Marketing mix consists of four Ps: product, price, place, and promotion.

• Product refers to the item or service being sold.

• Price refers to the cost of the product or service.

• Place refers to the location where the product or service is sold.

• Promotion refers to the methods used to communicate with customers and promote the product or service.

• Example: A company may use a combi...read more

Stokes theorem relates a surface integral over a closed surface to a line integral around its boundary, while divergence theorem relates a volume integral of a vector field to a surface integral of its divergence.

• Stokes theorem deals with the circulation of a vector field around a closed curve in space, while divergence theorem deals with the flow of a vector field through a closed surface in space.

• Stokes theorem is a special case of the divergence theorem when the vector fie...read more

Capital budgeting is the process of planning and evaluating long-term investments in assets and projects.

• It involves analyzing potential investments and determining which ones will provide the best return on investment

• Factors such as cash flow, risk, and opportunity cost are considered in the decision-making process

• Examples include building a new factory, purchasing equipment, or launching a new product line

Accounting concepts refer to the basic principles and guidelines that govern the preparation and presentation of financial statements.

• Accounting concepts provide a framework for recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial transactions.

• They ensure consistency and comparability in financial reporting.

• Examples of accounting concepts include the accrual concept, going concern concept, and matching concept.

• The accrual concept states that revenues and expenses should be recogn...read more

A 3 phase induction motor is a type of AC motor that operates on three phases of alternating current.

• Consists of a stator with three windings and a rotor

• Works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

• Commonly used in industrial applications for driving pumps, compressors, and fans

During a recession, it is important to focus on financial stability, cut unnecessary expenses, diversify income sources, and upskill for better job opportunities.

• Focus on financial stability by creating a budget and reducing unnecessary expenses

• Diversify income sources by exploring freelance work or part-time jobs

• Upskill by taking online courses or certifications to improve job prospects

• Consider investing in recession-resistant industries such as healthcare or essential servi...read more

The Laplace formula is a mathematical equation used to calculate the Laplace transform of a function.

• The Laplace formula is used in mathematics to transform a function of time into a function of complex frequency.

• It is commonly used in control theory, signal processing, and other areas of engineering.

• The formula is expressed as L{f(t)} = F(s) = ∫[0,∞] e^(-st) f(t) dt, where L{f(t)} represents the Laplace transform of f(t).

A cash flow statement is a financial statement that shows the inflows and outflows of cash in a business.

• It provides information about the sources and uses of cash during a specific period.

• It helps in assessing the liquidity and financial health of a company.

• The statement is divided into three sections: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

• Operating activities include cash flows from day-to-day business operations, such as sales and expenses.

• In...read more

Debt equity ratio is a financial metric that compares a company's total debt to its shareholders' equity.

• Debt equity ratio is calculated by dividing total debt by shareholders' equity.

• It indicates the proportion of a company's financing that comes from debt compared to equity.

• A higher debt equity ratio suggests higher financial risk and reliance on debt financing.

• A lower debt equity ratio indicates a more conservative financial structure.

• For example, if a company has $1 milli...read more

In mathematics, a one-to-one function is a function where each element in the domain is mapped to a unique element in the codomain.

• Each element in the domain is paired with a unique element in the codomain

• No two elements in the domain are mapped to the same element in the codomain

• Also known as injective function

• Example: f(x) = x + 1 is a one-to-one function

The Laplace equation is a second-order partial differential equation that describes the behavior of harmonic functions.

• The Laplace equation is written as ∇^2f = 0, where ∇^2 is the Laplacian operator.

• It is used in physics to describe the behavior of electric and gravitational fields.

• Solutions to the Laplace equation are called harmonic functions.

• Examples of harmonic functions include the electric potential in a region with no charge and the gravitational potential in a region...read more

Laplace transform formula is a mathematical tool used to transform a function of time into a function of complex frequency.

• The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is defined as F(s) = L{f(t)} = ∫[0,∞] e^(-st) * f(t) dt

• It is commonly used in engineering and physics to solve differential equations

• Example: Laplace transform of f(t) = 1 is F(s) = 1/s

Working capital is the measure of a company's liquidity and operational efficiency.

• Working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.

• It represents the funds available to a company for day-to-day operations.

• Positive working capital indicates a company's ability to meet short-term obligations.

• Negative working capital suggests a company may struggle to pay off its debts.

• Examples of current assets include cash, inventory, and accounts receivable.

• Cur...read more