UST Senior Software Engineer Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

Q1. Explain about Django forms
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Q2. Explain Middleware in django
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Q1. Design pattern in C#
Ans. 
Design patterns in C# are reusable solutions to common problems in software design.
• Design patterns help in creating maintainable and scalable code.

• Examples of design patterns in C# include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Strategy.

• Each design pattern has its own purpose and implementation details.
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Q1. Roles and responsibilities of the previous project
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Duration of test is for 30 min. Its all relate to array, List, string and basic structure of frame work

Q1. Here also same questions
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Q2. Explain SDLC and STLC, Whats the difference between list and tuple Whats the assert and verify Elements
Ans. 
SDLC and STLC, list vs tuple, assert vs verify
• SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a process followed to develop software

• STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) is a process followed to test software

• List and tuple are both data structures in Python, but list is mutable while tuple is immutable

• Assert is used to check if a condition is true, while verify is used to check if a web element is present

• Both assert and verify ...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round had 1 very simple coding problem followed by some questions from Java and Spring.

Q1. 
Excel Column Number Conversion
Given a column title as it appears in an Excel sheet, your task is to return its corresponding column number.
Example:
Input:
S = "AB"
Output:
28
Explanation:
The seq...read more
Ans. 
Approach :

The process is very much similar to binary to decimal conversion. In this case, the base of the given system is to be taken as 26. Also, in this system 1 is represented as ‘A’, 2 is represented as ‘B’ and so on till 26 is represented as ‘Z’

For example-
CDA can be converted as 3*26*26 + 4*26 + 1
= 26(3*26 + 4) + 1
= 26(0*26 + 3*26 + 4) + 1

AB can be converted as 1*26 + 2

TC : O(N), where N = length of the input str
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Q2. What is a lambda expression in Java, and how does it relate to a functional interface?
Ans. 
Lambda expression is a type of function without a name. It may or may not have results and parameters. It is known as an anonymous function as it does not have type information by itself. It is executed on-demand. It is beneficial in iterating, filtering, and extracting data from a collection.


As lambda expressions are similar to anonymous functions, they can only be applied to the single abstract method of Functional I...read more
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Q3. What are Java 8 streams?
Ans. 
A stream is an abstraction to express data processing queries in a declarative way.

A Stream, which represents a sequence of data objects & series of operations on that data is a data pipeline that is not related to Java I/O Streams does not hold any data permanently.
The key interface is "java.util.stream.Stream" . It accepts Functional Interfaces so that lambdas can be passed. Streams support a fluent interface or
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Q4. What do you understand by autowiring in Spring Boot, and can you name the different modes of autowiring?
Ans. 
The Spring container is able to autowire relationships between the collaborating beans. That is, it is possible to let Spring resolve collaborators for your bean automatically by inspecting the contents of the BeanFactory.

Different modes of bean auto-wiring are : 

1) no : This is default setting which means no autowiring. Explicit bean reference should be used for wiring.

2) byName : It injects the object dependency...read more
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Q5. What does the @SpringBootApplication annotation do internally?
Ans. 
The @SpringBootApplication annotation is equivalent to using @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, and @ComponentScan with their default attributes. Spring Boot enables the developer to use a single annotation instead of using multiple. But, as we know, Spring provided loosely coupled features that we can use for each annotation as per our project needs.
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Q6. What are the basic annotations that Spring Boot offers?
Ans. 
The primary annotations that Spring Boot offers reside in its "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure" and its sub-packages. Here are a couple of basic ones :

@EnableAutoConfiguration – to make Spring Boot look for auto-configuration beans on its classpath and automatically apply them.

@SpringBootApplication – used to denote the main class of a Boot Application. This annotation combines @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfigu...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round focused more on Multithreading concepts from Java and also some core concepts from OOPS.

Q1. What is a thread in Java?
Ans. 
Threads are basically the lightweight and smallest unit of processing that can be managed independently by a scheduler. Threads are referred to as parts of a process that simply let a program execute efficiently with other parts or threads of the process at the same time. Using threads, one can perform complicated tasks in the easiest way. It is considered the simplest way to take advantage of multiple CPUs available i...read more
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Q2. What are the start() and run() methods of the Thread class in Java?
Ans. 
start() : In simple words, the start() method is used to start or begin the execution of a newly created thread. When the start() method is called, a new thread is created and this newly created thread executes the task that is kept in the run() method. One can call the start() method only once.


run() : In simple words, the run() method is used to start or begin the execution of the same thread. When the run() method is...read more
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Q3. What is the difference between the Thread class and the Runnable interface when creating a thread in Java?
Ans. 
The Thread can be created by using two ways : 

1) By extending the Thread class
2) By implementing the Runnable interface

However, the primary differences between both the ways are given below :

1) By extending the Thread class, we cannot extend any other class, as Java does not allow multiple inheritances while implementing the Runnable interface; we can also extend other base class(if required).

2) By extending the T...read more
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Q4. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in OOP?
Ans. 
The differences between Abstract Class and Interface are as follows :

Abstract Class :

1) Abstract classes have a default constructor and it is called whenever the concrete subclass is instantiated.

2) It contains Abstract methods as well as Non-Abstract methods.

3) The class which extends the Abstract class shouldn’t require the implementation of all the methods, only Abstract methods need to be implemented in the concret...read more
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Q5. What is the garbage collector in Java?
Ans. 
1) Garbage Collection in Java is a process by which the programs perform memory management automatically.

2) The Garbage Collector(GC) finds the unused objects and deletes them to reclaim the memory. 

3) In Java, dynamic memory allocation of objects is achieved using the new operator that uses some memory and the memory remains allocated until there are references for the use of the object.

4) When there are no refer...read more
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Q6. Can you explain the SOLID principles in Object Oriented Design?
Ans. 
The SOLID principle is an acronym of the five principles which is given below :

1) Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
2) Open/Closed Principle
3) Liskov’s Substitution Principle (LSP)
4) Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)
5) Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)


Uses of SOLID design principles :

1) The SOLID principle helps in reducing tight coupling.

2) Tight coupling means a group of classes are highly dependent on one ...read more
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Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This was a System Design Round where I was asked a LLD question to design a URL Shortener followed by a very standard question of LRU Cache. Overall this round went well and the interviewer was also quite satisfied by my answers.

Q1. Design a URL shortener.
Ans. 
Tip 1 : Firstly, remember that the system design round is extremely open-ended and there’s no such thing as a standard answer. Even for the same question, you’ll have a totally different discussion with different interviewers.


Tip 2 : Before you jump into the solution always clarify all the assumptions you’re making at the beginning of the interview. Ask questions to identify the scope of the system. This will clear the...read more
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Q2. 
LRU Cache Design Problem Statement
Design and implement a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:
• get(key) - Retrieve the value associated with the...read more
Ans. 
Structure of an LRU Cache :

1) In practice, LRU cache is a kind of Queue — if an element is reaccessed, it goes to the end of the eviction order.

2) This queue will have a specific capacity as the cache has a limited size. Whenever a new element is brought in, it is added at the head of the queue. When eviction happens, it happens from the tail of the queue.

3) Hitting data in the cache must be done in constant time, whic...read more
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Java 8 functions and thread related questions

Q1. WIth Senior project manager, previous experience
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Q2. Previous experience
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Q3. Project details
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Q4. Why change in job
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Q5. How fast you learn new techs
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round started with 1 coding question related to Prime Numbers in which I was first asked to explain my approach and then write the pseudo code for it. This was followed by some preety standard questions from OOPS and Java.

Q1. 
Nth Prime Number Problem Statement
Find the Nth prime number given a number N.
Explanation:
A prime number is greater than 1 and is not the product of two smaller natural numbers. A prime number has exa...read more
Ans. 
The task is to find the Nth prime number given a number N.
• A prime number is a number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers.

• Prime numbers have only two factors - 1 and the number itself.

• Start with a counter at 0 and a number at 2.

• Increment the number by 1 and check if it is prime.

• If it is prime, increment the counter.

• Repeat until the counter reaches N.

• Return the last prime number found.
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Q2. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in Java?
Ans. 
Abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and can have both abstract and non-abstract methods. Interface is a blueprint for a class and can only have abstract methods.
• Abstract class can have constructors while interface cannot.

• A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only extend one abstract class.

• Abstract class can have instance variables while interface cannot.

• Abstract class can provide default i...read more
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Q3. What is the garbage collector in Java?
Ans. 
Garbage collector in Java is responsible for automatic memory management.
• Garbage collector automatically reclaims memory by freeing objects that are no longer referenced.

• It runs in the background and identifies unused objects based on reachability.

• Different garbage collection algorithms like Mark and Sweep, Copying, and Generational are used.

• Garbage collector can be tuned using JVM options like -Xmx and -Xms.

• Example: S...read more
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Q4. What is meant by exception handling?
Ans. 
Exception handling is a mechanism in programming to handle and manage errors or exceptional situations that may occur during program execution.
• Exception handling is used to catch and handle errors or exceptions in a program.

• It allows the program to gracefully handle errors and prevent abrupt termination.

• Exception handling involves the use of try-catch blocks to catch and handle exceptions.

• The catch block contains code ...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round had 1 coding question related to LRU Cache where I had to code its implementation in a production-ready manner explaining my overall approach with proper complexity analysis. This was followed by some Mutithreading questions from Java and then at last the interviewer asked me some basic design patterns in Software Engineering and some more questions related to OOPS.

Q1. 
LRU Cache Design Problem Statement
Design and implement a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:
• get(key) - Retrieve the value associated with the...read more
Ans. 
The question is about designing and implementing a data structure for LRU cache to support get and put operations.
• LRU cache is a cache replacement policy that removes the least recently used item when the cache reaches its capacity.

• The cache is initialized with a capacity and supports get(key) and put(key, value) operations.

• For each get operation, return the value of the key if it exists in the cache, otherwise return ...read more
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Q2. What are the start() and run() methods of the Thread class?
Ans. 
The start() method is used to start a new thread and execute the run() method.
• The start() method creates a new thread and calls the run() method.

• The run() method contains the code that will be executed in the new thread.

• Calling the run() method directly will not create a new thread.

• The start() method should be called to start the execution of the new thread.
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Q3. What is a BlockingQueue in the context of multithreading?
Ans. 
BlockingQueue is a thread-safe queue that blocks when it is full or empty.
• BlockingQueue is part of the Java Concurrency API.

• It provides methods like put() and take() to add and remove elements from the queue.

• When the queue is full, put() blocks until space becomes available.

• When the queue is empty, take() blocks until an element is available.

• It is commonly used in producer-consumer scenarios.
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Q4. What is thread starvation?
Ans. 
Thread starvation occurs when a thread is unable to access the CPU resources it needs to execute its tasks.
• Thread starvation happens when a thread is constantly waiting for a resource that is being monopolized by other threads.

• It can occur due to poor resource management or priority scheduling.

• Examples include a low-priority thread being constantly preempted by high-priority threads or a thread waiting indefinitely for
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Q5. What is a thread scheduler and how does time slicing work?
Ans. 
Thread Scheduler is responsible for managing the execution of multiple threads in a multitasking environment.
• Thread Scheduler determines the order in which threads are executed.

• It allocates CPU time to each thread based on priority and scheduling algorithm.

• Time Slicing is a technique used by Thread Scheduler to allocate a fixed time slice to each thread before switching to another.

• It ensures fair execution of threads a...read more
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Q6. Can you explain the SOLID principles in Object Oriented Design?
Ans. 
SOLID principles are a set of design principles that promote maintainability, extensibility, and reusability in object-oriented design.
• S - Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have only one reason to change.

• O - Open-Closed Principle: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.

• L - Liskov Substitution Principle: Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types.

• I - Interface S...read more
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Q7. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?
Ans. 
HashSet is an unordered collection that uses hashing to store elements, while TreeSet is a sorted collection that uses a binary search tree.
• HashSet does not maintain any order of elements, while TreeSet maintains elements in sorted order.

• HashSet allows null values, while TreeSet does not allow null values.

• HashSet has constant time complexity for basic operations like add, remove, and contains, while TreeSet has logarit...read more
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Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

This is a cultural fitment testing round. HR was very frank and asked standard questions. Then we discussed about my role.

Q1. Why should we hire you?
Ans. 
I have extensive experience in software development and a proven track record of delivering high-quality solutions.
• I have a strong technical background and expertise in various programming languages and frameworks.

• I have successfully led and delivered complex software projects on time and within budget.

• I am a quick learner and adapt easily to new technologies and methodologies.

• I have excellent problem-solving and analy...read more
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Q2. Why are you looking for a job change?
Ans. 
Seeking new challenges and growth opportunities in a different environment.
• Looking for a role that allows me to work on more complex projects.

• Interested in expanding my skill set and learning new technologies.

• Seeking a company culture that aligns with my values and promotes collaboration.

• Wanting to take on more leadership responsibilities and mentor junior engineers.

• Desire for better work-life balance or location chang
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