UST Senior Software Engineer Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

Q1. Explain about Django forms
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Q2. Explain Middleware in django
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Q1. Design pattern in C#
Ans. 
Design patterns in C# are reusable solutions to common problems in software design.
• Design patterns help in creating maintainable and scalable code.

• Examples of design patterns in C# include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Strategy.

• Each design pattern has its own purpose and implementation details.
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Q1. Roles and responsibilities of the previous project
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Duration of test is for 30 min. Its all relate to array, List, string and basic structure of frame work

Q1. Here also same questions
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Q2. Explain SDLC and STLC, Whats the difference between list and tuple Whats the assert and verify Elements
Ans. 
SDLC and STLC, list vs tuple, assert vs verify
• SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a process followed to develop software

• STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) is a process followed to test software

• List and tuple are both data structures in Python, but list is mutable while tuple is immutable

• Assert is used to check if a condition is true, while verify is used to check if a web element is present

• Both assert and verify ...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round had 1 very simple coding problem followed by some questions from Java and Spring.

Q1. 
Excel Column Number Conversion
Given a column title as it appears in an Excel sheet, your task is to return its corresponding column number.
Example:
Input:
S = "AB"
Output:
28
Explanation:
The seq...read more
Ans. 
Convert Excel column title to corresponding column number.
• Iterate through the characters in the input string from right to left

• Calculate the corresponding value of each character based on its position and multiply by 26^index

• Sum up all the values to get the final column number
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Q2. What is a lambda expression in Java, and how does it relate to a functional interface?
Ans. 
Lambda expression in Java is a concise way to represent a single method interface.
• Lambda expressions are used to provide a concise way to implement functional interfaces in Java.

• They can be used to replace anonymous classes when implementing functional interfaces.

• Lambda expressions consist of parameters, an arrow (->), and a body that defines the implementation of the functional interface method.

• Example: (x, y) ->...read more
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Q3. What are Java 8 streams?
Ans. 
Java 8 streams are a sequence of elements that support functional-style operations.
• Streams allow for processing sequences of elements in a functional way.

• They can be created from collections, arrays, or I/O resources.

• Operations like filter, map, reduce, and collect can be performed on streams.

• Streams are lazy, meaning they only perform operations when necessary.

• Example: List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice",...read more
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Q4. What do you understand by autowiring in Spring Boot, and can you name the different modes of autowiring?
Ans. 
Autowiring in Spring Boot is a way to automatically inject dependencies into Spring beans.
• Autowiring is a feature in Spring that allows the container to automatically inject the dependencies of a bean.

• There are different modes of autowiring in Spring: 'byName', 'byType', 'constructor', 'autodetect', and 'no'.

• For example, in 'byName' autowiring, Spring looks for a bean with the same name as the property being autowired.
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Q5. What does the @SpringBootApplication annotation do internally?
Ans. 
The @SpringBootApplication annotation is used to mark the main class of a Spring Boot application.
• It is a combination of @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, and @ComponentScan annotations.

• It tells Spring Boot to start adding beans based on classpath settings, other beans, and various property settings.

• It is used to bootstrap the Spring application context, starting the auto-configuration, component scanning, and
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Q6. What are the basic annotations that Spring Boot offers?
Ans. 
Spring Boot offers basic annotations for various functionalities like mapping requests, handling exceptions, defining beans, etc.
• 1. @RestController - Used to define RESTful web services.

• 2. @RequestMapping - Maps HTTP requests to handler methods.

• 3. @Autowired - Injects dependencies automatically.

• 4. @Component - Indicates a class is a Spring component.

• 5. @ExceptionHandler - Handles exceptions in Spring MVC controllers.
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round focused more on Multithreading concepts from Java and also some core concepts from OOPS.

Q1. What is a thread in Java?
Ans. 
A thread in Java is a lightweight sub-process that allows concurrent execution within a single process.
• Threads allow multiple tasks to be executed concurrently in a Java program

• Threads share the same memory space and resources within a process

• Example: Creating a new thread - Thread myThread = new Thread();
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Q2. What are the start() and run() methods of the Thread class in Java?
Ans. 
The start() method is used to start a new thread, while the run() method contains the code that the thread will execute.
• start() method is used to start a new thread and calls the run() method internally

• run() method contains the code that the thread will execute

• It is recommended to override the run() method with the desired functionality
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Q3. What is the difference between the Thread class and the Runnable interface when creating a thread in Java?
Ans. 
Thread class is a class in Java that extends the Thread class, while Runnable interface is an interface that implements the run() method.
• Thread class extends the Thread class, while Runnable interface implements the run() method.

• A class can only extend one class, so using Runnable interface allows for more flexibility in inheritance.

• Using Runnable interface separates the task of the thread from the thread itself, promo
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Q4. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in OOP?
Ans. 
Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods, while interface can only have abstract methods.
• Abstract class can have constructor, fields, and methods, while interface cannot have any implementation.

• A class can only extend one abstract class, but can implement multiple interfaces.

• Abstract classes are used to define common behavior among subclasses, while interfaces are used to define a contract for cla...read more
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Q5. What is the garbage collector in Java?
Ans. 
Garbage collector in Java is a built-in mechanism that automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused memory.
• Garbage collector runs in the background to identify and remove objects that are no longer needed.

• It helps prevent memory leaks and optimize memory usage.

• Examples of garbage collectors in Java include Serial, Parallel, CMS, and G1.
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Q6. Can you explain the SOLID principles in Object Oriented Design?
Ans. 
SOLID principles are a set of five design principles in object-oriented programming to make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable.
• S - Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have only one reason to change.

• O - Open/Closed Principle: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.

• L - Liskov Substitution Principle: Objects of a superclass should be replaceable...read more
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Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This was a System Design Round where I was asked a LLD question to design a URL Shortener followed by a very standard question of LRU Cache. Overall this round went well and the interviewer was also quite satisfied by my answers.

Q1. Design a URL shortener.
Ans. 
A URL shortener service that generates short URLs for long links.
• Generate a unique short code for each long URL

• Store the mapping of short code to long URL in a database

• Redirect users from short URL to original long URL

• Consider implementing custom short codes for branding purposes
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Q2. 
LRU Cache Design Problem Statement
Design and implement a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:
• get(key) - Retrieve the value associated with the...read more
Ans. 
Design and implement a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache data structure that supports get and put operations with capacity constraints.
• Implement a doubly linked list to maintain the order of recently used items.

• Use a hashmap to store key-value pairs for quick access.

• When capacity is reached, evict the least recently used item before inserting a new item.

• Handle get and put operations efficiently based on the LRU policy.

• En...read more
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Java 8 functions and thread related questions

Q1. WIth Senior project manager, previous experience
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Q2. Previous experience
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Q3. Project details
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Q4. Why change in job
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Q5. How fast you learn new techs
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round started with 1 coding question related to Prime Numbers in which I was first asked to explain my approach and then write the pseudo code for it. This was followed by some preety standard questions from OOPS and Java.

Q1. 
Nth Prime Number Problem Statement
Find the Nth prime number given a number N.
Explanation:
A prime number is greater than 1 and is not the product of two smaller natural numbers. A prime number has exa...read more
Ans. 
The task is to find the Nth prime number given a number N.
• A prime number is a number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers.

• Prime numbers have only two factors - 1 and the number itself.

• Start with a counter at 0 and a number at 2.

• Increment the number by 1 and check if it is prime.

• If it is prime, increment the counter.

• Repeat until the counter reaches N.

• Return the last prime number found.
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Q2. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in Java?
Ans. 
Abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and can have both abstract and non-abstract methods. Interface is a blueprint for a class and can only have abstract methods.
• Abstract class can have constructors while interface cannot.

• A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only extend one abstract class.

• Abstract class can have instance variables while interface cannot.

• Abstract class can provide default i...read more
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Q3. What is the garbage collector in Java?
Ans. 
Garbage collector in Java is responsible for automatic memory management.
• Garbage collector automatically reclaims memory by freeing objects that are no longer referenced.

• It runs in the background and identifies unused objects based on reachability.

• Different garbage collection algorithms like Mark and Sweep, Copying, and Generational are used.

• Garbage collector can be tuned using JVM options like -Xmx and -Xms.

• Example: S...read more
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Q4. What is meant by exception handling?
Ans. 
Exception handling is a mechanism in programming to handle and manage errors or exceptional situations that may occur during program execution.
• Exception handling is used to catch and handle errors or exceptions in a program.

• It allows the program to gracefully handle errors and prevent abrupt termination.

• Exception handling involves the use of try-catch blocks to catch and handle exceptions.

• The catch block contains code ...read more
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Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round had 1 coding question related to LRU Cache where I had to code its implementation in a production-ready manner explaining my overall approach with proper complexity analysis. This was followed by some Mutithreading questions from Java and then at last the interviewer asked me some basic design patterns in Software Engineering and some more questions related to OOPS.

Q1. 
LRU Cache Design Problem Statement
Design and implement a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:
• get(key) - Retrieve the value associated with the...read more
Ans. 
The question is about designing and implementing a data structure for LRU cache to support get and put operations.
• LRU cache is a cache replacement policy that removes the least recently used item when the cache reaches its capacity.

• The cache is initialized with a capacity and supports get(key) and put(key, value) operations.

• For each get operation, return the value of the key if it exists in the cache, otherwise return ...read more
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Q2. What are the start() and run() methods of the Thread class?
Ans. 
The start() method is used to start a new thread and execute the run() method.
• The start() method creates a new thread and calls the run() method.

• The run() method contains the code that will be executed in the new thread.

• Calling the run() method directly will not create a new thread.

• The start() method should be called to start the execution of the new thread.
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Q3. What is a BlockingQueue in the context of multithreading?
Ans. 
BlockingQueue is a thread-safe queue that blocks when it is full or empty.
• BlockingQueue is part of the Java Concurrency API.

• It provides methods like put() and take() to add and remove elements from the queue.

• When the queue is full, put() blocks until space becomes available.

• When the queue is empty, take() blocks until an element is available.

• It is commonly used in producer-consumer scenarios.
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Q4. What is thread starvation?
Ans. 
Thread starvation occurs when a thread is unable to access the CPU resources it needs to execute its tasks.
• Thread starvation happens when a thread is constantly waiting for a resource that is being monopolized by other threads.

• It can occur due to poor resource management or priority scheduling.

• Examples include a low-priority thread being constantly preempted by high-priority threads or a thread waiting indefinitely for
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Q5. What is a thread scheduler and how does time slicing work?
Ans. 
Thread Scheduler is responsible for managing the execution of multiple threads in a multitasking environment.
• Thread Scheduler determines the order in which threads are executed.

• It allocates CPU time to each thread based on priority and scheduling algorithm.

• Time Slicing is a technique used by Thread Scheduler to allocate a fixed time slice to each thread before switching to another.

• It ensures fair execution of threads a...read more
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Q6. Can you explain the SOLID principles in Object Oriented Design?
Ans. 
SOLID principles are a set of design principles that promote maintainability, extensibility, and reusability in object-oriented design.
• S - Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have only one reason to change.

• O - Open-Closed Principle: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.

• L - Liskov Substitution Principle: Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types.

• I - Interface S...read more
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Q7. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?
Ans. 
HashSet is an unordered collection that uses hashing to store elements, while TreeSet is a sorted collection that uses a binary search tree.
• HashSet does not maintain any order of elements, while TreeSet maintains elements in sorted order.

• HashSet allows null values, while TreeSet does not allow null values.

• HashSet has constant time complexity for basic operations like add, remove, and contains, while TreeSet has logarit...read more
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Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

This is a cultural fitment testing round. HR was very frank and asked standard questions. Then we discussed about my role.

Q1. Why should we hire you?
Ans. 
I have extensive experience in software development and a proven track record of delivering high-quality solutions.
• I have a strong technical background and expertise in various programming languages and frameworks.

• I have successfully led and delivered complex software projects on time and within budget.

• I am a quick learner and adapt easily to new technologies and methodologies.

• I have excellent problem-solving and analy...read more
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Q2. Why are you looking for a job change?
Ans. 
Seeking new challenges and growth opportunities in a different environment.
• Looking for a role that allows me to work on more complex projects.

• Interested in expanding my skill set and learning new technologies.

• Seeking a company culture that aligns with my values and promotes collaboration.

• Wanting to take on more leadership responsibilities and mentor junior engineers.

• Desire for better work-life balance or location chang
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