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30+ UST Senior Software Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Updated 12 Jul 2024

Q1. Nth Prime Number Problem Statement

Find the Nth prime number given a number N.

Explanation:

A prime number is greater than 1 and is not the product of two smaller natural numbers. A prime number has exactly two...read more

Ans.

The task is to find the Nth prime number given a number N.

  • A prime number is a number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers.

  • Prime numbers have only two factors - 1 and the number itself.

  • Start with a counter at 0 and a number at 2.

  • Increment the number by 1 and check if it is prime.

  • If it is prime, increment the counter.

  • Repeat until the counter reaches N.

  • Return the last prime number found.

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Q2. LRU Cache Design Problem Statement

Design and implement a data structure for a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache that supports the following operations:

  • get(key) - Retrieve the value associated with the specifie...read more
Ans.

The question is about designing and implementing a data structure for LRU cache to support get and put operations.

  • LRU cache is a cache replacement policy that removes the least recently used item when the cache reaches its capacity.

  • The cache is initialized with a capacity and supports get(key) and put(key, value) operations.

  • For each get operation, return the value of the key if it exists in the cache, otherwise return -1.

  • For each put operation, insert the value in the cache i...read more

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Q3. Excel Column Number Conversion

Given a column title as it appears in an Excel sheet, your task is to return its corresponding column number.

Example:

Input:
S = "AB"
Output:
28
Explanation:

The sequence is as f...read more

Ans.

Convert Excel column title to corresponding column number.

  • Iterate through the characters in the input string from right to left

  • Calculate the corresponding value of each character based on its position and multiply by 26^index

  • Sum up all the values to get the final column number

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Q4. What is a lambda expression in Java, and how does it relate to a functional interface?
Ans.

Lambda expression in Java is a concise way to represent a single method interface.

  • Lambda expressions are used to provide a concise way to implement functional interfaces in Java.

  • They can be used to replace anonymous classes when implementing functional interfaces.

  • Lambda expressions consist of parameters, an arrow (->), and a body that defines the implementation of the functional interface method.

  • Example: (x, y) -> x + y is a lambda expression that takes two parameters and ret...read more

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Q5. What do you understand by autowiring in Spring Boot, and can you name the different modes of autowiring?
Ans.

Autowiring in Spring Boot is a way to automatically inject dependencies into Spring beans.

  • Autowiring is a feature in Spring that allows the container to automatically inject the dependencies of a bean.

  • There are different modes of autowiring in Spring: 'byName', 'byType', 'constructor', 'autodetect', and 'no'.

  • For example, in 'byName' autowiring, Spring looks for a bean with the same name as the property being autowired.

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Q6. What are the start() and run() methods of the Thread class?
Ans.

The start() method is used to start a new thread and execute the run() method.

  • The start() method creates a new thread and calls the run() method.

  • The run() method contains the code that will be executed in the new thread.

  • Calling the run() method directly will not create a new thread.

  • The start() method should be called to start the execution of the new thread.

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Q7. What is the difference between the Thread class and the Runnable interface when creating a thread in Java?
Ans.

Thread class is a class in Java that extends the Thread class, while Runnable interface is an interface that implements the run() method.

  • Thread class extends the Thread class, while Runnable interface implements the run() method.

  • A class can only extend one class, so using Runnable interface allows for more flexibility in inheritance.

  • Using Runnable interface separates the task of the thread from the thread itself, promoting better design practices.

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Q8. What is the garbage collector in Java?
Ans.

Garbage collector in Java is responsible for automatic memory management.

  • Garbage collector automatically reclaims memory by freeing objects that are no longer referenced.

  • It runs in the background and identifies unused objects based on reachability.

  • Different garbage collection algorithms like Mark and Sweep, Copying, and Generational are used.

  • Garbage collector can be tuned using JVM options like -Xmx and -Xms.

  • Example: System.gc() can be used to suggest garbage collection, but ...read more

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Q9. What are the start() and run() methods of the Thread class in Java?
Ans.

The start() method is used to start a new thread, while the run() method contains the code that the thread will execute.

  • start() method is used to start a new thread and calls the run() method internally

  • run() method contains the code that the thread will execute

  • It is recommended to override the run() method with the desired functionality

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Q10. What is meant by exception handling?
Ans.

Exception handling is a mechanism in programming to handle and manage errors or exceptional situations that may occur during program execution.

  • Exception handling is used to catch and handle errors or exceptions in a program.

  • It allows the program to gracefully handle errors and prevent abrupt termination.

  • Exception handling involves the use of try-catch blocks to catch and handle exceptions.

  • The catch block contains code to handle the exception, such as displaying an error messa...read more

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Q11. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?
Ans.

HashSet is an unordered collection that uses hashing to store elements, while TreeSet is a sorted collection that uses a binary search tree.

  • HashSet does not maintain any order of elements, while TreeSet maintains elements in sorted order.

  • HashSet allows null values, while TreeSet does not allow null values.

  • HashSet has constant time complexity for basic operations like add, remove, and contains, while TreeSet has logarithmic time complexity.

  • HashSet is generally faster for addin...read more

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Q12. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in OOP?
Ans.

Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods, while interface can only have abstract methods.

  • Abstract class can have constructor, fields, and methods, while interface cannot have any implementation.

  • A class can only extend one abstract class, but can implement multiple interfaces.

  • Abstract classes are used to define common behavior among subclasses, while interfaces are used to define a contract for classes to implement.

  • Example: Abstract class 'Animal' with ab...read more

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Q13. What is a thread scheduler and how does time slicing work?
Ans.

Thread Scheduler is responsible for managing the execution of multiple threads in a multitasking environment.

  • Thread Scheduler determines the order in which threads are executed.

  • It allocates CPU time to each thread based on priority and scheduling algorithm.

  • Time Slicing is a technique used by Thread Scheduler to allocate a fixed time slice to each thread before switching to another.

  • It ensures fair execution of threads and prevents a single thread from monopolizing the CPU.

  • Exam...read more

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Q14. What are the basic annotations that Spring Boot offers?
Ans.

Spring Boot offers basic annotations for various functionalities like mapping requests, handling exceptions, defining beans, etc.

  • 1. @RestController - Used to define RESTful web services.

  • 2. @RequestMapping - Maps HTTP requests to handler methods.

  • 3. @Autowired - Injects dependencies automatically.

  • 4. @Component - Indicates a class is a Spring component.

  • 5. @ExceptionHandler - Handles exceptions in Spring MVC controllers.

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Q15. What does the @SpringBootApplication annotation do internally?
Ans.

The @SpringBootApplication annotation is used to mark the main class of a Spring Boot application.

  • It is a combination of @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, and @ComponentScan annotations.

  • It tells Spring Boot to start adding beans based on classpath settings, other beans, and various property settings.

  • It is used to bootstrap the Spring application context, starting the auto-configuration, component scanning, and property support.

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Q16. Can you explain the SOLID principles in Object Oriented Design?
Ans.

SOLID principles are a set of five design principles in object-oriented programming to make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable.

  • S - Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have only one reason to change.

  • O - Open/Closed Principle: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.

  • L - Liskov Substitution Principle: Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without affecting the func...read more

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Q17. What is thread starvation?
Ans.

Thread starvation occurs when a thread is unable to access the CPU resources it needs to execute its tasks.

  • Thread starvation happens when a thread is constantly waiting for a resource that is being monopolized by other threads.

  • It can occur due to poor resource management or priority scheduling.

  • Examples include a low-priority thread being constantly preempted by high-priority threads or a thread waiting indefinitely for a lock held by another thread.

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Q18. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface in Java?
Ans.

Abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and can have both abstract and non-abstract methods. Interface is a blueprint for a class and can only have abstract methods.

  • Abstract class can have constructors while interface cannot.

  • A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only extend one abstract class.

  • Abstract class can have instance variables while interface cannot.

  • Abstract class can provide default implementations for some methods while interface cannot.

  • Int...read more

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Q19. What is a BlockingQueue in the context of multithreading?
Ans.

BlockingQueue is a thread-safe queue that blocks when it is full or empty.

  • BlockingQueue is part of the Java Concurrency API.

  • It provides methods like put() and take() to add and remove elements from the queue.

  • When the queue is full, put() blocks until space becomes available.

  • When the queue is empty, take() blocks until an element is available.

  • It is commonly used in producer-consumer scenarios.

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Q20. Explain SDLC and STLC, Whats the difference between list and tuple Whats the assert and verify Elements

Ans.

SDLC and STLC, list vs tuple, assert vs verify

  • SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a process followed to develop software

  • STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) is a process followed to test software

  • List and tuple are both data structures in Python, but list is mutable while tuple is immutable

  • Assert is used to check if a condition is true, while verify is used to check if a web element is present

  • Both assert and verify are used in automated testing

  • Example: assert 2+2 == 4, ver...read more

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Q21. Difference between RestController and Controller annotations

Ans.

RestController is used for RESTful web services while Controller is used for general web requests.

  • RestController is a specialization of Controller annotation in Spring framework.

  • RestController is used to create RESTful web services that return JSON or XML data.

  • Controller is used for handling general web requests and returning views (HTML).

  • RestController is typically used for APIs while Controller is used for traditional web applications.

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Q22. What is a thread in Java?
Ans.

A thread in Java is a lightweight sub-process that allows concurrent execution within a single process.

  • Threads allow multiple tasks to be executed concurrently in a Java program

  • Threads share the same memory space and resources within a process

  • Example: Creating a new thread - Thread myThread = new Thread();

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Q23. What are Java 8 streams?
Ans.

Java 8 streams are a sequence of elements that support functional-style operations.

  • Streams allow for processing sequences of elements in a functional way.

  • They can be created from collections, arrays, or I/O resources.

  • Operations like filter, map, reduce, and collect can be performed on streams.

  • Streams are lazy, meaning they only perform operations when necessary.

  • Example: List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"); Stream<String> stream = names.stream();

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Q24. Annotations used for making an API

Ans.

Annotations are used to provide metadata about classes, methods, or fields in an API.

  • Annotations can be used to provide information about how a method should be handled, such as whether it is deprecated or should be ignored by a compiler.

  • Annotations can also be used to provide information about how a class should be serialized or deserialized, such as specifying the format of JSON data.

  • Examples of annotations include @Deprecated, @Override, @JsonProperty, and @JsonIgnore.

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Q25. Use Multithreading to print 1 to 100 numbers

Ans.

Use multithreading to print 1 to 100 numbers.

  • Create a class that implements Runnable interface

  • Override the run() method to print numbers

  • Create multiple threads and start them

  • Join all threads to ensure all numbers are printed

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Q26. Design a URL shortener.
Ans.

A URL shortener service that generates short URLs for long links.

  • Generate a unique short code for each long URL

  • Store the mapping of short code to long URL in a database

  • Redirect users from short URL to original long URL

  • Consider implementing custom short codes for branding purposes

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Q27. Spring/ Springboot uses

Ans.

Spring/Spring Boot is a popular Java framework for building enterprise applications.

  • Spring is a lightweight framework for building Java applications

  • Spring Boot is an extension of the Spring framework that simplifies the setup and configuration of Spring applications

  • Spring provides features like dependency injection, aspect-oriented programming, and more

  • Spring Boot includes embedded servers like Tomcat, Jetty, etc. for easy deployment

  • Spring Boot also provides auto-configuratio...read more

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Q28. Difference between procedures and functions

Ans.

Procedures do not return a value, while functions return a value.

  • Procedures are used to perform a specific task, while functions are used to calculate and return a value.

  • Functions can be called from within expressions, while procedures cannot.

  • Procedures can have input and output parameters, while functions can only have input parameters.

  • Example: Procedure to print a message vs Function to calculate the square root of a number.

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Q29. explain STLC procedure for test

Ans.

STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) is a systematic process for testing software applications.

  • STLC involves planning, designing, executing, and reporting tests.

  • Phases of STLC include requirement analysis, test planning, test design, test execution, and test closure.

  • Each phase has specific activities and deliverables to ensure thorough testing of the software.

  • STLC helps in identifying defects early in the development cycle, reducing costs and improving software quality.

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Q30. OOPS concepts and usage

Ans.

OOPS concepts are fundamental principles in object-oriented programming that help in organizing and designing code.

  • Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit (class).

  • Inheritance: Allowing a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

  • Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different data types.

  • Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features to the user.

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Q31. explain testing frame work

Ans.

Testing framework is a set of guidelines, tools, and processes used to automate and standardize the testing of software applications.

  • Testing framework provides a structure for organizing test cases and executing them.

  • It includes tools for test automation, such as Selenium for web applications or JUnit for Java.

  • Frameworks like TestNG or PyTest offer features like test parameterization, grouping, and reporting.

  • Frameworks help in maintaining consistency and efficiency in testing...read more

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Q32. explain selenium tech nology

Ans.

Selenium is a popular open-source automation testing tool used for web application testing.

  • Selenium is used for automating web browsers.

  • It supports multiple programming languages like Java, Python, C#, etc.

  • Selenium WebDriver is the most commonly used component for writing automation scripts.

  • Selenium Grid allows for parallel test execution across different browsers and operating systems.

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Q33. Indexing in Sql

Ans.

Indexing in SQL is a technique used to improve the performance of queries by creating indexes on columns in database tables.

  • Indexes are created on columns in database tables to speed up data retrieval.

  • Indexes can be created using CREATE INDEX statement in SQL.

  • Indexes can be unique or non-unique, clustered or non-clustered.

  • Examples: CREATE INDEX idx_lastname ON employees(last_name);

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Q34. Design pattern in C#

Ans.

Design patterns in C# are reusable solutions to common problems in software design.

  • Design patterns help in creating maintainable and scalable code.

  • Examples of design patterns in C# include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Strategy.

  • Each design pattern has its own purpose and implementation details.

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