60+ Ergos Life Sciences Interview Questions and Answers

Determine the minimum number of operations to connect a graph by shifting edges between disconnected vertices.

• Use a disjoint set union (DSU) data structure to keep track of connected components.

• Count the number of connected components in the graph.

• The minimum number of operations required is equal to the number of connected components minus 1.

The problem is to determine whether a given string can be considered a K-Palindrome by removing up to 'k' characters.

• Iterate through the string from both ends and check if characters match, if not increment removal count

• If removal count is less than or equal to k, return True, else return False

• Use dynamic programming to optimize the solution by storing subproblem results

Modify a boolean matrix such that if any element is 1, set its entire row and column to 1.

• Iterate through the matrix to find elements with value 1

• Store the row and column indices of these elements

• Update the entire row and column for each element found to be 1

Implement a function to update an array based on XOR queries.

• Create an empty array to store the elements.

• Iterate through each query and update the array accordingly.

• Use bitwise XOR operation to update the elements.

• Ensure to handle both types of queries - insert and XOR operation.

Find the minimum time required to rot all fresh oranges in a grid.

• Use Breadth First Search (BFS) to simulate the rotting process of oranges.

• Track the time taken to rot all oranges and return -1 if any fresh oranges remain.

• Handle edge cases such as empty grid, no fresh oranges, or no rotten oranges.

• Update the status of adjacent fresh oranges to rotten oranges in each iteration.

Reschedule at most K presentations to maximize gap without overlap.

• Iterate through presentations and calculate the gaps between them

• Sort presentations by end time and reschedule K presentations to maximize gap

• Return the longest gap achieved

Determining the winner of a game where two players take turns to remove stones from a pile based on certain rules.

• Implement a recursive function to simulate the game where each player makes the optimal move.

• Check if the current player can take any stones, if not, the other player wins.

• Return 'Ale' if 'Ale' wins, otherwise return 'Bob'.

Find indices of local minima and maxima in an integer array.

• Iterate through the array and compare each element with its neighbors to find local minima and maxima.

• Consider corner elements separately by comparing with only one neighbor.

• Return the indices of local minima and maxima in a 2-D list.

Rearrange elements in an array based on the K-th bit being 0 or 1.

• Iterate through the array and separate elements based on the K-th bit being 0 or 1.

• Maintain the relative order of elements within each group.

• Combine the two groups to get the final rearranged array.

• Time complexity can be optimized to linear time by using bitwise operations.

• Example: For ARR = {1, 2, 3, 4} and K = 1, output should be {2, 4, 1, 3}.

Given an array and an integer, return all subsets that sum to the given integer.

• Use backtracking to generate all possible subsets of the array.

• Keep track of the current subset and its sum while backtracking.

• If the sum of the subset equals the target sum, add it to the result.

• Recursively explore both including and excluding the current element in the subset.

• Sort the elements in each subset to ensure increasing order of index.

Find the Kth largest element in an array of distinct positive integers.

• Sort the array in non-increasing order

• Return the Kth element from the sorted array

• Handle multiple test cases

Calculate total unique paths from top-left to bottom-right corner of a matrix by moving only right or down.

• Use dynamic programming to solve this problem efficiently.

• Create a 2D array to store the number of unique paths for each cell.

• Initialize the first row and first column with 1 as there is only one way to reach them.

• For each cell, the number of unique paths is the sum of paths from the cell above and the cell to the left.

• Return the value in the bottom-right cell as the tot...read more

The task is to determine the minimum time required for all fresh oranges to become rotten in a grid.

• Create a queue to store the rotten oranges and their time of rotting.

• Iterate through the grid to find the initial rotten oranges and add them to the queue.

• Perform BFS by popping each rotten orange from the queue, rot adjacent fresh oranges, and add them to the queue with updated time.

• Continue until the queue is empty, keeping track of the maximum time taken to rot all oranges.

• I...read more

Find the minimum number of dice throws required to reach the last cell on a 'Snake and Ladder' board.

• Use Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm to find the shortest path on the board.

• Create a mapping of each cell to its corresponding row and column on the board.

• Consider the presence of snakes and ladders while calculating the next possible moves.

• Handle the case where the last cell is unreachable by returning -1.

• Optimize the algorithm by using a queue to keep track of the cells ...read more

To find the k-th node from the end of a linked list, iterate through the list to determine the size, then traverse again to reach the k-th node from the end.

• Iterate through the linked list to determine its size.

• Calculate the position of the k-th node from the end based on the size of the list.

• Traverse the list again to reach the k-th node from the end.

• Return a pointer to the k-th node from the end.

Frauds from driver end in Uber

• Fake GPS location to increase fare

• Accepting a ride and then cancelling it to collect cancellation fee

• Using a stolen or fake identity to become a driver

• Manipulating the surge pricing system

• Taking longer routes to increase fare

• Accepting cash payments and not reporting them to Uber

• Using a fake car registration or insurance

• Claiming false cleaning fees

• Using a different car than the one registered with Uber

• Sharing driver accounts with others

I would like to add a feature that allows users to schedule rides in advance.

• Users can schedule rides for important events or appointments

• Option to choose specific driver or vehicle for scheduled rides

• Notifications for upcoming scheduled rides

• Ability to edit or cancel scheduled rides

Given a 2D matrix with doors and walls, fill distance matrix with minimum distance to the nearest door.

• Iterate through the matrix and find the doors

• Use Breadth-First Search (BFS) to calculate the minimum distance from each cell to the nearest door

• Update the distance matrix with the minimum distances

Designing a system like Uber involves components like user app, driver app, server, database, and algorithms for matching and routing.

• User app for booking rides and tracking

• Driver app for accepting rides and navigation

• Server for handling requests and communication between apps

• Database for storing user, driver, and ride information

• Algorithms for matching riders with drivers and routing

Learn how to add data list and use v-lookup function in Excel

• To add a data list, select the cells where you want to add the list and go to Data tab > Data Validation > Data Validation

• In the Data Validation dialog box, select List in the Allow drop-down list and enter the items in the Source box separated by commas

• To use v-lookup function, select the cell where you want to display the result and enter the formula =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup...read more

An operation executive is responsible for overseeing and managing the day-to-day operations of a company.

• Responsible for ensuring smooth functioning of operations

• Developing and implementing operational policies and procedures

• Managing resources and budgets

• Ensuring compliance with regulations and standards

• Analyzing data and making strategic decisions

• Examples: COO, Operations Manager, Operations Director

Metrics for a newly setup Airtel Customer Care Center

• Average response time for customer queries

• Customer satisfaction score

• Number of resolved complaints per day

• Employee productivity and efficiency

• Call abandonment rate

• First call resolution rate

Performance of customer care executive can be measured through various targets such as response time, customer satisfaction scores, resolution rate, and adherence to company policies.

• Measure response time to customer inquiries or issues to ensure timely assistance.

• Track customer satisfaction scores through surveys or feedback forms to gauge effectiveness of interactions.

• Monitor resolution rate to see how efficiently issues are being resolved by the executive.

• Evaluate adherenc...read more

Find kth smallest element in unordered array with O(1) space

• Use the QuickSelect algorithm to partition the array and find the kth smallest element

• Choose a pivot element and partition the array into two subarrays

• Recursively partition the subarray that contains the kth smallest element

• Repeat until the pivot element is the kth smallest element

• Time complexity: O(n) average case, O(n^2) worst case

Factors influencing SOP efficiency include clarity, relevance, training, monitoring, and feedback.

• Clarity of instructions and steps outlined in the SOP

• Relevance of the SOP to the specific task or process

• Proper training provided to employees on how to follow the SOP

• Regular monitoring of SOP adherence and performance

• Feedback mechanisms in place to gather input for SOP improvement

A dashboard for Uber executives to monitor daily performance, highlight problems, and provide recommendations.

• Include key performance indicators such as number of rides, revenue, and customer satisfaction ratings

• Highlight any issues such as driver shortages or technical glitches

• Provide potential causes for these issues, such as weather or high demand

• Recommendations could include adjusting pricing or increasing driver incentives

• Allow for customization and filtering of data bas...read more

SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them. Window functions perform calculations across a set of table rows that are related to the current row.

• SQL joins are used to retrieve data from multiple tables based on a related column between them (e.g. INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN).

• Window functions are used to perform calculations on a set of rows related to the current row (e.g. ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), LAG(), LEA...read more

I analyze data using statistical methods and software tools to produce accurate results.

• I use statistical software like SPSS, SAS, or R to analyze data

• I clean and preprocess data to ensure accuracy

• I use descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze data

• I visualize data using charts and graphs to identify patterns and trends

• I interpret results and draw conclusions based on the data analysis

• I validate results using hypothesis testing and confidence intervals

Highlight the benefits of using Uber app and its convenience

• Explain how Uber app saves time and effort compared to traditional taxi services

• Mention the safety features of the app such as GPS tracking and driver ratings

• Highlight the affordability of Uber rides compared to other transportation options

• Emphasize the convenience of cashless transactions and the ability to split fares with friends

• Provide examples of positive experiences with Uber from personal or customer reviews

Developing a strategy for managing regular defaulters involves analyzing patterns, setting clear expectations, implementing consequences, and providing support.

• Analyze patterns of defaulters to identify common reasons for non-payment

• Set clear expectations and communicate consequences for repeated defaults

• Implement a system for tracking and following up with defaulters

• Provide support and resources to help defaulters meet their obligations

• Consider offering payment plans or alte...read more

I monitor KPIs through regular data analysis, setting targets, and implementing corrective actions.

• Regularly analyze data to track performance against targets

• Set specific KPI targets for each team member

• Implement corrective actions when KPIs are not met

• Use software tools like Excel, Tableau, or specialized KPI tracking software

• Hold regular team meetings to discuss KPI progress and areas for improvement

Yes, I am proficient in using Google Sheets.

• I am able to create and edit spreadsheets

• I can use formulas and functions to manipulate data

• I am familiar with formatting and organizing data

• I can collaborate with others in real-time using Google Sheets

Cold calling is making unsolicited calls to potential customers, while hot calling is contacting leads who have shown interest.

• Cold calling involves reaching out to people who have not expressed any interest in the product or service being offered.

• Hot calling involves contacting leads who have shown some level of interest, such as filling out a form or requesting more information.

• Cold calling is often used as a way to generate new leads, while hot calling is used to follow up...read more

Print nodes of n-ary tree in arc wise manner from outside

• Traverse the tree level by level from outside to inside

• Use a queue to keep track of nodes at each level

• Print the nodes at each level in a clockwise or anticlockwise manner

Yes, Google Sheet is a cloud-based spreadsheet program offered by Google.

• Google Sheet is similar to Microsoft Excel but is accessible online.

• It allows multiple users to collaborate on a single document in real-time.

• It offers various features such as data validation, conditional formatting, and chart creation.

• It can be integrated with other Google services such as Google Forms and Google Drive.

• It can also be used for data analysis and visualization.

• Example: Google Sheet can be...read more

No, I believe in standing up against bullying and supporting those who are being bullied.

• I do not support bullying in any form and believe in treating others with respect and kindness.

• I would try to intervene and help the person being bullied, either by talking to the bully or seeking help from a teacher or supervisor.

• I believe in creating a positive and inclusive environment where everyone feels safe and respected.

Creating a Google Form is easy and can be done in a few simple steps.

• Log in to your Google account and go to Google Forms

• Click on the plus sign to create a new form

• Add questions and customize the form as per your requirements

• Preview the form and make necessary changes

• Share the form with others via email or a link

Index and Match are functions in Excel used to lookup values in a table based on specific criteria.

• Index function returns the value of a cell in a table based on the row and column number provided.

• Match function returns the position of a value in a range.

• Index and Match functions are often used together to perform more flexible lookups than VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP.

• Example: =INDEX(A1:D10, MATCH(123, B1:B10, 0), 3) will return the value in the 3rd column of the row where 123 is foun...read more

Vlookup and Hlookup are functions in Excel used to search for a value in a table and return a corresponding value.

• Vlookup stands for vertical lookup and is used to search for a value in the first column of a table and return a value in the same row from a specified column.

• Hlookup stands for horizontal lookup and is used to search for a value in the first row of a table and return a value in the same column from a specified row.

• Both functions are commonly used in Excel for dat...read more

Row level filters are applied before aggregations, while aggregate filters are applied after aggregations.

• Row level filters are used to filter individual rows of data before any aggregations are performed.

• Aggregate filters are used to filter the aggregated results after the data has been grouped and summarized.

• Row level filters are typically applied using WHERE clause in SQL, while aggregate filters are applied using HAVING clause.

• Example: WHERE age > 18 (row level filter), H...read more

SDE 1 is an entry-level position where candidates gain foundational skills before advancing to SDE 2.

• SDE 1 focuses on learning and building foundational skills in software development.

• SDE 2 requires more experience and expertise in software development.

• Advancing from SDE 1 to SDE 2 is a common career progression in tech companies.

• SDE 1 roles often involve working on smaller projects or components of larger projects.

• SDE 2 roles typically involve leading larger projects or team...read more

WHERE is used to filter rows before grouping, HAVING is used to filter groups after grouping.

• WHERE is used with SELECT statement to filter rows based on a condition

• HAVING is used with GROUP BY statement to filter groups based on a condition

• WHERE is applied before data is grouped, HAVING is applied after data is grouped

• Example: SELECT * FROM table WHERE column = 'value'

• Example: SELECT column, COUNT(*) FROM table GROUP BY column HAVING COUNT(*) > 1

There are several types of operations, including manufacturing, service, financial, marketing, and human resources.

• Manufacturing operations involve the production of goods.

• Service operations involve providing services to customers.

• Financial operations involve managing financial resources.

• Marketing operations involve promoting and selling products or services.

• Human resources operations involve managing employees.

Use SQL with joins to find user with highest restaurant order

• Use JOIN to connect user table with order table

• Group by user and sum the order amounts

• Order by sum in descending order and limit to 1 result

To reduce contact rate, implement self-service options, improve website FAQs, and provide proactive communication.

• Implement self-service options such as chatbots or automated phone systems

• Improve website FAQs to address common customer inquiries

• Provide proactive communication through email or text alerts

Vlookup is a function in Excel used to search for a value in a table and return a corresponding value.

• Use the formula =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

• lookup_value is the value to search for in the first column of the table

• table_array is the range of cells that contains the data

• col_index_num is the column number in the table from which to retrieve the data

• range_lookup is optional and can be TRUE (approximate match) or FALSE (exact match)

The technical part refers to the specific skills, knowledge, and expertise required for a particular job or task.

• Includes understanding of relevant laws, regulations, and policies

• Involves proficiency in HR software and systems

• Requires knowledge of employee relations best practices

• May involve conducting investigations and resolving conflicts

• Includes analyzing data and trends to inform decision-making

The total number of cities cannot be counted without specific data or context.

• The total number of cities can vary depending on the country, region, or dataset being considered.

• One would need a list of cities or a specific area of focus to accurately count the total number of cities.

• For example, the total number of cities in the United States is different from the total number of cities in India.

Vlookup and Hlookup are Excel functions used to search for a specific value in a table and return a corresponding value.

• Vlookup searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a value in the same row from a specified column.

• Hlookup searches for a value in the first row of a table and returns a value in the same column from a specified row.

• Both functions are useful for quickly finding data in large tables.

• Example: Vlookup can be used to find the price of a prod...read more

Answering SQL queries in an interview for Data Analyst Intern position

• Understand the database schema and tables involved

• Use SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY clauses

• Practice writing queries for common data analysis tasks like filtering, aggregating, and joining tables

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, often involving tools and systems to improve efficiency and solve problems.

• Technology encompasses a wide range of tools, systems, and processes designed to improve efficiency and solve problems.

• It involves the application of scientific knowledge to practical purposes.

• Examples of technology include computers, smartphones, software, and machinery.

• Technology is constantly evolving and advancing to meet...read more

AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, while deep learning is a subset of AI that uses neural networks to learn from data.

• AI involves machines performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.

• Deep learning is a subset of AI that uses neural networks with many layers to learn from large amounts of data.

• Examples of AI applications include virtual assist...read more

Our company is a leading provider of logistics solutions with a focus on efficiency and customer satisfaction.

• Founded in 2005

• Headquartered in New York City

• Specializes in supply chain management and transportation services

• Clients include Fortune 500 companies such as Amazon and Walmart

Design a secure and efficient payment system for credit cards

• Implement tokenization to securely store credit card information

• Use encryption to protect sensitive data during transactions

• Integrate with payment gateways like Stripe or PayPal for processing payments

• Implement fraud detection algorithms to prevent unauthorized transactions

Tasks in a class using JavaScript involve defining properties and methods for objects.

• Define properties using 'this' keyword

• Create methods within the class using 'function'

• Access properties and methods using dot notation

Netflix architecture is a scalable microservices-based system with a focus on high availability and performance.

• Use microservices architecture to break down the system into smaller, independent services

• Implement a content delivery network (CDN) for efficient content distribution

• Utilize cloud services like AWS for scalability and reliability

• Implement a recommendation engine for personalized content suggestions

• Use a distributed database like Cassandra for storing user data and ...read more

Changes on graph structure involve adding, removing, or modifying nodes and edges.

• Adding a new node to the graph

• Removing an existing node from the graph

• Modifying the weight of an edge in the graph

Design a data structure for LRU cache with get and put operations, evicting least recently used item when capacity is reached.

• Implement a doubly linked list to keep track of the order of keys based on their usage

• Use a hashmap to store key-value pairs for quick access

• Update the linked list and hashmap accordingly when get or put operations are performed