100+ Periyar Maniammai University Interview Questions and Answers

Normal range of sodium in blood is 135-145 mEq/L.

• Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance in the body.

• Abnormal levels can indicate dehydration, kidney problems, or hormonal imbalances.

• Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms like headache, nausea, and confusion.

• High sodium levels (hypernatremia) can cause symptoms like thirst, dry mouth, and muscle weakness.

Hypotension is low blood pressure. Normal range is 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg.

• Hypotension is when the blood pressure is lower than normal

• Symptoms include dizziness, fainting, and fatigue

• Causes include dehydration, medication side effects, and heart problems

• Normal range is 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg

Heart block is a condition where the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are delayed or blocked.

• There are three types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree

• First-degree heart block is the mildest form and usually does not require treatment

• Second-degree heart block can cause symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and chest pain

• Third-degree heart block is the most severe form and can be life-threatening, requiring immediate medical attention

Proteinuria is the presence of excess protein in the urine, indicating potential kidney damage or dysfunction.

• Proteinuria is a condition where abnormal amounts of protein are found in the urine.

• It is often a sign of kidney disease or damage.

• Proteinuria can be detected through a urine test called a urinalysis.

• Common causes of proteinuria include diabetes, high blood pressure, and kidney infections.

• Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may involve medica...read more

The normal range of pH in the body is 7.35-7.45 and the normal oxygen level is 95-100%.

• Normal pH range in the body is 7.35-7.45

• Normal oxygen level is 95-100%

• pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

• Oxygen level is measured using pulse oximetry

• Abnormal pH or oxygen levels can indicate health issues

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique used in emergencies to manually maintain blood circulation and oxygenation.

• CPR is performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are not breathing.

• It involves chest compressions to pump blood and rescue breaths to provide oxygen.

• CPR can be performed by trained healthcare professionals or bystanders until advanced medical help arrives.

• The American Heart Association recommends performing CPR with a rati...read more

MI stands for Myocardial Infarction, which is a medical emergency caused by the blockage of blood flow to the heart.

• MI is also known as a heart attack.

• It occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, usually by a blood clot.

• Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating.

• Immediate medical attention is required to prevent further damage to the heart.

• Treatment may include medications, procedures to open blocked arteries, and lifestyle changes to p...read more

SGPT stands for Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase and SGOT stands for Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase.

• SGPT and SGOT are liver enzymes that are measured in blood tests.

• They are used to assess liver function and diagnose liver diseases.

• Elevated levels of SGPT and SGOT may indicate liver damage or disease.

• Common causes of elevated levels include hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and certain medications.

• Monitoring SGPT and SGOT levels can help in the management and treatment of...read more

Normal platelet level ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood.

• Normal platelet count is essential for blood clotting.

• Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) can lead to excessive bleeding.

• High platelet count (thrombocytosis) can increase the risk of blood clots.

• Platelet levels can vary depending on age, gender, and health conditions.

• Normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood.

Maintaining quality in lab is crucial for accurate results and patient safety.

• Regular calibration and maintenance of equipment

• Strict adherence to standard operating procedures

• Proper training and supervision of lab personnel

• Regular quality control checks and participation in proficiency testing programs

• Maintaining a clean and organized work environment

• Documenting all procedures and results accurately

• Continuous improvement through ongoing education and staying up-to-date with i...read more

Nursing involves providing care and support to individuals to promote health and well-being. Normal ranges for sodium, potassium, and calcium are essential for maintaining bodily functions.

• Nursing is a profession focused on caring for individuals to promote health and well-being.

• Normal range for sodium in blood is 135-145 mEq/L.

• Normal range for potassium in blood is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.

• Normal range for calcium in blood is 8.5-10.5 mg/dL.

• Maintaining these electrolyte levels is cruci...read more

Bradycardia is a slow heart rate and tachycardia is a fast heart rate.

• Bradycardia is when the heart beats less than 60 times per minute.

• Tachycardia is when the heart beats more than 100 times per minute.

• Both can be caused by various factors such as heart disease, medication, or stress.

• Bradycardia can cause dizziness, fatigue, and fainting while tachycardia can cause palpitations, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

• Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include med...read more

Labour is the process of childbirth, where the uterus contracts and the cervix dilates to allow the baby to be born.

• Labour is the final stage of pregnancy

• It involves the uterus contracting to push the baby out

• The cervix dilates to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal

• Labour can be divided into three stages: early, active, and transitional

• Pain relief options are available to help manage the discomfort of labour

The number of visits during pregnancy varies depending on the individual's health and any complications that may arise.

• The number of visits can range from 8 to 14 on average.

• In a low-risk pregnancy, a woman may have around 8 to 10 prenatal visits.

• If there are any complications or high-risk factors, the number of visits may increase to 12 to 14 or more.

• During each visit, the healthcare provider will monitor the mother's health, check the baby's growth and development, perform ...read more

Different drugs have different storage temperature requirements.

• Some drugs need to be stored at room temperature (around 20-25°C)

• Others need to be refrigerated (2-8°C)

• Some require freezing (-20°C or lower)

• Certain drugs may have specific storage requirements, such as protection from light or humidity

• It is important to follow the storage instructions on the drug label or packaging

• Examples: Insulin should be refrigerated, while nitroglycerin tablets should be stored at room temp...read more

Hemoglobin level is the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, which carries oxygen to the body's tissues.

• Hemoglobin level is measured through a blood test

• Normal range for men is 13.5-17.5 g/dL and for women is 12.0-15.5 g/dL

• Low hemoglobin levels can indicate anemia or other health conditions

The full form of Latin term od BD, OD & TDS are Once a day, Twice a day, and Three times a day respectively.

• OD - Once a day

• BD - Twice a day

• TDS - Three times a day

Hyperglycemia is a condition where there is an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.

• Hyperglycemia is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus.

• Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, frequent urination, and blurred vision.

• If left untreated, hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis.

• Treatment for hyperglycemia involves managing blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication.

Normal blood sugar levels range from 70-99 mg/dL when fasting and up to 140 mg/dL after eating.

• Fasting blood sugar levels should be between 70-99 mg/dL

• Postprandial (after eating) blood sugar levels should be below 140 mg/dL

• Blood sugar levels can vary depending on age, health, and other factors

• High blood sugar levels can indicate diabetes or other health issues

The range of hypertension is typically defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher.

• Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure.

• It is a common condition that can lead to serious health problems if left untreated.

• The range of hypertension is typically defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher.

• There are different stages of hypertensi...read more

Heart attack is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.

• Heart attack is also known as myocardial infarction.

• It is usually caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply blood to the heart.

• Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating.

• Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage to the heart.

• Treatment may include medications, procedures to open blocked ...read more

There are several tools available for remote desktop support.

• Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)

• Virtual Network Computing (VNC)

• TeamViewer

• LogMeIn

• Windows Remote Assistance

• Bomgar

• GoToMyPC

There are three stages of labour: the first stage, the second stage, and the third stage.

• First stage: onset of labour to full cervical dilation

• Second stage: full cervical dilation to delivery of baby

• Third stage: delivery of baby to delivery of placenta

• Examples: contractions, pushing, delivery of baby, delivery of placenta

Hyperkalemia is a condition where there is an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood.

• Hyperkalemia can cause muscle weakness, heart palpitations, and even cardiac arrest.

• It can be caused by kidney disease, certain medications, or excessive intake of potassium-rich foods.

• Treatment may include medications to lower potassium levels, dialysis, or dietary changes.

• Regular monitoring of potassium levels is important for those at risk of hyperkalemia.

Preventing spread of infection is crucial in healthcare. Here are some ways to do it.

• Wash hands frequently and properly

• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks, and gowns

• Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing

• Avoid close contact with infected individuals

• Clean and disinfect surfaces regularly

• Follow proper waste disposal procedures

• Stay up-to-date with vaccinations

• Educate patients and visitors on infection prevention measures

Glasgow Coma Scale is a neurological scale used to assess the level of consciousness of a patient.

• It measures the patient's response in three areas: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

• The scores range from 3 to 15, with 3 being the worst possible score and 15 being the best.

• It is commonly used in emergency medicine to assess the severity of brain injury.

• For example, a patient who is fully alert and responsive would score a 15, while a patient who is in a deep co...read more

Assessing a patient involves gathering information about their current condition and medical history.

• Start by introducing yourself and explaining the purpose of the assessment

• Observe the patient's physical appearance and behavior

• Take vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature

• Ask the patient about their symptoms and medical history

• Perform a physical examination of the patient's body

• Use diagnostic tests such as blood tests or imaging scans if necessary

• Docum...read more

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

• It is characterized by persistent vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances.

• It can lead to complications such as malnutrition, kidney failure, and liver damage.

• Treatment may include IV fluids, anti-nausea medications, and nutritional support.

• Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge, famously suffered from hyperemesis gravidarum during her pregnancies.

A patient care coordinator is a healthcare professional who helps patients navigate the healthcare system and coordinates their care.

• Patient care coordinators help patients understand their medical conditions and treatment options

• They assist patients in scheduling appointments and coordinating care between different healthcare providers

• They may also provide emotional support and resources for patients and their families

• Examples of patient care coordinators include nurses, soc...read more

Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its properties, composition, and interactions.

• Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure, properties, and behavior of substances.

• It involves studying the composition, properties, and reactions of matter.

• Chemistry is used to understand and explain the behavior of atoms and molecules.

• It plays a crucial role in various fields such as medicine, pharmacy, environmental science, and materials science.

• Examples of chemi...read more

RIHI RISK MEDICINE NAME is not a recognizable term in the medical field.

• RIHI RISK MEDICINE NAME does not correspond to any known medicine.

• It is possible that RIHI RISK MEDICINE NAME is a misspelling or an incorrect term.

• Without further information, it is not possible to provide a specific answer.

Narcotic medicines should be securely stored, tracked, and dispensed by authorized personnel only.

• Store narcotic medicines in a secure location with limited access

• Keep accurate records of all narcotic medicines received, dispensed, and wasted

• Only authorized personnel should handle and dispense narcotic medicines

• Regularly audit narcotic medicine inventory to prevent theft or misuse

Blood transfusion is important for patients who have lost blood due to injury or surgery, or have a medical condition that affects their blood.

• Blood transfusion helps to replace lost blood and increase oxygen levels in the body

• It can be life-saving for patients who have experienced significant blood loss

• Blood transfusion can also help to treat certain medical conditions such as anemia or blood disorders

• It is important to ensure that the blood being transfused is compatible wi...read more

Basic life support (BLS) is a level of medical care which is used for victims of life-threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital.

• BLS includes techniques like CPR, AED use, and controlling bleeding.

• It is typically provided by trained healthcare professionals or bystanders in emergency situations.

• The goal of BLS is to maintain circulation and breathing until advanced medical help arrives.

• BLS training is often required for healthcar...read more

The antidote of cyanide is hydroxocobalamin.

• Hydroxocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12.

• It works by binding to cyanide to form a non-toxic compound that can be excreted in urine.

• Other antidotes for cyanide include sodium thiosulfate and amyl nitrite.

• Cyanide poisoning can be caused by smoke inhalation, ingestion of certain plants, or industrial exposure.

• Symptoms of cyanide poisoning include headache, confusion, seizures, and respiratory distress.

Postoperative care involves monitoring the patient's vital signs, managing pain, preventing complications, and promoting healing.

• Monitor vital signs regularly to detect any signs of complications

• Manage pain effectively through medication and other comfort measures

• Prevent complications such as infections by maintaining proper wound care

• Promote healing through proper nutrition, hydration, and mobility

• Educate the patient and family on postoperative care instructions and signs of...read more

DCT test stands for Direct Coombs Test.

• DCT test is a blood test used to detect antibodies that can cause destruction of red blood cells.

• It is commonly performed to diagnose and monitor autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

• The test involves mixing the patient's red blood cells with antibodies to see if they clump together.

• Positive results indicate the presence of antibodies on the surface of red blood cells.

• Negative results suggest the absence of antibodies.

Emergency drugs are medications used in critical situations to stabilize patients and prevent further harm.

• Emergency drugs are administered in emergency departments, intensive care units, and during resuscitation.

• Examples of emergency drugs include epinephrine, atropine, naloxone, and adenosine.

• These drugs are used to treat conditions such as cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, opioid overdose, and arrhythmias.

• Emergency drugs are often administered intravenously for rapid effect.

• The...read more

The normal range of blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.

• Normal blood pH is slightly alkaline

• Values below 7.35 indicate acidosis

• Values above 7.45 indicate alkalosis

The order of draw refers to the sequence in which different tubes are filled during blood collection.

• The order of draw is important to prevent cross-contamination and ensure accurate test results.

• Different tubes are used for different tests, and they need to be filled in a specific order.

• Common order of draw includes blood culture tubes, coagulation tubes, serum tubes, and plasma tubes.

• For example, blood culture tubes are always drawn first to minimize the risk of contaminati...read more

The normal range of pulmonary hypertension is 15-25 mmHg.

• Normal pulmonary artery pressure is 15-25 mmHg at rest

• Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest

• Elevated pulmonary artery pressure can be caused by various conditions such as heart and lung diseases

• Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension requires further evaluation and testing

The normal range of hypertension is systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. The normal range of hypotension is systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg.

• Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure, with systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg.

• Hypotension is defined as low blood pressure, with systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg and diastolic blood p...read more

Schedule H drugs are prescription drugs which are required to be sold by prescription only.

• Schedule H drugs are drugs which have a higher potential for abuse and addiction.

• These drugs are considered to be more dangerous and have stricter regulations for their sale and distribution.

• Examples of Schedule H drugs include opioids like morphine and codeine, as well as certain stimulants and sedatives.

A boxer's fracture is located in the metacarpal bone of the hand.

• A boxer's fracture typically occurs in the 4th or 5th metacarpal bone of the hand.

• It is often caused by a direct blow to a clenched fist, commonly seen in boxing or fighting sports.

• Symptoms include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected finger.

• Treatment may involve immobilization, pain management, and physical therapy.

Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.

• Calcium channel blockers work by blocking the entry of calcium into the smooth muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, which reduces their contractility and relaxes them.

• Examples of calcium channel blockers include amlodipine, diltiazem, and verapamil.

• They are commonly used to treat hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.

• Side effects may include dizziness, headache, and flush...read more

The full name of ET tube is Endotracheal tube.

• ET tube stands for Endotracheal tube.

• It is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose to maintain an open airway and facilitate mechanical ventilation.

• It is commonly used in emergency medicine, anesthesia, and critical care.

• Examples of ET tubes include cuffed and uncuffed tubes, oral and nasal tubes, and different sizes for adults and children.

Dispensing accurate medication requires attention to detail, proper verification processes, and adherence to guidelines.

• Double check medication orders against patient records

• Verify medication dosage and instructions with prescribing physician

• Follow proper dispensing procedures and labeling guidelines

• Utilize technology such as barcode scanning to reduce errors

• Educate patients on proper medication use and potential side effects

Suction pressure is the negative pressure created by a suction device to remove fluid or debris from a body cavity or wound.

• Sucction pressure is the force that pulls fluid or debris from a body cavity or wound.

• It is measured in negative pressure units such as mmHg.

• Suction pressure is commonly used in medical procedures such as suctioning tracheostomy tubes or draining wounds.

• The amount of suction pressure used depends on the type of procedure and the patient's condition.

Component separation types of blood bags include single, double, and triple bags.

• Single bags are used for collecting whole blood or packed red blood cells.

• Double bags are used for separating plasma from red blood cells.

• Triple bags are used for separating plasma, platelets, and red blood cells.

Temperature in the pharmacy must be maintained within a specific range to ensure the stability of medications.

• Temperature should be controlled and monitored regularly to prevent any fluctuations.

• Ideal temperature range for most medications is between 68-77 degrees Fahrenheit (20-25 degrees Celsius).

• Refrigerated medications should be stored at a temperature between 36-46 degrees Fahrenheit (2-8 degrees Celsius).

• Extreme temperatures can degrade medications and reduce their effe...read more

There are typically 20 drops in 1 mL of liquid medication.

• There are variations depending on the viscosity of the liquid and the dropper size.

• It is important to follow the instructions provided by the pharmacist or healthcare provider.

• For example, a medication may require 10 drops for a 0.5 mL dose.

Selling insurance in pandemic requires adapting to new ways of communication and emphasizing the importance of coverage.

• Use virtual communication tools to connect with clients

• Highlight the benefits of having insurance during a health crisis

• Offer flexible payment options to accommodate financial difficulties

• Provide clear and concise information about coverage options

• Address concerns about COVID-19 related coverage

• Emphasize the importance of preventive care and wellness

• Stay up-...read more

Regular antenatal visits are recommended during pregnancy.

• Antenatal visits are important to monitor the health of the mother and baby

• The number of visits may vary depending on the pregnancy and any complications

• Typically, visits occur once a month until 28 weeks, then every two weeks until 36 weeks, and then weekly until delivery

• During visits, healthcare providers may check blood pressure, weight, fetal heart rate, and perform ultrasounds

• Visits also provide an opportunity for...read more

DTA/DTL are accounting entries for deferred tax assets and liabilities. DTL is booked when tax expenses exceed accounting expenses.

• DTA/DTL are accounting entries for deferred tax assets and liabilities

• DTA is booked when accounting expenses exceed tax expenses

• DTL is booked when tax expenses exceed accounting expenses

• DTA/DTL arise due to timing differences between tax and accounting recognition of income and expenses

• DTA/DTL impact a company's financial statements and tax return...read more

Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli while nephrotic syndrome is characterized by excessive protein loss in urine.

• Nephritic syndrome is caused by immune system disorders, infections, or genetic factors.

• Nephrotic syndrome is caused by damage to the glomeruli, which can be due to diabetes, lupus, or certain medications.

• Nephritic syndrome presents with symptoms such as blood in urine, high blood pressure, and swelling.

• Nephrotic syndrome presents w...read more

The four stages of labor are dilation, pushing, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta.

• Stage 1: Dilation - the cervix opens and thins out to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.

• Stage 2: Pushing - the baby moves down the birth canal and is delivered.

• Stage 3: Delivery of the baby - the baby is born.

• Stage 4: Delivery of the placenta - the placenta is expelled from the uterus.

Blood is a vital fluid in the human body that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

• Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

• Red blood cells transport oxygen to the body's tissues.

• White blood cells help fight infections and diseases.

• Platelets aid in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

• Plasma is a yellowish fluid that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

• Blood types (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factor (positiv...read more

CRP stands for C-reactive protein.

• CRP is a substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation.

• It is commonly measured in blood tests to assess inflammation levels in the body.

• Elevated CRP levels can indicate various conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.

Plebitis is inflammation of a vein, often caused by a blood clot. Normal peuperium refers to the postpartum period after childbirth.

• Plebitis is inflammation of a vein, usually due to a blood clot

• Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area

• Treatment may involve medications to dissolve the clot and reduce inflammation

• Normal peuperium is the postpartum period following childbirth, typically lasting 6 weeks

• During normal peuperium, the body undergo...read more

HR operations refer to the day-to-day administrative tasks and processes that HR professionals perform to manage employees.

• Recruiting and hiring

• Onboarding and orientation

• Payroll and benefits administration

• Performance management

• Employee relations and communication

• Compliance with labor laws and regulations

The normal range of sodium in the body is typically between 135-145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

• Normal range of sodium in the body is between 135-145 mEq/L

• Sodium levels outside this range may indicate an imbalance or medical condition

• Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms like nausea, headache, and confusion

• High sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as thirst, dry mouth, and muscle twitching

The normal weight of a postnatal baby varies depending on various factors.

• The average weight of a full-term newborn is around 7 pounds (3.2 kg).

• Premature babies may weigh less than 5 pounds (2.3 kg).

• Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes may weigh more than 9 pounds (4.1 kg).

• Factors like genetics, maternal health, and nutrition during pregnancy can also affect the baby's weight.

• Doctors monitor the baby's weight gain in the first few weeks after birth to ensure healt...read more

Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing inflammation and stiffness.

• Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints.

• It can also involve other joints and organs in the body.

• Symptoms include back pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, which typically worsen over time.

• Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical examination, imaging tests, and blood tests for specific markers ...read more

WBC stands for white blood cells, which are a crucial part of the immune system.

• WBCs are a type of blood cell that help the body fight off infections and diseases.

• They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream.

• WBC count is an important indicator of overall health and can be measured through a blood test.

• Abnormal WBC count can indicate various medical conditions, such as infections, leukemia, or autoimmune disorders.

Key performance areas include leadership, strategic planning, team management, financial management, and project execution.

• Leadership: Ability to inspire and motivate teams towards achieving goals.

• Strategic planning: Developing long-term plans to drive business growth.

• Team management: Ensuring effective collaboration and communication within the team.

• Financial management: Budgeting, forecasting, and monitoring financial performance.

• Project execution: Successfully delivering p...read more

Formulas used in Excel

• Excel has a wide range of formulas for various calculations

• Common formulas include SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT

• Formulas can be used for mathematical operations, logical functions, text manipulation, etc.

• Examples: =SUM(A1:A10), =IF(B1>10, "Yes", "No"), =CONCATENATE(A1, " ", B1)

Pharmacists play a crucial role in ensuring safe and effective medication use in healthcare settings.

• Dispensing medications accurately

• Counseling patients on proper medication use

• Monitoring for drug interactions and adverse effects

• Collaborating with healthcare providers to optimize medication therapy

• Ensuring compliance with regulations and guidelines

Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatine. It is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine.

• Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles

• It is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys

• High levels of creatinine in the blood may indicate kidney dysfunction

• Normal creatinine levels vary depending on age, sex, and muscle mass

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

• Hemoglobin is measured in grams per deciliter (g/dL) of blood.

• Normal hemoglobin levels are typically between 12-16 g/dL for women and 14-18 g/dL for men.

• Low hemoglobin levels may indicate anemia, while high levels could be a sign of dehydration or other conditions.

• Hemoglobin levels can be affected by factors such as age, gender, altitude, and medical conditions.

• Hemoglobin plays a crucial role i...read more

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.

• Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis.

• It typically affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine.

• Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion.

• Risk factors include aging, obesity, joint injury, and genetics.

• Treatment may include physical therapy, medications, and in severe cases, surgery.

Pneumonia is caused by various bacteria, viruses, and fungi that infect the lungs.

• Bacterial pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Legionella pneumophila.

• Viral pneumonia is caused by influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus.

• Fungal pneumonia is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Pneumocystis jirovecii.

• Aspiration pneumonia is caused by inhaling food, drink, or vomit into the lungs.

• Pneumo...read more

Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a therapeutic effect.

• Pharmacology involves studying the effects of drugs on the body, including their mechanisms of action, side effects, and interactions.

• It also includes the study of drug development, drug delivery systems, and drug metabolism.

• Pharmacology is essential for understanding how medications work and for ensuring their safe and effective use in patients.

Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal drugs derived from natural sources, such as plants, animals, and minerals.

• Pharmacognosy involves the identification, isolation, and extraction of active compounds from natural sources.

• It also includes the study of traditional medicinal practices and the development of new drugs based on natural products.

• Examples of pharmacognosy include the use of plant extracts like ginseng for energy and turmeric for anti-inflammatory purposes.

Jurisprudence is the study of law and legal principles.

• Jurisprudence involves the study of legal systems, theories, and principles.

• It examines how laws are created, interpreted, and enforced.

• Pharmacists need to have knowledge of jurisprudence to understand regulations and laws related to pharmacy practice.

Scheduled H drugs are prescription medications with high potential for abuse and addiction.

• Scheduled H drugs are classified under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act in India.

• These drugs require a prescription from a registered medical practitioner.

• Examples of Scheduled H drugs include morphine, methadone, and fentanyl.

A prescription is a written order from a healthcare provider to a pharmacist for a specific medication to be dispensed to a patient.

• Prescriptions must include the patient's name, medication name, dosage, frequency, and instructions for use.

• Prescriptions are legally required for certain medications, such as controlled substances.

• Prescriptions can only be written by licensed healthcare providers, such as doctors, nurse practitioners, or physician assistants.

Manpower planning refers to the process of forecasting an organization's future demand for employees and ensuring that the right people with the right skills are in the right place at the right time.

• Forecasting future workforce needs based on business goals and objectives

• Identifying gaps in current workforce skills and competencies

• Developing strategies to recruit, train, and retain employees to meet future needs

• Aligning workforce planning with overall business strategy

• Monitor...read more

To improve contribution margin, focus on increasing revenue and reducing variable costs.

• Increase prices or sales volume

• Reduce direct material or labor costs

• Improve production efficiency

• Eliminate unprofitable products or services

• Implement cost-saving measures

• Negotiate better supplier contracts

COPD NCP stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Nursing Care Plan.

• COPD NCP is a plan developed by nurses to manage and treat patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

• It includes interventions such as smoking cessation education, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

• Goals of COPD NCP may include improving respiratory function, reducing exacerbations, and enhancing quality of life.

Tendinitis is the inflammation or irritation of a tendon, commonly caused by overuse or injury.

• Tendinitis is a condition where a tendon becomes inflamed, causing pain and tenderness near a joint.

• Common causes include repetitive movements, injury, or aging.

• Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected joint.

• Treatment may involve rest, ice, physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery.

• Examples of tendinitis include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, and A...read more

Dislocation is a joint injury where the ends of your bones are forced from their normal positions.

• Dislocation occurs when a bone is forced out of its socket at a joint.

• Commonly affected joints include shoulders, fingers, elbows, hips, and knees.

• Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, and inability to move the joint.

• Treatment involves reducing the dislocation, immobilizing the joint, and rehabilitation exercises.

• Complications can include nerve or blood vessel damage, and recur...read more

Contraindications of Total Hip Replacement (THR)

• Active infection in the joint

• Severe osteoporosis

• Neurological disorders affecting the operated limb

• Uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension

• Morbid obesity

• Poor general health

• Allergy to implant materials

• Inability to follow post-operative precautions

• Advanced age with limited life expectancy

Order of draw refers to the sequence in which different blood collection tubes should be filled during venipuncture to prevent cross-contamination.

• The order of draw is important to ensure accurate test results and prevent contamination.

• Common order of draw is: blood culture tubes, coagulation tubes, serum tubes, heparin tubes, EDTA tubes, and other additive tubes.

• Following the correct order helps prevent additives from one tube affecting the results of another.

• It is essential...read more

Bleeding time is a medical test that measures how quickly blood clots to stop bleeding.

• Bleeding time is a test to evaluate platelet function and clotting ability.

• It involves making a small incision on the skin and measuring the time it takes for bleeding to stop.

• Normal bleeding time ranges from 2 to 9 minutes.

• Abnormal bleeding time may indicate a bleeding disorder or platelet dysfunction.

A strain is a stretch or tear in a muscle or tendon.

• A strain can occur from overuse, improper lifting techniques, or sudden movements.

• Symptoms of a strain include pain, swelling, and limited range of motion.

• Treatment for a strain may include rest, ice, compression, and physical therapy.

• Examples of strains include a pulled hamstring from running or a strained back from lifting heavy objects.

TDS stands for Tax Deducted at Source. It is a system where tax is deducted at the time of payment.

• TDS is deducted by the payer and deposited with the government on behalf of the payee.

• It is applicable on various incomes such as salaries, interest on securities, commission, etc.

• TDS rates vary based on the type of payment and the payee's status.

• TDS returns need to be filed quarterly by the deductor with details of TDS deducted and deposited.

• Example: If a company pays a contrac...read more

Modes of ventilator include volume control, pressure control, and spontaneous modes.

• Volume control mode delivers a set tidal volume with each breath

• Pressure control mode delivers a set pressure with each breath

• Spontaneous mode allows the patient to initiate and control their own breaths

• Other modes include pressure support, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)

Reduce material cost by optimizing procurement, minimizing waste, and improving production efficiency.

• Analyze procurement process to identify cost-saving opportunities

• Negotiate with suppliers for better pricing and terms

• Implement lean manufacturing principles to minimize waste

• Improve production efficiency through automation and process optimization

• Explore alternative materials or suppliers

• Reduce product complexity to simplify production and reduce material usage

ECMO stands for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a life support technique that provides cardiac and respiratory support to patients.

• ECMO is a technique used for patients with severe heart or lung problems who are unable to get enough oxygen from their blood.

• It involves removing blood from the body, oxygenating it outside the body, and then returning it to the patient's circulation.

• ECMO is often used in cases of severe respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, or during cardiac...read more

I have always been passionate about helping others improve their physical well-being and quality of life through movement and exercise.

• I have a strong interest in anatomy and physiology, and enjoy learning about how the body functions.

• I find fulfillment in working closely with patients to create personalized treatment plans and seeing their progress over time.

• I am motivated by the opportunity to make a positive impact on people's lives by helping them recover from injuries or...read more

GST stands for Goods and Services Tax, a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.

• GST is a consumption tax that is ultimately borne by the end consumer.

• It is a single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer.

• GST returns are filed online through the GST portal, detailing the sales, purchases, and tax paid by a business.

• There are different types of GST returns such as GSTR-1 for outward supplies,...read more

PIVD stands for Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc, a condition where the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing.

• PIVD is commonly known as a slipped disc or herniated disc.

• Symptoms may include pain, numbness, or weakness in the affected area.

• Treatment options include physical therapy, medication, and in severe cases, surgery.

• MRI or CT scans are often used to diagnose PIVD.