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I was interviewed before Feb 2016.
A circular linked list is a linked list where the last node points back to the first node, forming a loop.
Create a Node class with data and next pointer
Initialize the head and tail pointers to null
When adding a node, if the list is empty, set head and tail to the new node
If the list is not empty, set the next pointer of the tail to the new node and update the tail
To traverse the circular linked list, start from the hea...
To create a singleton class in a multi-threaded environment, we can use double-checked locking or synchronized block.
Use double-checked locking to minimize the use of synchronization and improve performance.
In double-checked locking, check if the instance is null, then synchronize the block and create the instance.
Use volatile keyword to ensure visibility of the instance across threads.
Alternatively, use synchronized b...
The wait method in the Object class is used for inter-thread communication and synchronization.
wait() is used to make a thread wait until another thread notifies it.
It is used in multi-threaded applications to coordinate the execution of threads.
wait() releases the lock held by the current thread, allowing other threads to acquire it.
It is typically used in conjunction with notify() and notifyAll() methods.
Example: wai...
No, generics are not limited to collections.
Generics can be used with any type of class or interface, not just collections.
They provide type safety and allow for code reusability.
For example, generics can be used with classes like ArrayList, LinkedList, HashMap, etc.
They can also be used with interfaces like Comparable, Iterator, etc.
RDBMS is a relational database management system that uses structured data, while NoSQL is a non-relational database that uses unstructured data.
RDBMS stores data in tables with predefined schemas, while NoSQL stores data in various formats like key-value, document, columnar, or graph.
RDBMS supports ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties, while NoSQL sacrifices some of these properties for scal...
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity.
Normalization helps in reducing data redundancy by breaking down a database into multiple tables.
It ensures that each table has a single purpose and avoids data duplication.
Normalization follows a set of rules called normal forms, such as First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), etc.
By eliminating ...
HashMap is an unordered collection while LinkedHashMap maintains insertion order.
HashMap uses hash table to store key-value pairs.
LinkedHashMap uses doubly-linked list to maintain the insertion order.
HashMap provides faster access and retrieval time complexity.
LinkedHashMap provides predictable iteration order based on insertion order.
Example: HashMap - {1=A, 2=B, 3=C}, LinkedHashMap - {1=A, 2=B, 3=C}
An immutable class in Java is a class whose state cannot be modified after it is created.
Declare the class as final to prevent inheritance
Declare all fields as private and final
Do not provide any setter methods
Ensure that any mutable objects within the class are not accessible or modifiable
Provide only getter methods to access the fields
If a field is mutable, return a copy of it instead of the original object
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Find pair of elements in an array whose sum is equal to a given number K.
Iterate through the array and for each element, check if K minus the element exists in the array.
Use a hash table to store the elements and their indices for faster lookup.
If multiple pairs exist, return any one of them.
If no pair exists, return null or an appropriate message.
Session is maintained using session affinity or sticky sessions.
Session affinity ensures that a user's session is always directed to the same server.
Load balancer uses a unique identifier to route requests to the same server.
Sticky sessions can be implemented using cookies or URL rewriting.
Session replication can also be used to maintain session data across multiple servers.
Singleton pattern ensures only one instance of a class is created and provides a global point of access to it.
Create a private constructor to prevent direct instantiation of the class
Create a private static instance of the class
Create a public static method to access the instance
Ensure thread safety by using synchronized keyword or static initialization block
Examples: Logger, Configuration Manager, Database Connection
Explaining abstract class, interface and multiple inheritance in PHP.
Abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and can have abstract methods.
Interface is a collection of abstract methods and constants that can be implemented by a class.
Multiple inheritance is not possible in PHP, but can be achieved using interfaces.
Interfaces can be implemented by multiple classes, allowing for multiple inheritance-like be
Write a stored procedure from given tables and conditions
Identify the tables and their relationships
Determine the conditions to be used in the stored procedure
Write the SQL code for the stored procedure
Test the stored procedure to ensure it returns the desired results
To increase PHP memory at run time, modify the php.ini file or use ini_set() function.
Edit the memory_limit value in php.ini file
Use ini_set('memory_limit', '256M') function to increase memory limit at run time
Check for memory leaks in the code
Use unset() function to free up memory after use
php.ini is a configuration file for PHP that allows users to customize various settings.
Change PHP settings such as memory limit, file upload size, and error reporting
Enable or disable extensions and modules
Set timezone and language settings
Configure email settings
Control caching and session settings
Use window.location to get domain from a url in jQuery.
Use window.location to get the full url
Use .hostname to get the domain name
Use .replace() to remove 'www.' if present
WAP to find smallest palindrome number larger than given number.
Convert the given number to string and check if it is already a palindrome.
If not, increment the number and check if it is a palindrome.
Repeat until a palindrome number larger than the given number is found.
Use a while loop to implement the above steps.
WAP to check if linked list elements is a palindrome without using any extra space.
Traverse the linked list and reverse the second half of the list
Compare the first half with the reversed second half
Use two pointers to traverse the list, one at normal speed and other at double speed
Find the first non-repeating character in a string.
Create a hash table to store the frequency of each character in the string.
Iterate through the string and check the frequency of each character.
Return the first character with a frequency of 1.
Connection pooling is a technique of reusing database connections to improve performance.
Connection pooling helps to reduce the overhead of creating and destroying database connections.
It maintains a pool of connections that can be reused by multiple clients.
Connection pooling is commonly used in web applications to handle multiple requests simultaneously.
It can be configured with parameters like maximum number of conn...
A singleton class in PHP is a class that can only be instantiated once.
Create a private constructor to prevent direct instantiation
Create a private static variable to hold the instance of the class
Create a public static method to get the instance of the class
Ensure that the public static method always returns the same instance
To connect to MySQL database using PHP, create a Connection class.
Use mysqli_connect() function to establish a connection
Pass the database credentials as parameters to the function
Create a constructor method to initialize the connection
Create a query method to execute SQL queries
Close the connection using mysqli_close() method
There are three types of errors in PHP: syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical errors.
Syntax errors occur when the code is not written correctly, such as missing semicolons or parentheses.
Runtime errors occur during the execution of the code, such as trying to access an undefined variable.
Logical errors occur when the code runs without errors, but produces unexpected results, such as a miscalculation in a formula.
Session in PHP allows to store user data on the server for later use.
Session starts when a user logs in and ends when the user logs out or the session expires.
Session data is stored on the server and identified by a unique session ID.
Session variables can be set and accessed using the $_SESSION superglobal array.
Session can be destroyed using the session_destroy() function.
Session can be used to store user-specific dat...
Find missing element in an array of elements from 0 to n-1
Calculate sum of all elements in array and subtract from sum of n natural numbers
Use XOR operation on all elements and n natural numbers
Sort the array and find the missing element
I was interviewed before Jan 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was a written coding test with 2 coding questions to be solved in 60 minutes.
You have a sequence of consecutive nonnegative integers. By appending all integers end-to-end, you formed a string S
without any separators. During this pro...
Given a string of consecutive nonnegative integers with one missing number, find the missing integer.
Iterate through the string to find the missing number by checking the consecutive integers.
If there is more than one missing number, all integers are present, or the string is invalid, return -1.
Handle cases where the missing number is at the beginning or end of the sequence.
Consider edge cases such as single-digit numb
You are given a string consisting of English alphabet characters. Your task is to identify and return the first character in the string that does not repeat...
The task is to find the first non-repeating character in a string, or return the first character if all characters repeat.
Iterate through the string to count the frequency of each character
Find the first character with a frequency of 1, or return the first character if no such character exists
Handle both uppercase and lowercase characters separately
Use a hashmap to store character frequencies efficiently
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical interview round with questions around PHP and DBMS.
Connection pooling is a technique used to manage a pool of database connections to improve performance and efficiency.
Connection pooling reduces the overhead of opening and closing database connections for each request.
It allows multiple clients to reuse a pre-established set of connections to the database.
Connection pooling helps in improving the scalability and performance of applications by efficiently managing data...
To create a singleton design pattern in PHP 5, use a private static variable to store the instance and a static method to retrieve it.
Create a private static variable to store the instance of the class.
Create a private constructor to prevent outside instantiation of the class.
Create a static method to check if an instance already exists and return it, or create a new instance if it doesn't.
Yes, PHP can be used to connect to MySQL by using MySQLi or PDO extensions.
Use MySQLi extension to connect PHP to MySQL
Use PDO extension to connect PHP to MySQL
Example using MySQLi: $conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
Example using PDO: $conn = new PDO('mysql:host=$servername;dbname=$dbname', $username, $password);
Different types of errors in PHP include syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical errors.
Syntax errors: Occur when there is a mistake in the code syntax, preventing the script from running.
Runtime errors: Happen during script execution, such as division by zero or calling a function that does not exist.
Logical errors: Difficult to detect as the code runs without errors, but produces incorrect results.
Fatal errors: St...
Session management in PHP involves storing user data on the server to maintain state between multiple requests.
Sessions are started using session_start() function in PHP.
Session data is stored on the server and a unique session ID is sent to the client's browser.
Session variables can be set, accessed, and unset using $_SESSION superglobal array.
Sessions can be destroyed using session_destroy() function.
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I was interviewed before Jan 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical round where the interviewer asked me questions based on data structures , algorithms and load balancer and session management.
You are given an integer array 'ARR' of size 'N' and an integer 'S'. Your task is to find and return a list of all pairs of elements where each sum of a pair equals 'S'.
Find pairs of elements in an array that sum up to a given value, sorted in a specific order.
Iterate through the array and use a hashmap to store the difference between the target sum and each element.
Check if the difference exists in the hashmap, if so, add the pair to the result list.
Sort the result list based on the criteria mentioned in the problem statement.
Find the next smallest palindrome strictly greater than a given number 'N' represented as a string 'S'.
You are given a number in string format, a...
Find the next smallest palindrome greater than a given number represented as a string.
Convert the string number to an integer for comparison.
Increment the number until a palindrome greater than the input is found.
Handle cases where the input is already a palindrome or has leading zeros.
Return the next greater palindrome as a string.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical round where the interviewer asked me questions based on data structures , design patterns and php.
Given a singly linked list of integers, determine if the linked list is a palindrome.
A linked list is considered a palindrome if it reads the same forwar...
Check if a given singly linked list of integers is a palindrome.
Create a function to reverse the linked list.
Use slow and fast pointers to find the middle of the linked list.
Compare the first half of the linked list with the reversed second half to determine if it's a palindrome.
Singleton Design pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
Ensure the class has a private static instance variable.
Provide a public static method to access the instance.
Make the constructor private to prevent instantiation from outside the class.
Lazy initialization can be used to create the instance only when needed.
Thread safety considerations may be necessary in a multi
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
Technical round where the interviewer asked me questions based on Javascript, dbms, oops concepts and php.
A stored procedure to join two tables in a database.
Use the JOIN keyword to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.
Specify the columns to be selected from each table in the SELECT statement.
Use the ON keyword to specify the join condition.
Consider using INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, or FULL JOIN based on the desired result.
Test the stored procedure with sample data to ensure it
Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods, while interface can only have abstract methods.
Abstract class can have constructors, fields, and methods, while interface cannot have any implementation.
A class can only extend one abstract class, but can implement multiple interfaces.
Abstract classes are used to define common characteristics among subclasses, while interfaces are used to define a contract...
Use jQuery to extract domain name from a URL
Use the 'a' element to create a temporary link with the URL
Access the 'hostname' property of the link to get the domain name
Use regular expressions to extract the domain name from the URL
Closures in JavaScript are functions that have access to variables from their outer scope even after the outer function has finished executing.
Closures allow functions to access variables from their parent function even after the parent function has finished executing.
They are created whenever a function is defined within another function.
Closures are commonly used to create private variables and functions in JavaScrip...
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I was interviewed before Jan 2021.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was a coding test where we had to solve 2 coding questions in 60 minutes.
Imagine you are Harshad Mehta's friend, and you have been given the stock prices of a particular company for the next 'N' days. You can perform up to two buy-and-sell ...
The task is to determine the maximum profit that can be achieved by performing up to two buy-and-sell transactions on a given set of stock prices.
Iterate through the array of stock prices to find the maximum profit that can be achieved by buying and selling stocks.
Keep track of the maximum profit that can be obtained by performing up to two transactions.
Consider all possible combinations of buying and selling stocks to...
You are provided with a string 'STR'
that consists of lowercase English letters ranging from 'a' to 'z'. Your task is to determine all non-empty possible subsequen...
Generate all possible subsequences of a given string.
Use recursion to generate all possible subsequences by including or excluding each character in the string.
Maintain a current index to keep track of the characters being considered.
Append the current character to each subsequence generated so far.
Recursively call the function with the next index to include the next character in subsequences.
Round duration - 60 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
This was a technical round where the interviewer asked me questions related to OS and Java.
The critical section problem is a synchronization issue in concurrent programming where multiple processes access shared resources.
Critical section is a code segment that accesses shared resources and must be executed by only one process at a time.
The goal is to prevent race conditions and ensure mutual exclusion.
Solutions include using locks, semaphores, and mutex to control access to critical sections.
Example: Multip...
A thread in Java can be created by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface.
Extend the Thread class and override the run() method
Implement the Runnable interface and provide the implementation for the run() method
Start the thread using the start() method
Round duration - 30 minutes
Round difficulty - Easy
Typical HR round with behavioral questions.
Tip 1 : Must do Previously asked Interview as well as Online Test Questions.
Tip 2 : Go through all the previous interview experiences from Codestudio and Leetcode.
Tip 3 : Do at-least 2 good projects and you must know every bit of them.
Tip 1 : Have at-least 2 good projects explained in short with all important points covered.
Tip 2 : Every skill must be mentioned.
Tip 3 : Focus on skills, projects and experiences more.
I applied via Naukri.com and was interviewed before May 2020. There were 4 interview rounds.
I was interviewed before Apr 2021.
Round duration - 45 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
It was in the mid day and since I applied for a Frontend role the discussion was majorly around data structure and bit of Javascript.
The interviewer was helping and good listener.
You are provided with two sorted linked lists. Your task is to merge them into a single sorted linked list and return the head of the combined linked list.
...Merge two sorted linked lists into a single sorted linked list without using additional space.
Create a dummy node to start the merged list
Compare the values of the two linked lists and add the smaller value to the merged list
Move the pointer of the merged list and the pointer of the smaller value list
Continue this process until one of the lists is fully traversed
Append the remaining elements of the other list to the me
Given an integer array arr
of size 'N' containing only 0s, 1s, and 2s, write an algorithm to sort the array.
The first line contains an integer 'T' representing the n...
Sort an array of 0s, 1s, and 2s in linear time complexity.
Use three pointers to keep track of 0s, 1s, and 2s while traversing the array.
Swap elements based on the values encountered to sort the array in-place.
Time complexity should be O(N) and space complexity should be O(1).
Round duration - 60 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium
It was more of a in depth round on the framework I'm working on and problem solving.
The event loop is a mechanism in programming that allows for asynchronous execution of code.
The event loop is a key component in JavaScript's runtime environment, responsible for handling asynchronous operations.
It continuously checks the call stack for any pending tasks and executes them in a non-blocking manner.
The event loop ensures that the program remains responsive by allowing other code to run while waiting for ...
Output-based questions in JavaScript using browser APIs
Example 1: Write a script that uses the Geolocation API to display the user's current location on a map
Example 2: Create a program that uses the Web Audio API to play a sound when a button is clicked
Example 3: Develop a web page that uses the Canvas API to draw a simple animation
Designing a system to support localization in a mobile app
Use resource files to store localized strings for different languages
Implement a language selection feature for users to choose their preferred language
Utilize localization libraries or frameworks to streamline the process
Consider cultural differences when localizing content, such as date formats and currency symbols
Round duration - 75 Minutes
Round difficulty - Hard
It was more of a fitment/managerial round.
Didn't had any coding questions, but was asked more on approaches and optimisations.
Discussions on the project you have worked on.
To find the fastest 3 horses out of a group with 5 horses racing at a time, we can use a tournament style approach.
Divide the horses into groups of 5 and race them against each other. This will give you the fastest horse in each group.
Take the winners from each group and race them against each other. The top 3 horses in this final race will be the fastest 3 overall.
Keep track of the results and compare the timings to d
To debug lag on a screen, analyze code, check for memory leaks, optimize rendering, and use profiling tools.
Analyze code to identify any inefficient algorithms or operations causing lag.
Check for memory leaks that could be impacting performance.
Optimize rendering by reducing the number of draw calls, optimizing shaders, and minimizing overdraw.
Use profiling tools like Xcode Instruments or Android Profiler to identify p
The app I recently worked on is a social media platform for sharing photos and connecting with friends.
The app follows a client-server architecture, with the client being the mobile app and the server handling data storage and processing.
The client side is built using React Native for cross-platform compatibility.
The server side is implemented using Node.js with a MongoDB database for storing user data and photos.
The a...
Tip 1 : Get your JS fundamentals right (if applying for a Frontend role, https://javascript.info/ is a good start)
Tip 2 : Apart from preparing data structures, practise on the communication skills as well (prepare your introduction, be a good listener and on spot improvisation plays key roles)
Tip 1 : highlight projects related to the job profile in your resume and mention what was your contribution in them precisely in 1/2 lines.
Tip 2 : Include URLs to applications/projects that you have build and your achievements/blog (if any)
2 questions in 60 minutes
I applied via Naukri.com and was interviewed in Dec 2021. There were 3 interview rounds.
I would immediately inform the project manager and the testing team about the error and work collaboratively to find a solution.
Notify the project manager and testing team about the error
Collaborate with the testing team to understand the issue
Analyze the code to identify the root cause of the error
Work with the development team to fix the error as quickly as possible
Perform thorough testing to ensure the issue is reso...
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