Centre For Smart Governance Senior Software Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Java 8 introduced several new features including lambda expressions, streams, and functional interfaces.

• Lambda expressions: Allow for more concise and readable code by enabling functional programming.

• Streams: Provide a way to work with collections of objects in a more functional style.

• Functional interfaces: Interfaces with a single abstract method, used to enable lambda expressions.

• Optional class: Helps to avoid null p...read more

Spring boot annotations are used to simplify the development process by providing metadata to the Spring framework.

• 1. @SpringBootApplication - Main annotation to indicate the main class of a Spring Boot application.

• 2. @RestController - Annotation for RESTful web services.

• 3. @Autowired - Dependency injection annotation.

• 4. @GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PutMapping, @DeleteMapping - Annotations for mapping HTTP requests to c...read more

String Builder is not synchronized and faster, while String Buffer is synchronized and slower.

• String Builder is not thread-safe, while String Buffer is thread-safe.

• String Builder is faster due to lack of synchronization, while String Buffer is slower due to synchronization.

• String Builder is recommended for single-threaded operations, while String Buffer is recommended for multi-threaded operations.

String pool is a storage area in memory where strings are stored to optimize memory usage by reusing common strings.

• String pool helps in reducing memory usage by storing only one copy of each unique string.

• Strings created using double quotes are stored in the string pool.

• Strings created using new keyword are not stored in the string pool.

There are two main types of memory in a computer system: stack memory and heap memory.

• Stack memory is used for static memory allocation and is managed by the compiler. It is typically faster but limited in size.

• Heap memory is used for dynamic memory allocation and is managed by the programmer. It is slower but has a larger size.

• Examples: C programming language uses stack memory for function calls and heap memory for dy

Projects are specific tasks or assignments that require a team to work together to achieve a common goal.

• Projects involve a defined scope, timeline, and budget.

• They require a team of individuals with different skills and expertise.

• Examples include developing a new software application, implementing a new system, or conducting a research study.

I have worked on a variety of tech stacks including Java Spring, React, Node.js, and MongoDB.

• Java Spring

• React

• Node.js

• MongoDB

Docker is a platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in containers. Kubernetes is a container orchestration tool for managing containerized applications across a cluster of nodes.

• Docker allows developers to package applications and dependencies into containers for easy deployment.

• Kubernetes automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

• Docker containers are lightweig...read more

Deploying an app in Kubernetes involves creating a deployment configuration, defining pods, services, and managing resources.

• Create a deployment configuration file specifying the app's image, ports, and replicas

• Define pods to run the app containers

• Create services to expose the app internally or externally

• Manage resources such as CPU and memory limits for optimal performance

Interfaces in Golang allow for defining behavior without specifying implementation details.

• Interfaces are a collection of method signatures.

• A type satisfies an interface if it implements all the methods in the interface.

• Interfaces allow for polymorphism in Golang.

• Example: type Writer interface { Write([]byte) (int, error) }

• Example: type MyWriter struct {} func (mw MyWriter) Write(data []byte) (int, error) { return len(

Goroutines are lightweight threads managed by Go runtime, allowing concurrent execution of functions.

• Goroutines are created using the 'go' keyword followed by a function call.

• They are multiplexed onto multiple OS threads by the Go runtime.

• Example: go func() { fmt.Println('Hello, goroutine!') }

• Goroutines are used for concurrent programming in Go, enabling parallelism.

Interface defines a contract for a class to implement while Abstraction hides the implementation details.

• Interface is a blueprint of a class that defines what methods a class must implement.

• Abstraction is a concept where only relevant information is shown and irrelevant details are hidden.

• Interfaces can have multiple inheritance while Abstraction can be achieved through abstract classes or interfaces.

• Example: Interface...read more

Data flows from frontend to backend in Asp.net core through HTTP requests and responses.

• Frontend sends HTTP requests to backend API endpoints

• Backend processes the requests and sends back HTTP responses

• Data can be passed in the request body, query parameters, or headers

• Example: Frontend sends a POST request to create a new user, backend receives the request, processes it, and sends a success response

Functions are reusable code blocks that return a value, while stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements that can perform multiple operations.

• Functions return a value, while stored procedures do not necessarily return a value.

• Functions can be used in SQL queries, while stored procedures are called using EXECUTE statement.

• Functions are easier to test and debug compared to stored procedures.

• Stored procedures can co...read more

Angular is a popular open-source front-end web application framework developed by Google.

• Angular is used for building dynamic web applications.

• It allows for the creation of single-page applications.

• Angular uses TypeScript for building applications.

• It provides features like data binding, dependency injection, and routing.

• Angular has a large community and ecosystem of libraries and tools.

• Examples: AngularJS, Angular 2, A

Routing is the process of selecting a path for network traffic to travel from source to destination.

• Routing involves determining the best path for data packets to travel through a network

• Routers use routing tables to make decisions on where to send data packets

• Routing protocols like OSPF and BGP help routers communicate and update routing information

There are various types of forms, such as physical forms, digital forms, legal forms, etc.

• Physical forms: Paper-based forms that are filled out by hand.

• Digital forms: Electronic forms that are filled out online or through software.

• Legal forms: Forms used for legal purposes, such as contracts or agreements.

Lazy loading in Angular is a technique used to load modules only when they are needed, improving performance by reducing initial load time.

• Lazy loading helps in reducing the initial bundle size of the application by loading modules asynchronously.

• It improves the performance of the application by only loading the modules that are required at a particular time.

• Lazy loading is achieved by using the loadChildren property i...read more

The rxjs operator in Angular is used for reactive programming and handling asynchronous data streams.

• RxJS operators are functions that build on the observables foundation to enable sophisticated manipulation of asynchronous data streams.

• Operators can be used to filter, transform, combine, and more on observables.

• Example: map(), filter(), mergeMap(), switchMap()

Testing frameworks are tools that help automate the process of testing software applications.

• Testing frameworks provide a structure for writing and executing test cases.

• They offer features like test data management, test case organization, and reporting.

• Examples include JUnit for Java, NUnit for .NET, and pytest for Python.

To load an Angular application, you can use the Angular CLI command 'ng serve' to start a development server.

• Use the Angular CLI command 'ng serve' to start a development server

• Navigate to the project directory in the terminal and run 'ng serve'

• Open a web browser and go to 'http://localhost:4200/' to view the application