Capgemini ml engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. What is the difference between Precision and Recall?
Ans. 
Precision is the ratio of correctly predicted positive observations to the total predicted positive observations, while Recall is the ratio of correctly predicted positive observations to the all observations in actual class.
• Precision focuses on the accuracy of positive predictions, while Recall focuses on the proportion of actual positives that were correctly identified.

• Precision = TP / (TP + FP)

• Recall = TP / (TP + FN...read more
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Q2. What are the hyperparameters of Random forest?
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Hyperparameters of Random Forest include number of trees, max depth of trees, minimum samples per leaf, and maximum features.
• Number of trees: Determines the number of decision trees in the forest.

• Max depth of trees: Controls the maximum depth of each decision tree.

• Minimum samples per leaf: Specifies the minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node.

• Maximum features: Determines the maximum number of features t
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Q1. About yourself and projects
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Q2. Mostly questions related to project, technology involve etc.
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Q1. Tell about sql joins
Ans. 
SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.
• Types of joins include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN.

• INNER JOIN returns rows when there is at least one match in both tables.

• LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table.

• RIGHT JOIN returns all rows from the right table and the matched rows from the left table.

• F...read more
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Q2. What ks difference between delete and update
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Delete removes a record entirely, while update modifies an existing record.
• Delete removes the entire record from the database

• Update modifies specific fields of an existing record

• Delete is irreversible, while update can be undone by another update

• Example: Deleting a user account vs updating the user's email address
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Q1. What are custom hooks in React, and what are their use cases? Additionally, can you provide an example of a custom hook that performs an API call and utilizes the retrieved data?
Ans. 
Custom hooks in React are reusable functions that allow you to extract component logic into separate functions for better code organization and reusability.
• Custom hooks are created using the 'use' prefix and can be used to share logic between components.

• Use cases for custom hooks include fetching data from an API, handling form state, managing local storage, and more.

• Example of a custom hook for API call: const useFetc...read more
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Q2. What is the difference between useMemo and useCallback in React?
Ans. 
useMemo is used to memoize a value, while useCallback is used to memoize a function.
• useMemo is used to memoize a value and recompute it only when its dependencies change.

• useCallback is used to memoize a callback function and prevent unnecessary re-renders.

• Example: useMemo can be used to memoize the result of a complex computation, while useCallback can be used to memoize an event handler function.
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Q3. What is the difference between class-based components and functional components in React?
Ans. 
Class-based components use ES6 classes and have lifecycle methods, while functional components are simpler and use functions.
• Class-based components use ES6 classes to create components, while functional components are created using functions.

• Class-based components have lifecycle methods like componentDidMount and componentDidUpdate, while functional components do not.

• Functional components are simpler and more lightweig...read more
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Q4. How can you implement the lifecycle of a React component in a functional component?
Ans. 
Implementing the lifecycle of a React component in a functional component
• Use the useEffect hook to replicate lifecycle methods like componentDidMount, componentDidUpdate, and componentWillUnmount

• Pass an empty array as the second argument to useEffect to mimic componentDidMount

• Pass a variable or state as the second argument to useEffect to mimic componentDidUpdate

• Return a cleanup function inside useEffect to mimic compo
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Q5. What are the various state management techniques available in React?
Ans. 
Various state management techniques in React include Context API, Redux, and local state.
• Context API: React's built-in solution for passing data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level.

• Redux: A popular state management library for React applications, allowing for a centralized store to manage application state.

• Local state: Managing state within individual components using us
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Q6. What is the architecture of Redux, and what purposes do middlewares serve within it?
Ans. 
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps. Middlewares are functions that intercept actions before they reach the reducer.
• Redux follows a unidirectional data flow architecture.

• Middlewares in Redux are functions that can intercept, modify, or dispatch actions.

• Common use cases for middlewares include logging, asynchronous API calls, and handling side effects.

• Examples of popular Redux middlewares are Redu...read more
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Q7. What is hoisting in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Hoisting in JavaScript is the behavior where variable and function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope during the compilation phase.
• Variable declarations are hoisted to the top of their scope, but not their initializations.

• Function declarations are fully hoisted, meaning they can be called before they are declared.

• Hoisting can lead to unexpected behavior if not understood properly.
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Q8. What is event bubbling in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Event bubbling is the propagation of events from the target element up through its ancestors in the DOM tree.
• Events triggered on a child element will 'bubble up' and trigger on parent elements.

• Event listeners can be attached to parent elements to handle events from multiple child elements.

• Stopping event propagation can be done using event.stopPropagation() or event.stopImmediatePropagation().
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Q9. What are block scope and function scope in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Block scope and function scope are two types of scopes in JavaScript that determine the visibility and accessibility of variables.
• Block scope refers to the visibility of variables within a block of code enclosed by curly braces. Variables declared with 'let' and 'const' have block scope.

• Function scope refers to the visibility of variables within a function. Variables declared with 'var' have function scope.

• Variables de...read more
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Q10. Have you had experience working with semantic tags in HTML?
Ans. 
Yes, I have experience working with semantic tags in HTML.
• Used semantic tags like <header>, <nav>, <main>, <section>, <article>, <aside>, <footer> for better structure and SEO.

• Understand the importance of using semantic tags for accessibility and search engine optimization.

• Semantic tags help in organizing content and making it more readable for developers and browsers.
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Q11. What are the various methods for creating an object in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Various methods for creating an object in JavaScript include object literals, constructor functions, ES6 classes, and Object.create() method.
• Object literals: var obj = { key: value };

• Constructor functions: function ObjectName() { this.key = value; } var obj = new ObjectName();

• ES6 classes: class ClassName { constructor() { this.key = value; } } var obj = new ClassName();

• Object.create() method: var obj = Object.create(pr
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Q12. What are the differences between shallow copy and deep copy in JavaScript?
Ans. 
Shallow copy only copies the references of nested objects, while deep copy creates new copies of nested objects.
• Shallow copy creates a new object but does not create copies of nested objects, only copies their references.

• Deep copy creates a new object and also creates new copies of all nested objects.

• Shallow copy can be achieved using Object.assign() or spread operator, while deep copy can be achieved using JSON.parse(
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Q13. What will be the output of the following JavaScript code fragment: `const a; function test() { console.log(a); }; test();`?
Ans. 
The code will throw an error because 'a' is declared but not initialized.
• The code will result in a ReferenceError because 'a' is declared but not assigned a value.

• Variables declared with 'const' must be initialized at the time of declaration.

• Initializing 'a' with a value before calling test() will prevent the error.
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Q14. How can you use CSS to arrange elements in a row and column layout?
Ans. 
CSS can be used to arrange elements in a row and column layout using flexbox or grid layout properties.
• Use display: flex; for a row layout and display: flex; flex-direction: column; for a column layout

• Use justify-content and align-items properties to align items in the main axis and cross axis respectively

• For grid layout, use display: grid; and grid-template-columns or grid-template-rows to define the layout
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Q15. Have you utilized CSS preprocessors, and if so, which ones?
Ans. 
Yes, I have utilized CSS preprocessors such as SASS and LESS.
• I have experience using SASS to streamline my CSS workflow by utilizing variables, mixins, and nesting.

• I have also worked with LESS to improve code organization and maintainability through features like variables and functions.
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Q16. If I have assigned different colors to an ID and a class and applied both to the same element, which color will be applied based on CSS specificity precedence?
Ans. 
The color applied will be based on the specificity of the selector, with ID having higher specificity than class.
• ID has higher specificity than class in CSS

• Color applied will be based on the selector with higher specificity

• Example: If ID selector has color red and class selector has color blue, the color applied will be red
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Q1. Technical questions regarding Salesforce
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Q2. Technical questions regarding Salesforce
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Q1. Salary discussion
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Q2. Salary discussion
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Q1. Write a code to sort a list without using inbuild function
Ans. 
Implement a sorting algorithm to sort a list without using built-in functions.
• Use a common sorting algorithm like bubble sort, selection sort, or insertion sort.

• Iterate through the list and compare adjacent elements to swap them if necessary.

• Repeat the process until the list is sorted in ascending order.
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Q2. Explain web scraping using code
Ans. 
Web scraping is the process of extracting data from websites using code.
• Identify the website and the specific data to be extracted

• Use libraries like BeautifulSoup or Scrapy in Python to parse HTML

• Inspect the website's HTML structure to locate the data

• Write code to extract the data and store it in a desired format
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It had a 2 programs with easy and medium level of coding programs, please go through the recent interview problems asked in wipro

Q1. What is Object oriented programming
Ans. 
Object oriented programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and code.
• OOP focuses on creating objects that interact with each other to solve problems

• Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are key principles of OOP

• Examples of OOP languages include Java, C++, and Python
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Q2. What is multi threading
Ans. 
Multi threading is a programming concept where multiple threads within a process execute independently to improve performance.
• Allows for concurrent execution of tasks within a single process

• Improves performance by utilizing multiple CPU cores

• Requires careful synchronization to avoid race conditions

• Examples include web servers handling multiple requests simultaneously
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Q3. Why is java not 100% oop
Ans. 
Java is not 100% OOP because it supports primitive data types and static methods.
• Java has primitive data types like int, double, etc. which are not objects.

• Java allows static methods which do not require an instance of a class to be called.

• Java also has the concept of wrapper classes to convert primitive data types to objects.
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Q4. What are collections in java
Ans. 
Collections in Java are classes and interfaces that provide a way to store and manipulate groups of objects.
• Collections provide dynamic data structures like List, Set, and Map.

• They offer methods to add, remove, and manipulate elements in the collection.

• Examples include ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, and HashMap.
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Q5. Internal working of hash map
Ans. 
A hash map is a data structure that stores key-value pairs and uses a hash function to map keys to their corresponding values.
• Hash map uses a hash function to determine the index of the key-value pair in the underlying array.

• Collision resolution techniques like chaining or open addressing are used to handle situations where multiple keys hash to the same index.

• Hash maps typically have O(1) average time complexity for i...read more
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The exam consists of seven sections, and the cutoff score is quite high; it is essential to complete the exam thoroughly.

Q1. Can you tell me about yourself?
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Q2. Can you provide details about your internship experience?
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Q3. Given a puzzle to solve
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Q4. What can you tell me about your major projects?
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Q5. What is the latest news you have heard regarding technology?
Ans. 
The latest news I heard regarding technology is the release of the new iPhone 13 with improved camera features.
• Apple recently announced the release of the iPhone 13 series with upgraded camera capabilities.

• The new iPhone 13 models come with improved low-light performance and cinematic mode for videos.

• Apple also introduced the A15 Bionic chip for enhanced performance and battery life.
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