100+ Amit Jindal Infraways Indore Interview Questions and Answers

Procedural programming focuses on procedures and functions, while OOP emphasizes objects and classes.

• Procedural programming uses a top-down approach, while OOP uses a bottom-up approach.

• In procedural programming, data and functions are separate, while in OOP, they are encapsulated within objects.

• Procedural programming is more suitable for small-scale programs, while OOP is better for large-scale projects.

• C is a procedural programming language, lacking the features of OOP like...read more

A constructor is a special method used to initialize an object, while a method is a function that performs a specific task.

• Constructors are called automatically when an object is created, while methods need to be called explicitly.

• Constructors have the same name as the class, while methods can have any valid name.

• Constructors do not have a return type, while methods can have a return type.

• Constructors are used to set initial values of instance variables, while methods are use...read more

Modeling an upsetting operation involves understanding process parameters and their relationships.

• Upsetting is a metal forming process that involves compressing a metal workpiece to reduce its length and increase its diameter.

• Process parameters include temperature, pressure, and deformation rate.

• Temperature affects the material's flow stress and ductility, while pressure and deformation rate affect the material's strain hardening behavior.

• The relationship between these parame...read more

Protocols are a set of rules that govern the communication between devices or systems.

• Protocols define the format, timing, sequencing, and error checking of messages exchanged between devices.

• Different types of protocols include network protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP), communication protocols (RS-232, USB, Bluetooth), and application protocols (SMTP, POP3, IMAP).

• Network protocols govern the communication between devices on a network, while communication protocols govern the com...read more

Assignment is assigning a value to a variable, while initialization is declaring and assigning a value to a variable.

• Assignment changes the value of an existing variable, while initialization creates a new variable and assigns a value to it.

• Initialization is done only once, while assignment can be done multiple times.

• Example of initialization: int x = 5; Example of assignment: x = 10;

• Initialization can also be done using constructors in object-oriented programming.

• In C++, uni...read more

A normal function is called directly in the code, while a stored procedure is invoked using a database query.

• Normal function calling is done within the program code, while stored procedure invocation is done through a database query.

• Normal functions are defined and called within the same programming language, while stored procedures are defined and invoked within a database management system.

• Normal function calling is synchronous, while stored procedure invocation can be asyn...read more

Experience certainty refers to the level of confidence and assurance gained through repeated exposure to a particular task or situation.

• Experience certainty is achieved through repetition and familiarity.

• It allows individuals to perform tasks with greater ease and efficiency.

• For example, a pilot who has flown the same route multiple times will have a higher level of experience certainty compared to a pilot who is flying the route for the first time.

• Experience certainty can al...read more

The smallest real-time project in Java could be a simple chat application, while the biggest could be a complex financial trading system.

• Smallest real-time project in Java: Chat application

• Biggest real-time project in Java: Financial trading system

• Big Data refers to large and complex data sets that cannot be easily processed using traditional data processing applications.

• For performing actions on 2 billion entries, technologies like Hadoop, Spark, and languages like Java or S...read more

Stored procedures offer advantages such as improved performance, security, and code reusability.

• Stored procedures can reduce network traffic by executing multiple SQL statements at once.

• They can also improve performance by pre-compiling SQL statements.

• Stored procedures can enhance security by allowing access to only specific procedures rather than entire tables.

• They promote code reusability by allowing multiple applications to use the same stored procedure.

• Examples include pr...read more

PHP was chosen for its versatility, large community support, and ease of use.

• PHP is a widely used scripting language with a large community of developers and extensive documentation.

• It is known for its versatility and ability to integrate with various databases and web servers.

• PHP is also relatively easy to learn and has a low learning curve compared to other languages like JSP.

• While JSP may be considered more secure, PHP can still be used to build secure applications with pr...read more

File System in C++ is used for managing files and directories, providing functions for file input/output operations.

• C++ provides the library for file input/output operations.

• File streams can be used to read from and write to files.

• Common file operations include opening, closing, reading, and writing files.

• File streams can handle different file types such as text files and binary files.

• File system functions like file existence check, file deletion, and file renaming are avail...read more

A thread is a lightweight unit of execution within a process, while a process is an instance of a program in execution.

• A process has its own memory space, while threads share the same memory space within a process.

• Processes are independent and isolated from each other, while threads share resources and can communicate with each other more easily.

• Creating a new process is more resource-intensive than creating a new thread.

• Threads are scheduled by the operating system, while pr...read more

Operating system is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources.

• Compiler translates high-level language code to machine code while interpreter executes code line by line.

• One byte is equal to 8 bits.

• Machine language is a low-level programming language consisting of binary code.

• Assembler converts assembly language code to machine code.

• Types of operating system include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix.

• Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system devel...read more

TestNG has 8 annotations including @Test, @BeforeSuite, @AfterSuite, @BeforeTest, @AfterTest, @BeforeClass, @AfterClass, @BeforeMethod, @AfterMethod.

• 1. @Test - Marks a method as a test method.

• 2. @BeforeSuite - Executed before the Test Suite.

• 3. @AfterSuite - Executed after the Test Suite.

• 4. @BeforeTest - Executed before the Test.

• 5. @AfterTest - Executed after the Test.

• 6. @BeforeClass - Executed before the first test method in the current class.

• 7. @AfterClass - Executed after a...read more

JSP is a Java-based technology used for creating dynamic web pages. It allows embedding Java code within HTML pages.

• JSP stands for JavaServer Pages.

• It is a technology used for developing web applications.

• JSP allows embedding Java code within HTML pages.

• It provides a simplified way to create dynamic web content.

• JSP files are compiled into servlets and executed on the server.

• Advantages of JSP include easy integration with Java code, reusable components, and separation of presen...read more

TCS bond agreement is a contract signed by employees to work for a certain period of time with the company.

• TCS bond agreement is a legal contract between TCS and its employees.

• Employees sign the bond agreement to work for a certain period of time with the company.

• The bond period can range from 1 to 2 years depending on the role and level of the employee.

• If an employee wishes to leave the company before the bond period ends, they are required to pay a certain amount as compens...read more

Stored procedures are pre-written SQL codes that can be saved and reused.

• Stored procedures can improve database performance by reducing network traffic.

• They can be used to enforce business rules and security measures.

• They can be parameterized to accept input values and return output values.

• Examples include procedures for inserting, updating, and deleting data.

• They can also be used for complex operations such as data aggregation and reporting.

Functions return a value while stored procedures do not.

• Functions are used to perform a specific task and return a value to the caller.

• Stored procedures are used to execute a set of statements and do not return a value.

• Functions can be used in SELECT, WHERE, and HAVING clauses.

• Stored procedures can be used to modify data, but functions cannot.

• Functions can be called from within a stored procedure.

Page Object Model is a design pattern in test automation that represents web pages as objects, while Page Factory is a way to initialize elements in Page Object Model.

• Page Object Model is a design pattern used in test automation to represent web pages as objects

• It helps in creating reusable code and reduces code duplication

• Page Factory is a concept in Selenium WebDriver that helps in initializing elements in Page Object Model

• It uses @FindBy annotation to locate elements on a ...read more

Deadlocks occur when two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to finish.

• Deadlocks happen when two or more processes are blocked and unable to proceed

• Each process is waiting for a resource that is being held by another process

• Deadlocks can be prevented by using techniques like resource allocation graphs and banker's algorithm

• Examples of deadlocks include the dining philosophers problem and the traffic deadlock problem

Types of file systems in OS include FAT, NTFS, HFS+, ext2/3/4, and APFS.

• FAT (File Allocation Table) is a simple file system used by older versions of Windows.

• NTFS (New Technology File System) is a more advanced file system used by newer versions of Windows.

• HFS+ (Hierarchical File System Plus) is used by Apple's macOS.

• ext2/3/4 are file systems used by Linux.

• APFS (Apple File System) is a newer file system used by Apple's macOS and iOS devices.

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language used for web development, data analysis, and artificial intelligence.

• Python is easy to learn and has a simple syntax.

• It has a large standard library with many pre-built modules.

• Python is used for web development with frameworks like Django and Flask.

• It is also used for data analysis with libraries like NumPy and Pandas.

• Python is case sensitive.

• It is a popular language for artificial intelligence and machine learning.

• Pyt...read more

Yes, I am willing to learn coding if it is needed.

• I have some basic knowledge of coding and am willing to improve my skills.

• I am a quick learner and can adapt to new technologies easily.

• I am open to taking courses or attending training sessions to improve my coding skills.

• Learning coding will also help me better understand the systems I work with.

• For example, I have experience with Python and SQL, and can learn other languages as needed.

Constructor is a special method used to initialize objects in a class.

• Constructors have the same name as the class they belong to.

• They are called automatically when an object is created.

• They can take parameters to initialize the object's properties.

• They do not have a return type.

• Multiple constructors can be defined with different parameters.

• Example: public class Car { public Car(String make, String model) { ... } }

Code to allocate memory to an object

• Use the 'new' keyword in C++ to allocate memory to an object

• Use 'malloc' function in C to allocate memory to an object

• In Java, memory is automatically allocated to an object using 'new' keyword

• In Python, memory is automatically allocated to an object when it is created

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming. Python and C differ in syntax, memory management, and application areas. A program to reverse a string can be written using loops or slicing.

• OOP is a programming paradigm that focuses on objects and their interactions.

• Python is a high-level language with dynamic typing and automatic memory management, while C is a low-level language with static typing and manual memory management.

• To reverse a string using loops, iterate through the ...read more

R, L, and C are basic electronic components used in circuits for resistance, inductance, and capacitance respectively.

• Resistors (R) limit current flow and reduce voltage

• Inductors (L) store energy in a magnetic field and resist changes in current

• Capacitors (C) store energy in an electric field and pass AC signals while blocking DC signals

• These components are used in various circuits such as filters, oscillators, and amplifiers

Paging is a memory management technique used by operating systems to manage memory usage.

• Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages.

• Pages are stored in physical memory or on disk.

• When a process needs a page, it is loaded into physical memory.

• If there is no space in physical memory, a page is swapped out to disk.

• Paging allows for efficient use of memory and prevents processes from accessing memory they shouldn't.

• Examples of operating systems that use paging include Windows, L...read more

Webdriver can be written in code using Selenium WebDriver library for automating web applications.

• Import the necessary Selenium WebDriver library in your code

• Create a WebDriver instance for the desired browser (e.g. Chrome, Firefox)

• Use WebDriver methods to interact with elements on the web page (e.g. findElement, click, sendKeys)

• Write test cases using WebDriver commands to automate testing scenarios

Potential difference is the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric field.

• Potential difference is measured in volts (V)

• It is the work done per unit charge to move a charge from one point to another

• It is the driving force that causes current to flow in a circuit

• Potential difference can be calculated using Ohm's law: V = IR

• A battery creates a potential difference between its terminals to power a circuit

A switch is a networking device that connects devices together on a local area network (LAN) and forwards data packets between them.

• Switches operate at the data link layer of the OSI model.

• They use MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination.

• Switches can improve network performance by reducing network congestion and collisions.

• Examples of switches include Ethernet switches, LAN switches, and network switches.

No, primary key cannot be null.

• Primary key uniquely identifies a record in a table.

• Null values are not unique and can cause data integrity issues.

• Primary key constraint ensures that the value is not null.

• However, primary key can have a default value.

OOPs is a programming paradigm that uses objects to represent real-world entities. ORM is a technique to map objects to relational databases.

• OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming.

• It is based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and code.

• In OOPs, objects interact with each other to perform tasks.

• ORM stands for Object-Relational Mapping.

• It is a technique to map objects to relational databases.

• ORM allows developers to work with objects instead of SQL statement...read more

Encapsulation is the process of hiding internal details and providing a public interface for accessing and manipulating data.

• Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming.

• It allows for data abstraction and information hiding.

• Encapsulation helps in achieving data integrity and security.

• It promotes code reusability and modularity.

• Example: A class in Java with private variables and public methods.

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity.

• Normalization helps in reducing data redundancy by breaking down a large table into smaller, more manageable tables.

• It ensures that each piece of data is stored in only one place, reducing the chances of inconsistencies.

• Normalization follows a set of rules called normal forms, such as First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), etc.

• Normalization improves dat...read more

LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN are types of computer networks that differ in their geographical coverage and purpose.

• LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that covers a small area like a home, office, or building.

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a network that covers a larger area like a city or town.

• WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that covers a large geographical area like a country or the whole world.

• PAN (Personal Area Network) is a network that connects devices within a person'...read more

Yes, phantom deadlocks are a type of deadlock that occur due to incorrect lock ordering.

• Phantom deadlocks occur when multiple processes or threads attempt to acquire locks in a different order.

• This can lead to a situation where each process is waiting for a lock held by another process, resulting in a deadlock.

• Phantom deadlocks can be difficult to detect and reproduce as they are intermittent and depend on the timing of lock acquisitions.

• To prevent phantom deadlocks, it is im...read more

Cookies in PHP are small text files that are stored on the user's computer to track and store information about the user's activities on a website.

• Cookies are used to remember user preferences and login information.

• They can be set, retrieved, and deleted using PHP's setcookie(), $_COOKIE, and setcookie() functions respectively.

• Cookies can have an expiration date and can be set to be accessible only over a secure connection.

• They are commonly used for tracking user behavior, pe...read more

To reverse a string or array in Java, use StringBuilder or Collections.reverse. 'args' in Java is an array of strings passed as command line arguments.

• Use StringBuilder to reverse a string: StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder('hello'); str.reverse();

• Use Collections.reverse to reverse an array: List list = Arrays.asList('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'); Collections.reverse(list);

• 'args' in Java is an array of strings used to pass command line arguments to a Java program.

Program for division and multiplication in 8085 processor.

• For multiplication, use MUL instruction with 8-bit operand.

• For division, use DIV instruction with 8-bit dividend and 16-bit divisor.

• Store the result in appropriate registers or memory locations.

• Example: To multiply two numbers in registers B and C, use MUL C instruction.

• Example: To divide two numbers in registers A and B, use DIV B instruction.

Constructors are special methods used to initialize objects in a class.

• Constructors have the same name as the class they belong to.

• They are called automatically when an object is created.

• They can be used to set default values for object properties.

• Constructors can be overloaded to accept different parameters.

• Example: public class Car { public Car() { //constructor code here } }

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

• A router operates at the network layer of the OSI model.

• It uses routing tables to determine the best path for data packets to reach their destination.

• Routers can connect multiple networks together, such as LANs and WANs.

• They provide network address translation (NAT) to allow multiple devices to share a single public IP address.

• Routers can also provide firewall functionality to protect the net...read more

Object-oriented programming focuses on objects and their interactions, while procedure-oriented programming focuses on procedures and functions.

• OOP is based on the concept of classes and objects, while POP is based on procedures and functions.

• OOP supports encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, while POP does not.

• OOP is more suitable for large-scale projects, while POP is more suitable for small-scale projects.

• Examples of OOP languages include Java, C++, and Python, whi...read more

Static protocols are fixed and do not change, while dynamic protocols can adapt to changing network conditions.

• Static protocols are typically used in simple networks with predictable traffic patterns.

• Dynamic protocols are used in complex networks with varying traffic patterns.

• Examples of static protocols include ARP and RARP.

• Examples of dynamic protocols include OSPF and BGP.

Sum all numbers in a list except self

• Iterate through the list and add all numbers except the current one

• Use a loop or built-in functions like sum() and list comprehension

DBMS is a software system that manages databases, providing features like data storage, retrieval, and manipulation.

• DBMS stands for Database Management System.

• It provides a structured way to store and organize data.

• DBMS allows multiple users to access and manipulate the data simultaneously.

• It ensures data integrity and security through various mechanisms.

• DBMS provides a query language to retrieve and manipulate data, such as SQL.

• Examples of popular DBMS include Oracle, MySQL,...read more

DBMS is a traditional relational database management system, while NoSQL is a non-relational database management system.

• DBMS uses structured query language (SQL) for querying and managing data, while NoSQL databases use different query languages or APIs.

• DBMS is typically used for structured data with predefined schemas, while NoSQL is more flexible and can handle unstructured or semi-structured data.

• DBMS is ACID-compliant (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability), ensur...read more

Logic to arrange 3 numbers in ascending order.

• Compare first two numbers and swap if necessary

• Compare second and third numbers and swap if necessary

• Repeat until no more swaps are needed

Passive components do not require an external power source, while active components do.

• Passive components include resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

• Active components include transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.

• Passive components do not amplify signals, while active components do.

• Passive components are used to control the flow of electricity, while active components are used to create and amplify signals.

I created a project in machine learning to improve the accuracy of a recommendation system.

• To enhance the user experience by providing personalized recommendations

• To optimize the efficiency of the system by automating the recommendation process

• To leverage the power of data analysis and pattern recognition in making accurate predictions

• To explore the potential of machine learning algorithms in solving real-world problems

• To stay updated with the latest advancements in the field...read more

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet, allowing users to access and store data and applications remotely.

• Cloud computing allows users to access data and applications from any device with an internet connection.

• It eliminates the need for physical hardware and on-site data centers.

• Examples of cloud computing services include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

Yes, I know coding.

• I am proficient in programming languages such as Java, Python, and C++.

• I have experience in developing and maintaining software applications.

• I am familiar with software development methodologies such as Agile and Waterfall.

Handle stack overflow by optimizing code, using dynamic memory allocation, and implementing error handling.

• Optimize code to reduce memory usage and prevent stack overflow.

• Use dynamic memory allocation for large data structures.

• Implement error handling to gracefully handle stack overflow situations.

Heap memory is used for dynamic memory allocation, while stack memory is used for static memory allocation.

• Heap memory is allocated at runtime and can be accessed randomly, while stack memory is allocated at compile time and is accessed in a LIFO manner.

• Heap memory is managed by the programmer, while stack memory is managed by the compiler.

• Heap memory is typically used for storing objects and data structures, while stack memory is used for storing local variables and function...read more

if-else is a conditional statement while while loop is a repetitive statement.

• if-else statement is used to execute a block of code based on a condition

• while loop is used to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true

• if-else statement is used for decision making while while loop is used for iteration

• if-else statement can have multiple conditions while while loop has only one condition

• Example: if(age > 18){ console.log('You are an adult'); } else { console...read more

OOPS concepts include inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction. Projects include developing a CRM system and a mobile app.

• Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class. Example: Parent class 'Vehicle' and child class 'Car'.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit. Example: Class 'Employee' with private variables and public methods.

• Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interfac...read more

A circuit diagram is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit.

• It shows the components and connections in the circuit

• Symbols are used to represent each component

• Lines represent the wires connecting the components

• It helps in understanding the circuit's function and troubleshooting

• Examples include diagrams for simple circuits like a flashlight or complex circuits like a computer motherboard

A singleton class is a class that can only have one instance created throughout the entire application.

• Singleton classes are used when we want to restrict the number of instances of a class to one.

• They are often used in scenarios where we need to maintain a single point of control or coordination.

• For example, a logger class can be implemented as a singleton class to ensure that only one instance of the logger is created and used throughout the application.

Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller subnetworks, called subnets, to improve network efficiency and security.

• Subnetting allows for better utilization of IP addresses by dividing a network into smaller segments.

• It helps in improving network performance by reducing network congestion.

• Subnetting enhances network security by isolating different departments or devices within a network.

• It enables efficient routing and reduces broadcast traffic.

• Example: A net...read more

Protocols are a set of rules and guidelines that govern the communication between devices or systems.

• Protocols define the format and order of messages exchanged between devices.

• They ensure reliable and efficient communication by specifying error detection and correction mechanisms.

• Examples of protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, SMTP, and FTP.

• Protocols can operate at different layers of the network stack, such as the application layer, transport layer, or network layer.

Use pymongo library to connect mongoDB in python

• Install pymongo library using pip

• Import pymongo in your python script

• Create a MongoClient object with the connection string

• Access the database and collection using the MongoClient object

Decorators are functions that modify the behavior of other functions without changing their source code.

• Decorators are denoted by the '@' symbol followed by the decorator function name

• They can be used to add functionality to a function, such as logging or timing

• They can also be used to modify the behavior of a function, such as adding caching or authentication

• Decorators can be stacked on top of each other to apply multiple modifications to a function

• Example: @staticmethod, @c...read more

Polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and method overloading.

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they are objects of the same class.

• Method overriding is when a subclass provides its own implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.

• Method overloading is when a class has multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

• Polymorphism can be achieved through interfaces as well.

• Example: Animal class w...read more

Interfaces and abstract are programming concepts used to achieve abstraction and modularity in code.

• Interfaces define a set of methods that a class must implement.

• Abstract classes are classes that cannot be instantiated and can have both abstract and non-abstract methods.

• Both concepts are used to achieve abstraction and modularity in code.

• Interfaces are used to define contracts between classes, while abstract classes are used to provide a base implementation for subclasses.

• Ja...read more

malloc and calloc are memory allocation functions in C. Union is a data type that allows storing different data types in the same memory location. Factorial is a mathematical operation.

• malloc() allocates a block of memory of specified size and returns a pointer to the first byte of the block.

• calloc() allocates a block of memory for an array of elements, initializes them to zero, and returns a pointer to the first byte of the block.

• Union is a data type that allows storing diff...read more

Query optimization is the process of improving the efficiency and performance of database queries.

• Identifying slow queries and analyzing their execution plans

• Creating appropriate indexes on tables to speed up query execution

• Rewriting queries to use efficient joins and filters

• Using query hints or optimizer hints to guide the query optimizer

• Regularly monitoring and tuning the database for optimal performance

DML commands I have used include INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE in SQL databases.

• INSERT: Used to add new records to a table

• UPDATE: Used to modify existing records in a table

• DELETE: Used to remove records from a table

Reverse a string without using any built-in methods

• Create a new array to store the reversed string

• Iterate through the original string from end to start and add each character to the new array

• Join the characters in the new array to form the reversed string

The 4 pillars of OOPs are Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Polymorphism.

• Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

• Encapsulation restricts access to certain components within a class, protecting the data.

• Abstraction hides complex implementation details and only shows the necessary features.

• Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class or their own class.

A milling process involves removing material from a workpiece using a rotating cutting tool.

• Select appropriate cutting tool and workpiece material

• Determine the cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut

• Set up the milling machine and secure the workpiece

• Start the machine and monitor the process for any issues

• Inspect the finished product for accuracy and quality

A system engineer is responsible for designing, implementing, and maintaining computer systems and networks.

• System engineers design and implement computer systems and networks

• They ensure the systems are secure and reliable

• They troubleshoot and resolve technical issues

• They work with other IT professionals to ensure the systems meet business needs

• Examples of systems they may work on include servers, databases, and cloud computing platforms

Binary to Octal conversion involves grouping binary digits into sets of three and then converting each set to its corresponding octal digit.

• Group binary digits into sets of three starting from the rightmost digit

• If the leftmost set has less than three digits, add zeros to the left

• Convert each set of three binary digits to its corresponding octal digit

• Combine all the octal digits to get the final octal number

To install an OS on a server, you need to boot from the installation media and follow the on-screen instructions.

• Insert the installation media (such as a USB drive or DVD) into the server

• Boot the server from the installation media

• Follow the on-screen instructions to select the OS version, partition the disk, and complete the installation process

DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is a software that manages and organizes data in a structured manner.

• DBMS is a software system that allows users to create, retrieve, update, and manage databases.

• It provides an interface for users to interact with the database and perform various operations.

• DBMS ensures data integrity, security, and consistency.

• It supports multiple users accessing the database simultaneously.

• Examples of popular DBMS include Oracle, MySQL, SQL Se...read more

Types of joins in SQL include inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join.

• Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables.

• Left join returns all rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table.

• Right join returns all rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left table.

• Full outer join returns all rows from both tables, including unmatched rows.

A file handle in C is a pointer that represents a file stream, allowing operations like reading and writing.

• A file handle is typically obtained by opening a file using functions like fopen()

• File handles are used to perform operations like reading, writing, and closing files

• They can be passed as arguments to functions like fread(), fwrite(), and fclose()

• File handles can be used to check for errors during file operations

module.exports is a special object in Node.js that allows you to export functions, objects, or primitive values from a module.

• Used to export functions, objects, or primitive values from a module

• Can be assigned directly to a function, object, or value to be exported

• Commonly used in Node.js to create reusable modules