Synopsys
70+ Synopsys Interview Questions and Answers
Q1. 1. What is Cryptography? Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for securing information and communication mainly to protect the data from third parties that the data is not intended for. 2. What ...
read moreCryptography is the practice and study of techniques for securing information and communication.
Cryptography is used to protect data from unauthorized access.
It involves techniques such as encryption and decryption.
Common encryption algorithms include DES, 3DES, AES, and RC4.
Asymmetric encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption, while symmetric encryption uses the same key.
Cryptography is essential for ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.
Q2. you will be given dimensions of a bigger rectangle and smaller rectangle,derive a formula to get how many smaller rectangles fit into the bigger rectangle
Derive a formula to determine how many smaller rectangles fit into a bigger rectangle given their dimensions.
Calculate the number of times the smaller rectangle can fit into the bigger rectangle horizontally and vertically
Divide the width of the bigger rectangle by the width of the smaller rectangle to get the horizontal count
Divide the height of the bigger rectangle by the height of the smaller rectangle to get the vertical count
Multiply the horizontal and vertical counts to...read more
Q3. what will be the new coordinates of a rectangle points if rectangle length and breadth is scaled and write a program to calculate the coordinates of corner points of scaled rectangle
Answering how to calculate new coordinates of a scaled rectangle and providing a program for it.
To calculate new coordinates, multiply the original coordinates by the scaling factor
Scaling factor can be calculated by dividing the new length/breadth by the original length/breadth
Program can take input of original coordinates, scaling factor, and output new coordinates
Example: Original coordinates: (0,0), (0,5), (5,5), (5,0). Scaling factor: 2. New coordinates: (0,0), (0,10), (...read more
Q4. What are semaphores, differnce between them, Different OSI layers , deadlock protocols, ACID protocols in dbms
Semaphores, OSI layers, deadlock and ACID protocols in DBMS
Semaphores are used for process synchronization and communication
OSI model has 7 layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
Deadlock protocols prevent processes from entering a deadlock state
ACID protocols ensure database transactions are reliable and consistent
Q5. How many points are required to draw a rectangle
At least 4 points are required to draw a rectangle.
A rectangle has 4 sides and 4 corners, so at least 4 points are needed to define those corners.
The points must be arranged in a specific order to form a closed shape with 4 sides.
Additional points can be used to add details or modify the shape of the rectangle.
The number of points required may vary depending on the software or tool used to draw the rectangle.
Q6. Verilog coding A 100hz square wave signal 50 percent duty cycle is given Write verilog code for dividing frequency of signal by 3.
Verilog code to divide frequency of a 100hz square wave signal with 50% duty cycle by 3.
Create a counter that counts up to 3 and resets back to 0
Use the counter to toggle an output signal every 3 cycles of the input signal
The output signal will have a frequency of 100/3 = 33.33hz with 50% duty cycle
Q7. String is represented in a linked list, how to effectively check whether the string is a palindrome (-----/)
To check if a string represented in a linked list is a palindrome, use two pointers to traverse the list and compare the values.
Use two pointers to traverse the linked list, one moving at a normal pace and the other moving twice as fast.
When the fast pointer reaches the end of the list, the slow pointer will be at the middle of the list.
Reverse the second half of the list and compare it with the first half to check if it's a palindrome.
Q8. What is the differnce between linear and non linear data structure?
Linear data structures have a sequential arrangement of elements while non-linear data structures have a hierarchical arrangement.
Linear data structures have a fixed number of elements and are easy to traverse.
Non-linear data structures have an arbitrary number of elements and are difficult to traverse.
Arrays, linked lists, and stacks are examples of linear data structures.
Trees, graphs, and heaps are examples of non-linear data structures.
Q9. where is it necessary to use references
References are necessary when passing large objects to functions or when returning objects from functions.
When passing large objects to functions
When returning objects from functions
When working with complex data structures
When implementing operator overloading
When working with polymorphism
Q10. int main() Vs void main() Vs main(), why return statement is necessary in main()
main() vs int main() vs void main() and why return statement is necessary in main()
main() is not a standard function signature and should be avoided
int main() returns an integer value to the operating system indicating the status of the program
void main() is not a standard function signature and should be avoided
return statement in main() is necessary to indicate the status of the program to the operating system
Q11. What is the differnce between c and c++?
C++ is an extension of C with object-oriented programming features.
C++ supports classes and objects while C does not.
C++ has better support for polymorphism and inheritance.
C++ has a standard template library (STL) for data structures and algorithms.
C++ allows function overloading while C does not.
C++ has exception handling while C does not.
Q12. Given a huge file of strings, print words from EOF to start
Print words from EOF to start of a huge file of strings.
Read the file in reverse order
Split the file into words
Print the words in reverse order
Q13. Steps associated with client server connnection request?
Steps for client server connection request.
Client sends a connection request to the server.
Server receives the request and sends a response.
Client receives the response and establishes a connection.
Connection is maintained until terminated by either party.
Q14. Merge two sorted array, recursive approach for the same using LinkedList ( -----/ )
Merging two sorted arrays using recursive approach with LinkedList.
Create a LinkedList to store the merged array
Compare the first elements of both arrays and add the smaller one to the LinkedList
Recursively call the function with the remaining elements of the array
If one array is empty, add the remaining elements of the other array to the LinkedList
Q15. Find the boundary traversal of a binary tree?
Boundary traversal of a binary tree is the process of visiting the nodes on the boundary of the tree.
Start with the root node and traverse the left boundary nodes from top to bottom.
Traverse the leaf nodes from left to right.
Traverse the right boundary nodes from bottom to top.
Exclude the leaf nodes that are already traversed in the second step.
Repeat the above steps for all the subtrees of the binary tree.
Q16. What is integer overflow, how to avoid it
Integer overflow occurs when a value exceeds the maximum limit of its data type. It can lead to unexpected behavior and security vulnerabilities.
Use data types with larger ranges to store large values
Check for overflow conditions and handle them appropriately
Avoid performing arithmetic operations that can result in overflow
Use libraries or frameworks that have built-in protection against overflow
Perform input validation to prevent malicious input that can cause overflow
Q17. How negative numbers are represented in memory
Negative numbers are represented in memory using two's complement notation.
Two's complement is a mathematical operation that allows negative numbers to be represented using the same binary format as positive numbers.
The most significant bit (MSB) is used as a sign bit, with 0 indicating a positive number and 1 indicating a negative number.
For example, the decimal number -5 would be represented in memory as 11111011 in an 8-bit system.
Two's complement allows for easy addition ...read more
Q18. What is the possible pattern for static variables
Static variables can follow a pattern based on their declaration and scope.
Static variables retain their value between function calls
They are initialized only once, at the start of the program
They have a default value of 0 if not initialized explicitly
They can be declared within a function or outside it
The scope of a static variable is limited to the block in which it is declared
Q19. Algorithm to find GCD
Algorithm to find GCD
Use Euclid's algorithm to find GCD
Divide the larger number by the smaller number
If remainder is 0, smaller number is GCD
If remainder is not 0, repeat with smaller number and remainder
Q20. where to declare const pointers
Const pointers should be declared in the same scope as the variable they point to.
Declaring const pointers in the same scope as the variable they point to ensures that the pointer cannot be used to modify the variable.
If the pointer is only used within a function, it should be declared within that function.
If the pointer is used across multiple functions, it should be declared in a header file or at the top of the source file.
Examples: const int* ptr = &variable; const MyClas...read more
Q21. find leaves in a binary tree, left to right.
Traverse the binary tree using a queue to find leaves from left to right.
Start by adding the root node to a queue
While the queue is not empty, dequeue a node and check if it is a leaf node (both children are null)
If it is a leaf node, add its value to the result array
If it is not a leaf node, enqueue its children in left to right order
Q22. Find the left view of a binary tree?
The left view of a binary tree shows the nodes that are visible when the tree is viewed from the left side.
Traverse the tree recursively from left to right
Print the first node encountered at each level
Example: For tree with root node A, left view is A, B, D, G
Q23. Matrix traversal algorithm
Matrix traversal algorithm is used to visit each element of a matrix in a specific order.
Matrix traversal can be done using nested loops.
There are different traversal orders like row-wise, column-wise, spiral, diagonal, etc.
Traversal can be optimized using techniques like caching and parallel processing.
Q24. Fundamentals of data structure
Data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and used efficiently.
Data structures are used to manage large amounts of data efficiently.
Common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.
Choosing the right data structure for a particular problem can greatly improve the efficiency of an algorithm.
Understanding data structures is essential for designing and implementing efficient algorithms.
Q25. Given a student table with marks, find Nth rank student
Finding Nth rank student from a student table with marks
Sort the table in descending order of marks
Retrieve the Nth row from the sorted table
Handle ties by considering the next rank as N+1
Use SQL query like SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY marks DESC LIMIT N-1, 1
Q26. 1.given a large rectangle
Need more context. What needs to be done with the large rectangle?
What are the dimensions of the rectangle?
Is it a 2D or 3D object?
What is the context of the problem?
Are there any constraints or limitations?
What tools or programming languages can be used?
Q27. Code of in-order traversal
In-order traversal is a way of visiting all nodes of a binary tree in a specific order.
Start at the root node
Traverse the left subtree recursively
Visit the root node
Traverse the right subtree recursively
Q28. Identify if the number is positive, negative or zero
Identify if a number is positive, negative, or zero
Check if the number is greater than 0 to determine if it is positive
Check if the number is less than 0 to determine if it is negative
If the number is neither greater nor less than 0, it is zero
Q29. FInd the middle of the linked list?
To find the middle of a linked list, use two pointers - one moving at twice the speed of the other.
Use two pointers - slow and fast
Slow pointer moves one node at a time, fast pointer moves two nodes at a time
When fast pointer reaches the end, slow pointer will be at the middle
Q30. Puzzles fairness assumptions Write a verilog code for counters
Q31. What is your understanding of DITA and CCMS?
DITA is a standard for creating structured content, while CCMS is a content management system that supports DITA.
DITA stands for Darwin Information Typing Architecture and is an XML-based standard for creating structured content.
DITA allows for content reuse, single-sourcing, and easy customization.
CCMS (Component Content Management System) is a software system that supports the creation, management, and publishing of DITA content.
CCMS helps technical writers collaborate, tra...read more
Q32. Height and Balance factor for binary tree
Height and balance are important factors for a binary tree's performance and efficiency.
Height of a binary tree is the maximum number of edges from the root node to a leaf node.
A balanced binary tree has a height difference of at most 1 between its left and right subtrees.
Balanced trees have faster search, insertion, and deletion operations compared to unbalanced trees.
Examples of balanced binary trees include AVL trees and Red-Black trees.
Q33. References vs pointers
References and pointers are both used to refer to memory locations, but references cannot be null and cannot be reseated.
Pointers can be null or uninitialized
Pointers can be reseated to point to a different memory location
References are automatically dereferenced
References cannot be used with arrays
Pointers can be used with arrays
Q34. WHat is a MUx used for in an IC
A MUX is used in an IC to select one of several input signals and pass it to the output.
MUX stands for Multiplexer
It is a digital circuit that selects one of several input signals and forwards the selected input to the output
It is used in ICs for data routing, signal switching, and data selection
Examples include selecting between different memory banks or selecting between different input sources in a video switcher
Q35. Verilog code for d-ff
Verilog code for d-ff
Declare input and output ports
Use always block to implement the functionality
Use non-blocking assignment for output
Use blocking assignment for clock and reset
Q36. difference between process and threads?
Processes are independent programs while threads are lightweight processes within a program.
Processes have their own memory space while threads share memory space.
Processes communicate through inter-process communication while threads communicate directly.
Processes are slower to create and terminate than threads.
Examples of processes are web browsers, word processors, etc. while examples of threads are spell checkers, print spoolers, etc.
Q37. Use D3.js to draw basic chart with React
Q38. what is the difference between ASIC and FPGA?
Q39. What is CMOS What is pmos transistor Diode
CMOS is a type of digital circuit technology that uses both p-type and n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.
CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
It is widely used in digital circuits due to its low power consumption and high noise immunity
PMOS is a type of MOSFET that uses p-type semiconductor for the channel
Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
Diode is a two-terminal electronic component that ...read more
Q40. Producer and consumer problem?
Producer and consumer problem is a synchronization problem in computer science where multiple processes share a common resource.
It occurs when multiple processes try to access a shared resource simultaneously.
The producer produces data and the consumer consumes it.
The problem is to ensure that the producer does not produce data when the buffer is full and the consumer does not consume data when the buffer is empty.
Examples include printing documents, reading and writing files...read more
Q41. Copy constructor with pointers
Copy constructor with pointers creates a new object by copying the values of the existing object's pointers.
Copy constructor is used to create a new object from an existing object.
Pointers in the new object point to the same memory locations as the original object.
Deep copy should be used to avoid shallow copy issues.
Q42. what are flip flops and latches
Flip flops and latches are sequential logic circuits used in digital electronics to store and transfer data.
Flip flops are clocked circuits that store one bit of data, while latches are level-sensitive circuits that store data as long as the enable signal is active.
Flip flops are edge-triggered, meaning they change state on a clock edge, while latches are level-triggered, changing state as long as the enable signal is active.
Examples of flip flops include D flip flop, JK flip...read more
Q43. What is pmos Diode Flip flop, triggering
PMOS is a type of MOSFET transistor used in digital and analog circuits. A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows current to flow in one direction. A flip flop is a digital circuit that can store one bit of information.
PMOS is a type of MOSFET transistor that operates with a positive voltage on the gate relative to the source.
A diode is used to rectify AC to DC, protect circuits from voltage spikes, and emit light in LEDs.
A flip flop is used to store one bit...read more
Q44. flop design using gates
Designing a flop using gates
A flop is a fundamental building block in digital circuits used for storing and synchronizing data
It can be designed using basic logic gates such as AND, OR, and NOT gates
The most common flop design is the D flip-flop, which has a data input (D), a clock input (CLK), and an output (Q)
The D flip-flop can be implemented using a combination of gates, such as an AND gate, an OR gate, and a NOT gate
Other types of flops include JK flip-flops, T flip-flop...read more
Q45. D flop using nand gates
A D flip-flop can be implemented using NAND gates.
A D flip-flop is a sequential logic circuit that stores a single bit of data.
It has two inputs: D (data) and CLK (clock) and two outputs: Q (output) and Q' (complement of output).
A D flip-flop changes its output state based on the input D and the clock signal.
The D flip-flop can be implemented using NAND gates by connecting them in a specific configuration.
The circuit diagram for a D flip-flop using NAND gates can be found onl...read more
Q46. Reverse the linklist.
To reverse a linked list, iterate through the list and change the direction of pointers.
Iterate through the linked list and keep track of the previous, current, and next nodes.
Update the pointers of each node to reverse the direction.
Set the head of the linked list to the last node encountered during iteration.
Q47. Volumes in docker
Volumes in Docker are used to persist data outside of containers.
Volumes can be created and managed using the `docker volume` command.
They can be mounted to containers using the `--mount` or `-v` flag.
Volumes can be shared between multiple containers.
They can also be backed up and restored easily.
Examples of using volumes include storing database data or configuration files.
Q48. Find cycle in linked list
Detecting cycles in a linked list using Floyd's Tortoise and Hare algorithm
Use two pointers - slow and fast
If there is a cycle, the two pointers will eventually meet
Time complexity is O(n) and space complexity is O(1)
Q49. new vs malloc
new and malloc are used for dynamic memory allocation in C++ and C respectively.
new is an operator in C++ while malloc is a function in C.
new automatically calls the constructor while malloc does not.
new returns a pointer to the object while malloc returns a void pointer.
new throws an exception if allocation fails while malloc returns NULL.
new can be overloaded while malloc cannot be.
new and delete are used together while malloc and free are used together.
Q50. Authentication and Authorisation difference?
Authentication verifies the identity of a user, while authorization determines what actions a user is allowed to perform.
Authentication confirms the identity of a user through credentials like passwords or biometrics.
Authorization controls access to resources based on the authenticated user's permissions.
Authentication precedes authorization in the access control process.
Example: Logging into a system (authentication) and then being granted access to specific files (authoriza...read more
Q51. bfs in binary tree
Breadth-first search (BFS) is a traversal algorithm used to visit all nodes of a binary tree level by level.
Start at the root node and visit all nodes at the current level before moving to the next level.
Use a queue data structure to keep track of nodes to visit next.
Example: BFS traversal of a binary tree - 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5
Q52. Size of a binary tree
Size of a binary tree refers to the total number of nodes present in the tree.
The size of a binary tree can be calculated recursively by adding the size of its left and right subtrees and adding 1 for the root node.
The size of an empty binary tree is 0.
For example, the size of the binary tree with root node 1, left subtree with root node 2 and right subtree with root node 3 is 3.
Q53. draw and explain the structure of a cmos
A CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a type of integrated circuit technology that uses both NMOS and PMOS transistors.
CMOS is widely used in digital logic circuits due to its low power consumption.
It consists of a combination of NMOS (n-type) and PMOS (p-type) transistors.
The NMOS transistors are used for logic 0 and the PMOS transistors for logic 1.
The transistors are connected in a complementary manner to form logic gates and other circuit components.
CMOS tec...read more
Q54. given a number write it in words
Convert a number into words
Break the number into groups of three digits
Convert each group into words using a lookup table
Combine the words with appropriate magnitude (thousand, million, billion, etc.)
Q55. Strcpy() vs Memcpy()
Strcpy() is used to copy strings while Memcpy() is used to copy blocks of memory.
Strcpy() only copies until it reaches a null character while Memcpy() copies a specified number of bytes.
Strcpy() is safer to use for copying strings as it automatically adds a null character at the end.
Memcpy() can be used for copying non-string data such as arrays or structs.
Q56. Blocking vs Non-Blocking with example.
Q57. Tell about osi model
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven layers.
The OSI model stands for Open Systems Interconnection model.
It helps in understanding how different networking protocols work together.
The seven layers are: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
Each layer has specific functions and communicates with the adjacent layers.
For example, HTTP operates at the ...read more
Q58. Tree traversal with vertical order
Tree traversal with vertical order involves traversing a binary tree in a top-to-bottom order for each vertical column.
Use a hashmap to store nodes at each vertical level
Perform a level order traversal and update the hashmap with nodes at each vertical level
Sort the keys of the hashmap to get the nodes in vertical order
Q59. Difference between task and function
Task is used for sequential execution while function is used for parallel execution.
Task is used for modeling sequential behavior in Verilog/SystemVerilog
Function is used for modeling combinational logic in Verilog/SystemVerilog
Task can contain delays and blocking statements
Function cannot contain delays or blocking statements
Q60. DIFFERENCE BTW LATCH AND FLIPFLOP
A latch is level sensitive and a flip-flop is edge sensitive. Latch changes output as soon as input changes, while flip-flop changes output only on clock edge.
Latch is level triggered, while flip-flop is edge triggered
Latch changes output as soon as input changes, while flip-flop changes output only on clock edge
Latch is asynchronous, while flip-flop is synchronous
Examples: SR latch, D latch for latch; D flip-flop, JK flip-flop for flip-flop
Q61. What is kubernetes?
Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
Kubernetes allows for automated deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
It provides features like service discovery, load balancing, storage orchestration, and automated rollouts and rollbacks.
Kubernetes helps in ensuring high availability, fault tolerance, and efficient resource utilization.
It supports variou...read more
Q62. Nmap Scan How do it
Nmap is a powerful network scanning tool used to discover hosts and services on a network.
Nmap can be used to scan specific hosts or entire networks.
It provides various scan types such as TCP, UDP, SYN, etc.
Nmap can detect open ports, running services, and operating systems.
It offers advanced features like OS fingerprinting, version detection, and script scanning.
Example: 'nmap -p 1-1000 -sS 192.168.0.1' scans ports 1 to 1000 using TCP SYN scan on host 192.168.0.1.
Q63. #define Vs typedef
Both #define and typedef are used for defining aliases for data types in C/C++.
Use #define to define constants or macros.
Use typedef to define new data types.
Syntax for #define: #define identifier value
Syntax for typedef: typedef existing_type new_type_name;
Example of #define: #define PI 3.14159
Example of typedef: typedef int myInt;
Q64. What is setup time ?
Setup time is the amount of time a data input signal must be stable before the clock edge for proper operation of a flip-flop.
Setup time is the minimum time required for the input data signal to be stable before the clock edge.
It ensures that the data input is captured correctly by the flip-flop.
If the setup time is not met, the flip-flop may capture the wrong data.
Setup time violations can lead to timing issues in digital circuits.
For example, if a flip-flop has a setup time...read more
Q65. CMOS diagram of NAND gate
CMOS diagram of NAND gate is a combination of NMOS and PMOS transistors.
CMOS NAND gate consists of a series connection of NMOS transistors and a parallel connection of PMOS transistors.
NMOS transistors are used for the pull-down network while PMOS transistors are used for the pull-up network.
When both inputs are high, the NMOS transistors conduct and the output is pulled low.
When either input is low, the corresponding PMOS transistor conducts and the output is pulled high.
Q66. Burp suite functionality
Burp Suite is a web application security testing tool.
Burp Suite is used for manual and automated testing of web applications.
It includes various tools like a proxy, scanner, intruder, repeater, and sequencer.
The proxy tool allows intercepting and modifying HTTP/S traffic.
The scanner tool automatically identifies vulnerabilities in web applications.
The intruder tool can be used for brute-forcing, fuzzing, and payload testing.
The repeater tool helps in modifying and resending ...read more
Q67. what is a netlist?
Q68. Design a key-value store.
A key-value store is a data storage system that allows users to store, retrieve, and manage data based on unique keys.
Use a hash table data structure to store key-value pairs.
Implement methods for adding, updating, and deleting key-value pairs.
Include features like data replication, sharding, and data partitioning for scalability.
Consider data consistency and fault tolerance mechanisms.
Examples: Redis, MongoDB, Cassandra.
Q69. Design a phonebook app
Phonebook app for storing and organizing contacts
Allow users to add, edit, and delete contacts
Include search functionality for easy access to contacts
Implement sorting options by name, phone number, etc.
Provide option to categorize contacts into groups or favorites
Q70. Any backlogs like suspension
No, I do not have any backlogs or suspensions.
I do not have any backlogs or suspensions in my work history.
I have consistently met deadlines and quality standards in my previous roles.
I have never been suspended or faced any disciplinary actions in my career.
Q71. DESIGN A MOD COUNTER
A mod counter is a counter that counts from 0 to a specified modulus value before resetting to 0.
Design a counter with a specified number of bits to represent the count value
Implement logic to increment the count value by 1
Add logic to reset the count value to 0 when it reaches the modulus value