30+ TCS Interview Questions and Answers

Gram staining is a technique used to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall composition. Cell disruption is a process to break open cells to release their contents.

• Gram staining involves staining bacterial cells with crystal violet dye, followed by iodine treatment and decolorization with alcohol or acetone.

• Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain and appear purple, while Gram-negative bacteria lose the stain and appear pink or red after counterstaining...read more

Chromatographic techniques separate mixtures into individual components based on their physical and chemical properties.

• Gas chromatography separates volatile compounds based on their boiling points and affinity for the stationary phase.

• Liquid chromatography separates compounds based on their polarity and affinity for the stationary phase.

• Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules based on their charge and affinity for the stationary phase.

• Size exclusion chromatog...read more

Laminar Air Flow and Biosafety Cabinet are both used to maintain sterile environments, but have different purposes.

• Laminar Air Flow is used to maintain a sterile environment for non-hazardous materials, such as in a laboratory or clean room.

• Biosafety Cabinet is used to maintain a sterile environment for hazardous materials, such as in a medical or research setting.

• Laminar Air Flow blows filtered air in a single direction, while Biosafety Cabinet has HEPA filters and exhaust s...read more

Area classification refers to the process of categorizing areas based on their potential for the presence of hazardous substances or environments.

• Area classification is important for ensuring safety in industries such as oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and mining.

• It involves assessing the likelihood and extent of the presence of flammable gases, vapors, or combustible dusts.

• Classification is typically based on factors such as the type and quantity of hazardous substances...read more

Types of media used in laboratory include agar, broth, and selective media.

• Agar is a solid medium used for culturing microorganisms.

• Broth is a liquid medium used for growing bacteria and other microorganisms.

• Selective media contains specific nutrients or chemicals to promote the growth of certain types of microorganisms.

• Other types of media include enriched media, differential media, and transport media.

Thesis or dissertation procedure in masters

• A thesis or dissertation is a research project that students undertake as part of their master's degree program

• The procedure involves selecting a topic, conducting research, analyzing data, and presenting findings

• The thesis or dissertation is typically supervised by a faculty member and must meet certain formatting and citation requirements

• The final product is a written document that demonstrates the student's mastery of the subject ...read more

A controlled area is a restricted area where access is limited and certain safety measures are enforced.

• Access to a controlled area is restricted to authorized personnel only

• Safety measures such as protective clothing, equipment, and procedures are enforced

• Examples include nuclear power plants, chemical manufacturing facilities, and research laboratories

• Controlled areas are established to protect people, property, and the environment from potential hazards

IPQA stands for In-Process Quality Assurance. LAF stands for Laminar Air Flow.

• IPQA is a quality control process that ensures that products are manufactured according to the required standards.

• It involves monitoring and verifying the manufacturing process at various stages to ensure that the product meets the required specifications.

• LAF is a type of air flow system used in clean rooms and laboratories to maintain a sterile environment.

• It works by filtering the air and directin...read more

My interest area is in the field of genetics and genomics.

• I have a strong passion for studying the genetic basis of diseases and how it can be applied in personalized medicine.

• I am particularly interested in exploring the role of genetic variations in complex traits and disorders.

• I have experience in conducting research on gene expression analysis and identifying potential therapeutic targets.

• I enjoy staying updated with the latest advancements in genomic technologies and the...read more

There are 11 major systems in the human body.

• The circulatory system transports blood and nutrients throughout the body.

• The respiratory system is responsible for breathing and gas exchange.

• The digestive system processes food and absorbs nutrients.

• The nervous system controls body functions and sends signals.

• The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body.

• The muscular system allows movement and generates heat.

• The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate ...read more

There are 11 systems in our body.

• The 11 systems are: circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, immune, urinary, integumentary, skeletal, and muscular.

• Each system has a specific function and works together with other systems to maintain homeostasis.

• For example, the circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, while the respiratory system brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

• The digestive system breaks down food and ab...read more

Gram positive and negative bacteria are classified based on their cell wall structure and reaction to the Gram stain.

• Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, which retains the crystal violet stain in the Gram stain test.

• Gram negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane, which does not retain the crystal violet stain but takes up the safranin counterstain.

• Examples of Gram positive bacteria include Staphyloc...read more

Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of how drugs interact with the body to produce their effects.

• Pharmacodynamics is the branch of pharmacology that focuses on the effects of drugs on the body.

• It involves studying the mechanisms of drug action, including how drugs bind to receptors and alter biochemical pathways.

• Pharmacodynamics also explores the relationship between drug concentration and its effects.

• Understanding pharmacodynamics helps in predicting drug responses and opti...read more

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

• Pharmacokinetics involves the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

• It helps to understand how drugs move through the body and how they are affected by various factors such as age, gender, and disease.

• Pharmacokinetic parameters include bioavailability, half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution.

• Understanding pharmacokinetics is import...read more

To improve sales, focus on building relationships, understanding customer needs, and providing excellent service.

• Build strong relationships with customers

• Understand customer needs and tailor your approach

• Provide excellent customer service

• Stay up-to-date on industry trends and products

• Offer promotions and incentives

• Follow up with customers after sales

• Continuously improve your product knowledge and sales skills

A tablet is a portable computing device that typically has a touchscreen display and is operated by touch or stylus.

• A tablet is a type of computer that is smaller and more portable than a laptop or desktop computer.

• It usually features a touchscreen display, allowing users to interact with the device by tapping, swiping, or using a stylus.

• Tablets often have built-in Wi-Fi or cellular connectivity, enabling internet access on the go.

• They can run various applications and softwar...read more

Vaccines are substances that help the body develop immunity to a specific disease. There are different types of vaccines that target various diseases and the respiratory system is responsible for breathing and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• Vaccines are made from weakened or killed forms of the virus or bacteria they protect against

• Types of vaccines include live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines

• The re...read more

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body.

• It involves the study of how drugs interact with the body and how they can be used to treat diseases.

• Pharmacology covers a wide range of topics including drug development, drug safety, and drug interactions.

• It is an important field in medicine as it helps healthcare professionals understand how drugs work and how to use them safely and effectively.

• Examples of pharmacology in action include the development of new...read more

A cell is the basic unit of life that makes up all living organisms.

• Cells are responsible for carrying out all the functions necessary for life.

• They can be classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

• Examples of cells include red blood cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells.

• Cells can also be cultured in a laboratory for research purposes.

RCPA stands for Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia.

• It is a professional organization for pathologists in Australia and New Zealand.

• It sets standards for pathology practice and education.

• It also provides training and accreditation for pathologists.

• RCPA also conducts research and advocates for the pathology profession.

• It publishes the journal 'Pathology' which covers research and developments in the field.

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA.

• PCR is used in various applications such as genetic testing, forensics, and research.

• Types of PCR include conventional PCR, real-time PCR, and reverse transcription PCR.

• Examples of PCR applications include COVID-19 testing and paternity testing.

Immunotechniques are laboratory methods used to detect and measure specific proteins or antibodies in biological samples.

• Immunoprecipitation: isolating a specific protein using an antibody

• ELISA: detecting the presence and quantity of an antigen or antibody

• Western blotting: detecting a specific protein in a sample

• Flow cytometry: analyzing cells based on their surface markers

• Immunohistochemistry: visualizing specific proteins in tissue samples

• Immunofluorescence: visualizing spe...read more

Education qualifications required for Production Executive position.

• Minimum Bachelor's degree in relevant field.

• Master's degree or MBA preferred.

• Certifications in production management or related fields are a plus.

• Experience in production or manufacturing industry is highly valued.

An on system is a system that is always active and ready to respond to stimuli.

• On systems are important in the body's response to stress and danger.

• Examples of on systems include the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

• These systems release hormones like adrenaline and cortisol to prepare the body for fight or flight.

• Dysregulation of on systems can lead to chronic stress and health problems.

Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures into their individual components.

• Chromatography involves a stationary phase and a mobile phase

• The components of the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to separation

• Common types include gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography

Depth filtration is a filtration method where particles are captured within the thickness of the filter medium.

• Depth filtration involves particles being trapped within the filter matrix rather than just on the surface.

• It is commonly used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, and water treatment.

• Examples of depth filtration media include sand filters, activated carbon filters, and diatomaceous earth filters.

Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is a set of guidelines and regulations that ensure the quality and safety of products during manufacturing.

• GMP ensures that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards.

• It covers various aspects such as personnel, facilities, equipment, documentation, and processes.

• GMP helps prevent contamination, mix-ups, and errors that could affect the quality of the product.

• It includes procedures for quality control, qu...read more

Country specific regulatory requirements are laws and regulations that businesses must comply with in order to operate in a particular country.

• Regulatory requirements vary by country and industry

• Examples include data privacy laws, labor laws, and environmental regulations

• Non-compliance can result in fines, legal action, and damage to a company's reputation

21 CFR Part 11 is a regulation by the FDA that defines the criteria for electronic records and electronic signatures in the pharmaceutical industry.

• 21 CFR Part 11 is a regulation issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

• It sets the standards for electronic records and electronic signatures in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries.

• The regulation ensures the authenticity, integrity, and reliability of electronic records and signatures.

• It ...read more

Medical representatives play a crucial role in promoting and selling pharmaceutical products to healthcare professionals.

• Building and maintaining relationships with healthcare professionals

• Educating healthcare professionals about the benefits and uses of products

• Promoting new products and conducting product demonstrations

• Monitoring competitor activity and market trends

• Achieving sales targets and KPIs

• Providing feedback to the company on market trends and customer needs

DHS can be operated through effective leadership, strategic planning, and collaboration with other agencies.

• Develop and implement policies and procedures

• Establish clear communication channels

• Collaborate with other agencies and stakeholders

• Ensure proper allocation of resources

• Provide training and development opportunities for staff

• Regularly review and evaluate operations for effectiveness

• Stay up-to-date with emerging threats and technologies

• Maintain transparency and accountabi...read more

An autoclave is a device used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure and temperature.

• Autoclaves use steam to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

• They are commonly used in medical and laboratory settings.

• Autoclaves can sterilize items such as surgical instruments, glassware, and textiles.

• The process typically takes around 15-20 minutes.

• Autoclaves come in various sizes, from small tabletop models to large industrial units.