200+ Nagarjuna Construction Company Interview Questions and Answers

Journal entry for prepaid rent paid at beginning and end of month affecting net worth.

• Debit prepaid rent account for the full amount paid at the beginning of the month

• Credit cash account for the same amount

• At the end of the month, debit rent expense account for the portion of rent used during the month

• Credit prepaid rent account for the same amount

• The entry at the end of the month affects the net worth as it reduces the prepaid rent asset and increases the rent expense

• Example...read more

The entry for share purchased today credited into demat on T+2 is a debit to the cash account and a credit to the demat account.

• Debit cash account

• Credit demat account

• Occurs on T+2

• Reflects purchase of shares

The share price has an impact on the issue of dividends as it affects the dividend yield and the amount of cash paid out to shareholders.

• Share price affects the dividend yield, which is calculated by dividing the annual dividend per share by the share price.

• A higher share price reduces the dividend yield, making the stock less attractive to income-seeking investors.

• Share price also affects the amount of cash paid out as dividends. A higher share price may result in a lower di...read more

Debugging steps for a slow web portal

• Check server load and resource usage

• Analyze network traffic and latency

• Review code for inefficiencies and optimize

• Use profiling tools to identify bottlenecks

• Consider caching and content delivery networks

• Test and monitor performance after changes

DCF is a valuation method used to estimate the value of an investment based on its future cash flows.

• DCF involves projecting future cash flows and discounting them back to their present value.

• It can be applied to equity by estimating the future cash flows of a company and discounting them back to their present value to determine the company's intrinsic value.

• DCF is commonly used in investment banking and finance to value companies and assets.

• It is important to use realistic a...read more

Find the highest value that occurs the same number of times within an array.

• Iterate through the array and count the occurrences of each value.

• Store the counts in a dictionary or hash map.

• Find the maximum count and check which value(s) have that count.

• Return the highest value among those with the maximum count.

The technical term for bond interest is coupon rate.

• Coupon rate is the fixed annual interest rate paid on a bond.

• It is expressed as a percentage of the bond's face value.

• For example, a bond with a face value of $1000 and a coupon rate of 5% will pay $50 in interest annually.

• Coupon payments are usually made semi-annually or quarterly.

Using bitwise operator to check the last bit of the number.

• Use bitwise AND operator with 1 to check the last bit of the number.

• If the result is 0, the number is even. If the result is 1, the number is odd.

• Example: 6 & 1 = 0 (even), 7 & 1 = 1 (odd)

Counting permutations where numbers between u and i+1 are less than i for all i in the permutation.

• The first number in the permutation must be 1.

• For each i in the permutation, all numbers between u and i+1 must be less than i.

• Use dynamic programming to count the number of valid permutations.

• The answer is (n-1)th Catalan number.

• Example: for n=4, the answer is 5.

Probability of a rectangle being inside a unit circle with p chosen uniformly on the circle and q inside the circle.

• The probability can be found by calculating the ratio of the area of the rectangle to the area of the circle.

• The area of the circle is pi and the area of the rectangle can be found using the distance between p and q.

• The probability is 1/4.

• Example: If the distance between p and q is 0.5, then the area of the rectangle is 0.25 and the probability is 0.25/pi.

Logic to get Map using Stream API to show balance of each person

• Use Stream API to group accounts by name

• Use map() to get the sum of balances for each group

• Collect the results into a Map

RBI increases Repo rate to control inflation by reducing money supply and increasing cost of borrowing.

• Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks.

• When RBI increases Repo rate, it becomes expensive for banks to borrow money from RBI.

• Banks then increase their lending rates to customers, which reduces borrowing and spending.

• This reduces money supply in the economy, which helps in controlling inflation.

• For example, if inflation is high, RBI may increase Re...read more

Options give the right but not the obligation to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price, while futures require the buyer or seller to fulfill the contract at a specific date and price.

• Options provide flexibility to the buyer as they can choose whether or not to exercise the option, while futures require the buyer or seller to fulfill the contract.

• Options have a premium that the buyer pays to the seller for the right to buy or sell the asset, while futures do not have a...read more

Finding the probability distribution for the minimum of two random variables with given distributions.

• Use the formula P(min(x,y)>z) = P(x>z)P(y>z)

• Integrate over the range of z to get the distribution of min(x,y)

• Final distribution is 2ke^(-kx)ue^(-ux)exp(-uz)

Innovations to minimize cost of pen

• Use recycled materials for pen body and ink

• Simplify design to reduce production costs

• Implement refillable ink cartridges to reduce waste and cost

• Partner with companies for bulk purchasing of materials

• Automate production process to reduce labor costs

Given prob. p of dying out and prob. (1-p) of spawning into 2, find prob. of dying out starting from 1 organism.

• Use probability tree to visualize outcomes

• Probability of dying out starting from 1 is p + (1-p) * (probability of dying out starting from 2)^2

• Solve recursively to get final answer

Market cap is the total value of a company's outstanding shares. It's calculated by multiplying the current stock price by the number of shares outstanding.

• Market cap is short for market capitalization.

• It's a measure of a company's size and value.

• It's calculated by multiplying the current stock price by the number of shares outstanding.

• For example, if a company has 1 million shares outstanding and the current stock price is $50, the market cap would be $50 million.

• Market cap ...read more

Weak reference is a reference that does not prevent the object from being garbage collected.

• Weak references are used to refer to objects that can be garbage collected if there are no strong references to them.

• They are typically used in scenarios where you want to hold a reference to an object, but don't want to prevent it from being collected.

• Weak references are implemented using weak reference queues, which allow you to perform actions when weakly referenced objects are abou...read more

Possible values of determinant of matrix A given Avi=Vj for n linear vectors

• The possible values of |A| are non-zero as the given vectors are linearly independent

• The value of |A| can be calculated using the formula |A| = (-1)^n * det(A)

• If the given vectors are orthogonal, then |A| is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors

Count occurrences of a character in a string and output in a specific format.

• Use a hash table to store the count of each character.

• Loop through the string and update the count in the hash table.

• Create the output string using the hash table.

A and B play a game with unfair coin. A wins if # of heads > #tails +1 at any point. Find prob. of A winning.

• The game is played with an unfair coin with P[Heads]=p

• A wins if # of heads > #tails +1 at any point

• Find the probability of A winning

Call option holder would gain.

• A call option gives the holder the right to buy the security at a predetermined price, known as the strike price.

• If the price of the security is showing an upward trend, the call option holder can exercise their option and buy the security at the lower strike price, then sell it at the higher market price for a profit.

• On the other hand, a put option gives the holder the right to sell the security at a predetermined price.

• If the price of the secur...read more

HashSet is implemented using a HashMap internally. Same hashcode is generated when two objects have the same value for hashCode() and equals() methods.

• HashSet internally uses a HashMap to store its elements.

• The hashcode of an object is generated using the hashCode() method.

• If two objects have the same value for hashCode() and equals() methods, they will generate the same hashcode.

• For example, if two String objects have the same content, they will generate the same hashcode.

The probability of element at 20th position landing up at 31st position after the first iteration.

• The probability depends on the size of the dataset and the algorithm used for iteration.

• If the algorithm involves swapping adjacent elements, the probability is higher.

• If the dataset is sorted in a way that the element at 20th position is adjacent to the element at 31st position, the probability is 1.

• The probability can be calculated using combinatorics and probability theory.

Singleton pattern ensures a class has only one instance, while allowing global access to it.

• Implement a private constructor to prevent direct instantiation.

• Create a static method to provide a single point of access to the instance.

• Use lazy initialization to create the instance only when needed.

• Ensure thread safety in a multithreaded environment using synchronization or double-checked locking.

• Breaking the singleton pattern can be done by using reflection, serialization, or clo...read more

Finding f(n) for a normal standard distribution with a given constant k.

• Calculate the product of probability density function and cumulative distribution function.

• Integrate the product of f(x) and F(kx) from -inf to +inf.

• The value of k is a constant greater than 0.

Enterprise value is the total value of a company, including debt and equity.

• Enterprise value is calculated by adding market capitalization, debt, and minority interest, and then subtracting cash and cash equivalents.

• It represents the total value of a company that an acquirer would have to pay to take over the company.

• Enterprise value is a more accurate representation of a company's value than market capitalization alone.

• For example, if a company has a market capitalization of...read more

Find root to leaf branches in a binary tree with sum equal to n, then find maximum length branches with sum equal to n.

• Traverse the binary tree using depth-first search (DFS) and keep track of the current path and its sum

• If a leaf node is reached, check if the sum equals n and store the path if it does

• For finding maximum length branches, store all paths with sum equal to n and then find the longest ones

• Example: Given binary tree with values [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], find branches with...read more

SQL Cursor is a database object used to manipulate data row by row.

• Cursor is used to fetch and process data row by row

• Index is a database object used to speed up data retrieval

• Aggregate functions are used to perform calculations on a set of values

• Examples of aggregate functions are SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN

Find local minima of an array in o(log n) in functional programming.

• Use binary search to find the local minima.

• Check if the mid element is a local minima, if not, move towards the lower side.

• If the mid element is greater than its left element, move towards the left side, else move towards the right side.

• Repeat until a local minima is found.

• Example: [5, 3, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9] -> local minima is 2.

Find two elements in a sorted array that add up to a given sum in linear time.

• Use two pointers, one at the beginning and one at the end of the array.

• If the sum of the two pointers is greater than the target, move the right pointer to the left.

• If the sum of the two pointers is less than the target, move the left pointer to the right.

• Repeat until the sum is found or the pointers meet.

• Example: Given [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] and target 7, return (2, 5).

A put option holder would exercise the option when the underlying asset's price is below the strike price.

• Put option holders exercise when the market price of the underlying asset is lower than the strike price.

• They exercise to sell the asset at a higher price than the market price.

• Put options are often exercised before the expiration date if the market conditions are favorable.

• Exercising a put option allows the holder to profit from a decline in the price of the underlying a...read more

package.json lists dependencies and package-lock.json ensures consistent installs.

• package.json lists all the dependencies required for the project

• package-lock.json ensures that the same versions of dependencies are installed across all environments

• package.json is manually edited while package-lock.json is generated automatically

• package-lock.json is used for reproducible builds

Valuation methods include market, income, and asset-based approaches, each used for different purposes.

• Market approach: based on comparable sales of similar assets in the market

• Income approach: based on the present value of expected future income generated by the asset

• Asset-based approach: based on the value of the asset's tangible and intangible assets

• Market approach is commonly used for real estate, income approach for businesses, and asset-based approach for liquidation or...read more

I am a detail-oriented analyst with knowledge of various Excel functions.

• I am proficient in basic functions such as SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT, etc.

• I am also familiar with more advanced functions such as VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, INDEX, MATCH, IF, AND, OR, etc.

• I have experience using PivotTables, PivotCharts, and creating macros to automate tasks.

• I am constantly learning and exploring new functions to improve my skills.

Implement a dynamic 2D excel sheet using DS

• Use a 2D array to store the data

• Implement functions to add, delete, and modify data

• Use data structures like linked lists or hash tables for efficient searching and sorting

• Implement dynamic resizing to handle large amounts of data

• Use GUI libraries like Tkinter or PyQt for user interface

Tower and Morgan Stanley are both financial services companies.

• Tower is a global investment management firm with over $1 trillion in assets under management.

• Morgan Stanley is a multinational investment bank and financial services company.

• Both companies offer a range of financial services including wealth management, investment banking, and asset management.

• Tower is known for its focus on sustainable investing, while Morgan Stanley has a strong presence in mergers and acquisit...read more

Joining tables in DBMS evolved as a solution to handle complex data relationships.

• Joins allow combining data from multiple tables based on a common column.

• The concept of joins originated from the need to handle complex data relationships.

• Joins can be inner, outer, left, right, or cross depending on the type of data required.

• Joins can improve query performance by reducing the number of queries needed to retrieve data.

• Joins can also help in data normalization by reducing data r...read more

Build a system where people can subscribe to a topic and receive messages related to that topic.

• Create a subscription system where users can choose topics of interest

• Implement a messaging system to post messages related to topics

• Store user subscriptions and messages in a database

• Send notifications to subscribed users when a message is posted for their subscribed topic

To find an even length palindrome in a string in O(n), we can use the two-pointer approach.

• Initialize two pointers at the center of the string.

• Expand the pointers outwards while checking if the characters at both pointers are equal.

• If they are not equal, return the previous substring as the even length palindrome.

• If the pointers reach the end of the string, return the entire string as the even length palindrome.

Use a HashMap data structure to store unique words and their frequencies.

• Use a HashMap<String, Integer> to store unique words as keys and their frequencies as values.

• Iterate through each word in the novel, updating the frequency count in the HashMap.

• At the end, the HashMap will contain unique words and their frequencies.

Code to sort a list without pipes

• Use a sorting algorithm like bubble sort, insertion sort, or selection sort

• Implement the algorithm in the programming language of your choice

• Test the code with different input sizes and types

A hash map is a data structure that stores key-value pairs, while a hash set is a data structure that stores unique elements.

• Hash map allows for efficient retrieval of values based on keys.

• Hash set only stores unique elements and does not allow duplicates.

• Time complexity for hash map and hash set operations is generally O(1) on average, but can be O(n) in worst case scenarios.

• Examples of hash map operations include inserting a key-value pair, retrieving a value based on a key...read more

Hedge funds are alternative investment vehicles that use pooled funds to employ various strategies to generate high returns.

• Hedge funds are privately owned and managed investment funds

• They use a variety of investment strategies such as long-short equity, global macro, and event-driven

• They are typically only available to accredited investors due to their high-risk nature

• Components of financial statements include balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement

To ensure package versions are taken from package-lock.json, use npm ci instead of npm install.

• npm ci installs packages based on package-lock.json

• npm install may update package versions in package.json

• Always commit package-lock.json to version control

Prove N>=N^.5+N^(1/3)+N^(1/4) for N>=a

• Use AM-GM inequality

• Substitute N with a and prove the inequality holds

• Use calculus to find the minimum value of the expression

To debug Out of Memory Error, analyze memory usage and garbage collection algorithm of JVM.

• Analyze heap dump to identify memory leaks

• Check if JVM is running out of heap space

• Analyze garbage collection logs to identify any issues

• Tune JVM parameters to optimize memory usage

• Consider using a profiler to identify memory-intensive code

• Check for any large objects or arrays that may be causing the issue

Implementation of shared and unique pointers in C++ with operator overloading.

• Implement a class for shared pointer with reference counting.

• Handle assignment by incrementing reference count and decrementing old pointer's count.

• Overload -> and * operators to access underlying object.

• Use shared pointer in main method by creating instances and passing them around.

• For unique pointer, implement a class that transfers ownership upon assignment.

Annotations used in Spring Framework for defining components and services.

• Annotations like @Component, @Service, and @Controller are used for defining components in Spring Framework.

• @RestController is used for defining RESTful web services.

• @Configuration is used for defining configuration classes.

• @Transactional is used for defining transactional methods.

• All these annotations help in defining and managing dependencies in Spring Framework.

Number of inversions in an array in O(nlogn) time.

• Use merge sort algorithm to count inversions

• Divide the array into two halves and recursively count inversions

• Merge the two halves and count split inversions

• Time complexity is O(nlogn)

Hedge funds are investment funds that pool capital from accredited individuals or institutional investors and use various strategies to generate high returns.

• Hedge funds typically have high minimum investment requirements and are only available to accredited investors.

• They often use leverage and derivatives to amplify returns.

• Hedge funds can invest in a wide range of assets, including stocks, bonds, commodities, and real estate.

• Common hedge fund strategies include long/short ...read more

Bonds are debt securities issued by companies or governments to raise capital. Different types include corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and treasury bonds.

• Bonds are essentially loans that investors give to companies or governments in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the bond's face value at maturity.

• Corporate bonds are issued by corporations to raise capital for various purposes, such as expansion or acquisitions.

• Municipal bonds are issued by state a...read more