800+ Ecoware Interview Questions and Answers

The question covers power factor of transformer, types of DC machine, working principle of AC alternator, and DC motors.

• Power factor of a transformer is the ratio of real power to apparent power.

• Types of DC machines include DC motors and DC generators.

• AC alternators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

• DC motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy through the interaction of magnetic fields.

Criteria for evaluating cable thickness and length in electrical engineering.

• Consider the current carrying capacity of the cable

• Evaluate the voltage drop over the length of the cable

• Take into account the environmental conditions where the cable will be installed

• Check the insulation material and its thickness

• Ensure the cable length is sufficient for the intended application

The number of workmen needed depends on the size and complexity of the traywork, cable vault, and piperack.

• The number of workmen needed for a 100km traywork in 20 days will vary based on factors such as terrain, weather conditions, and equipment availability.

• For a cable vault, the number of workmen required will depend on the size of the vault, the type of cables being installed, and any specific safety regulations that need to be followed.

• In the case of a piperack, the numbe...read more

CT sizing is done by considering the primary current, burden, and accuracy class of the CT.

• Determine the primary current of the system

• Calculate the burden of the CT

• Select the accuracy class of the CT

• Use the formula: CT rating = primary current x burden / (accuracy class x 100)

• Example: For a 400A primary current, 5VA burden, and 0.5 accuracy class, CT rating = 400 x 5 / (0.5 x 100) = 40A

Earthing procedures involve connecting electrical systems to the ground to prevent electric shock and ensure safety. Earthgrid is a network of interconnected grounding systems.

• Earthing procedures involve connecting electrical systems to the ground using conductors like copper rods or plates.

• The purpose of earthing is to prevent electric shock by providing a path for fault currents to flow safely into the ground.

• Earthgrid is a network of interconnected grounding systems that e...read more

My current payment is $80,000 annually before taxes and $65,000 after taxes.

• My current annual salary is $80,000 before taxes

• After taxes, my take-home pay is $65,000

• I receive a monthly salary of $6,666.67 before taxes

Load list is a document that lists all the electrical loads in a building or facility.

• It includes details such as the name of the load, its location, power rating, and voltage requirements.

• Load list is used to determine the total power demand of the building and to design the electrical system accordingly.

• It is also used for maintenance and troubleshooting purposes.

• Examples of loads that may be included in a load list are lighting fixtures, HVAC systems, elevators, and motors...read more

Differential relays are typically located at the ends of a protected zone.

• Differential relays are used to detect faults within a protected zone

• They compare the current entering and leaving the zone

• If there is a difference, it indicates a fault

• The relay is typically located at the end of the zone closest to the source

• This allows for the quickest detection and isolation of faults

RPM stands for Revolutions Per Minute.

• RPM stands for Revolutions Per Minute

• It is a unit of rotational speed

• Commonly used in the context of engines, motors, and other rotating machinery

Core branch refers to the fundamental or main area of study within a particular field.

• It is the primary area of focus within a field of study

• It encompasses the foundational concepts and principles

• Examples include core branches of engineering such as electrical, mechanical, and civil

• Core branches of medicine include cardiology, neurology, and oncology

There are various types of motors including DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors.

• DC motors: used in applications where speed control is important, such as in electric vehicles.

• AC motors: commonly used in household appliances and industrial machinery.

• Stepper motors: used in applications requiring precise position control, like 3D printers.

• Servo motors: used in robotics and automation for accurate control of position and speed.

An induction motor works by using electromagnetic induction to generate a rotating magnetic field.

• An induction motor consists of a stator and a rotor.

• The stator has a set of windings that are connected to an AC power source.

• When the AC power is applied, it creates a rotating magnetic field in the stator.

• The rotating magnetic field induces currents in the rotor windings, which in turn creates a magnetic field in the rotor.

• The interaction between the stator and rotor magnetic f...read more

Cable dressing is the process of organizing and securing cables in a neat and efficient manner to improve safety and aesthetics.

• Cable dressing involves arranging cables in a way that minimizes interference and maximizes airflow.

• It helps in identifying and tracing cables easily for maintenance or troubleshooting.

• Proper cable dressing can prevent cable damage and reduce the risk of electrical hazards.

• Examples of cable dressing techniques include using cable ties, cable trays, a...read more

Earthing is the process of connecting electrical systems to the ground to prevent electric shock and protect equipment.

• Earthing provides a path for fault currents to flow safely into the ground.

• It helps in stabilizing voltage levels and protecting against lightning strikes.

• Earthing is essential for safety in electrical systems to prevent electric shocks.

• Examples of earthing systems include grounding rods, grounding plates, and grounding wires.

Provide details about a specific topic or project.

• Include background information

• Explain the purpose or goal

• Discuss the methods or techniques used

• Present the results or outcomes

• Highlight any challenges faced and how they were overcome

Seeking new challenges and opportunities for growth in a dynamic work environment.

• Desire to work on more complex projects

• Opportunity for career advancement

• Seeking a company with a strong focus on innovation

• Relocation to a new city or country

• Better work-life balance

Insulators are materials that do not conduct electricity and are used to prevent the flow of current.

• Insulators are materials with high resistivity, such as rubber, glass, porcelain, and plastic.

• They are used to separate conductors in electrical systems to prevent short circuits.

• Insulators are crucial for safety in electrical installations to avoid electric shocks and fires.

Large air voids in concrete can weaken its strength and durability.

• Air voids can reduce the density of concrete, making it more porous and susceptible to water penetration.

• This can lead to freeze-thaw damage, corrosion of reinforcement, and reduced durability.

• Air voids can also weaken the compressive strength of concrete, making it more prone to cracking and failure.

• Proper compaction and curing can help minimize the formation of air voids in concrete.

• Air-entraining agents can...read more

The minimum grade of concrete used in R.C.C. works is M20.

• R.C.C. stands for Reinforced Cement Concrete.

• M20 grade concrete has a compressive strength of 20 N/mm² after 28 days of curing.

• The minimum grade of concrete used in R.C.C. works may vary depending on the structural requirements.

• Higher grades of concrete are used for structures that require higher strength and durability.

• Lower grades of concrete may be used for non-structural elements like paving and landscaping.

• The mix...read more

If the transit mixer is delayed in reaching the site before the i.s.t. of cement, I would take the following actions.

• Contact the transit mixer driver to inquire about the delay and estimated time of arrival.

• Inform the site supervisor and project manager about the delay.

• Evaluate the impact of the delay on the construction schedule and adjust accordingly.

• Consider alternative options such as sourcing cement from a nearby supplier or rescheduling the concrete pouring.

• Coordinate w...read more

Curing formalities for precast segments involve a specific process to ensure strength and durability.

• Pre-wetting the segments before casting

• Covering the segments with wet burlap or plastic sheets

• Maintaining a moist environment for a specific duration

• Using curing compounds or membranes to prevent moisture loss

• Monitoring and controlling temperature and humidity during curing

• Allowing sufficient curing time before handling or loading the segments

The unit weight of concrete and steel varies based on diameter.

• Unit weight of concrete varies from 22 to 25 kN/m3

• Unit weight of steel varies from 7850 to 8000 kg/m3

• For example, the unit weight of 10mm steel is 0.617 kg/m and 20mm steel is 2.469 kg/m

• Similarly, the unit weight of M20 grade concrete is 25 kN/m3

The procedure for form work removal on site involves several steps to ensure safety and quality of the structure.

• Inspect the concrete for strength and stability

• Remove the formwork in a systematic manner to avoid damage to the concrete

• Ensure that the removal process does not cause any stress or strain on the structure

• Dispose of the formwork material properly

• Clean and prepare the area for the next phase of construction

Strength of concrete refers to its ability to resist external forces and maintain its shape and integrity.

• Strength of concrete is measured in terms of its compressive strength, which is the maximum amount of force it can withstand before it fails.

• The strength of concrete depends on the ratio of cement, water, and aggregates used in its mixture.

• Concrete gains strength over time as it cures and hardens, with most of the strength gained in the first 28 days.

• The strength of concr...read more

Open bag cement has a shelf life of about 3 months.

• Open bag cement should be used within 3 months of its manufacturing date.

• After 3 months, the cement may lose its strength and effectiveness.

• It is important to check the manufacturing date before using open bag cement.

• Storing cement in a cool, dry place can help extend its shelf life.

The spacing of main bar and distribution bar depends on the design and load requirements of the structure.

• The spacing is determined by the structural engineer during the design phase.

• It varies depending on the size and shape of the structure, as well as the load it will bear.

• The spacing should be such that the reinforcement is evenly distributed throughout the structure.

• For example, in a slab, the spacing of main bars may be 150mm to 200mm apart, while the distribution bars m...read more

The amount of steel required for 1000 cubic meters of concrete depends on the type and design of the concrete.

• The steel reinforcement in concrete is typically measured in terms of weight per unit volume of concrete.

• The amount of steel required can vary based on factors such as the strength of the concrete, the type of structure, and the design requirements.

• Steel reinforcement is commonly expressed as a percentage of the volume of concrete, known as the reinforcement ratio.

• For...read more

Nominal mix is a rough estimate of proportions of materials while design mix is a precise calculation of proportions.

• Nominal mix is used for small construction projects while design mix is used for large projects.

• Nominal mix is not very accurate while design mix is highly accurate.

• Nominal mix is expressed in volume while design mix is expressed in weight.

• Nominal mix is cheaper than design mix.

• Example of nominal mix: 1:2:4 (cement:sand:aggregate)

• Example of design mix: M20 (1:1...read more

Admixtures are added to concrete to improve its properties. Main admixtures include water reducers, accelerators, retarders, and air-entraining agents.

• Water reducers reduce the amount of water needed for a given workability, improving strength and durability.

• Accelerators speed up the setting and hardening of concrete, useful in cold weather conditions.

• Retarders slow down the setting of concrete, useful in hot weather conditions or when transportation time is long.

• Air-entraini...read more

The shear force is maximum at the support and the bending moment is maximum at the center of the slab.

• Shear force is maximum at the support due to the transfer of load from the slab to the support.

• Bending moment is maximum at the center of the slab due to the maximum deflection of the slab.

• The location of maximum shear force and bending moment can be determined using structural analysis software or manual calculations.

Common tests performed on concrete and cement

• Compressive strength test

• Water absorption test

• Setting time test

• Soundness test

• Fineness test

• Chemical analysis test

The workability of concrete on site can be measured using various methods.

• Slump test: Measures the consistency and flowability of concrete.

• Compaction factor test: Determines the workability by measuring the degree of compaction achieved.

• Flow table test: Measures the flowability of concrete by determining the diameter of the spread.

• Vebe test: Measures the time taken for a standard vibrating needle to penetrate the concrete.

• Kelly ball test: Measures the workability by determini...read more

There are various types of tubes used in heat exchangers including shell and tube, double pipe, and plate and frame.

• Shell and tube heat exchangers use tubes that are arranged in a bundle within a cylindrical shell.

• Double pipe heat exchangers use two tubes, one inside the other, to create a counterflow arrangement.

• Plate and frame heat exchangers use thin plates that are stacked together with small gaps between them to allow for heat transfer.

• Other types of tubes used in heat e...read more

As a Store Officer, I am responsible for maintaining stock levels, generating reports, and managing incoming and outgoing materials.

• Maintain maximum and minimum stock levels for all materials

• Generate non-moving item list and report to H.O.D.

• Monitor incoming materials and maintain proper accounting

• Unload and load vehicles promptly

• Generate monthly stock statement and report daily activities to Department Head

• Create PR and Purchase Orders

• Punch GRN from store in SAP

• Knowledge in S...read more

Bending moment diagram of an indeterminate beam and how to find moments at mid span.

• To draw the bending moment diagram, first determine the reactions at the supports using equilibrium equations.

• Then, use the method of superposition or moment distribution to determine the bending moment at any point on the beam.

• To find the moments at mid span, divide the beam into two parts and use the principle of superposition to find the bending moment at the mid span of each part.

• Add the b...read more

Compressive strength of concrete is its ability to resist compression. M25 concrete is a mix of cement, sand, and aggregate in a specific ratio.

• Compressive strength is the maximum load-bearing capacity of concrete per unit area.

• It is measured in megapascals (MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).

• M25 concrete is a mix of 1:1:2 ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate respectively.

• It has a compressive strength of 25 MPa or 3625 psi.

• Compressive strength is an important factor in dete...read more

The number of carpenters required for 3000cum concreting depends on the size of the project and the speed of the carpenters.

• The size of the project and the speed of the carpenters are important factors in determining the number of carpenters required.

• The type of formwork being used can also affect the number of carpenters needed.

• On average, one carpenter can complete 4-5 cubic meters of formwork per day.

• Assuming an average of 4.5 cubic meters per day per carpenter, 3000 cubic...read more

The type of pipe line and its standards depend on the specific project requirements and industry standards.

• The type of pipe line can vary based on the material being transported, such as water, gas, oil, etc.

• Common types of pipe lines include water supply lines, sewer lines, natural gas lines, oil pipelines, etc.

• The standards followed for pipe lines depend on the country, industry, and specific project requirements.

• Some commonly followed pipe line standards include ASTM (Amer...read more

1 way slab is supported on two opposite sides while 2 way slab is supported on all four sides. Cannot determine slab type without more information.

• 1 way slab is economical for smaller spans and lighter loads

• 2 way slab is suitable for larger spans and heavier loads

• Slab type depends on the room dimensions and load requirements

Chuting is a good method for concrete pouring in certain situations, but it depends on the project requirements.

• Chuting is useful for pouring concrete in hard-to-reach areas or when using a pump is not feasible.

• It can also be a cost-effective option for smaller projects.

• However, it may not be the best choice for larger projects or when a high level of precision is required.

• The decision to use chuting should be based on the specific needs of the project and the expertise of th...read more

Reinforcement is provided in the form of steel bars or mesh in concrete structures for shear and bending.

• Steel bars or mesh are embedded in concrete beams and slabs to provide reinforcement for bending.

• Stirrups are used to provide reinforcement for shear in beams.

• Shear reinforcement in slabs can be provided by using steel mesh or by adding steel bars in the form of a grid.

• The amount and placement of reinforcement is determined by structural engineers based on the design requi...read more

The thickness of plaster for inner and outer walls depends on various factors such as the type of wall, location, and purpose.

• The thickness of plaster for inner walls is usually 12-15 mm.

• The thickness of plaster for outer walls is usually 20-25 mm.

• The thickness of plaster can vary depending on the type of wall, such as brick, concrete, or block.

• The location of the wall, such as whether it is an interior or exterior wall, can also affect the thickness of plaster.

• The purpose of...read more

Designing the mix on site is required to ensure the optimal composition of materials for construction projects.

• Designing the mix on site allows for customization based on specific project requirements.

• It ensures the use of locally available materials, reducing transportation costs.

• On-site mix design allows for adjustments based on environmental conditions and project constraints.

• It helps in achieving the desired strength, durability, and workability of the concrete mix.

• Design...read more

Designing earthquake-resistant buildings involves considering various parameters and factors.

• Determine the seismic zone of the location

• Analyze the soil type and its bearing capacity

• Select appropriate building materials and structural systems

• Ensure proper connections and detailing of structural elements

• Consider the effects of lateral loads and vibrations

• Follow relevant building codes and standards

• Conduct regular inspections and maintenance

• Examples of earthquake-resistant desig...read more

Concrete quality refers to the strength, durability, and consistency of the concrete used in construction.

• Concrete quality is determined by the ratio of cement, water, and aggregates used in the mix.

• The strength of concrete is measured in pounds per square inch (psi) and is determined by the amount of cement used in the mix.

• Durability of concrete is determined by its ability to resist weathering, erosion, and chemical attacks.

• Consistency of concrete refers to its workability ...read more

1way slab is supported on two opposite sides while 2way slab is supported on all four sides.

• 1way slab is designed to carry load in one direction only

• 2way slab is designed to carry load in both directions

• 1way slab has a higher aspect ratio than 2way slab

• Examples of 1way slab include balcony slabs and corridor slabs while examples of 2way slab include floor slabs and roof slabs

Bleaching of concrete is the process of removing stains or discoloration from the surface of concrete.

• Bleaching agents like hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite are used to remove stains.

• It is commonly used in the restoration of old concrete structures.

• Bleaching should be followed by neutralization and thorough rinsing to prevent damage to the concrete.

• It is important to wear protective gear like gloves and goggles while handling bleaching agents.

Different types of slabs include one-way slab, two-way slab, flat slab, waffle slab, and ribbed slab.

• One-way slab is supported on two opposite sides and is designed to bend in only one direction.

• Two-way slab is supported on all four sides and is designed to bend in two directions.

• Flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that does not have beams and is supported directly by columns.

• Waffle slab is a two-way slab with a grid of ribs on the underside, creating a waffle-lik...read more

To calculate the weight of an 8mm diameter steel rod, use the formula: weight = volume x density.

• Calculate the volume of the rod using the formula: volume = π x (diameter/2)^2 x length

• Find the density of steel, which is typically around 7850 kg/m^3

• Multiply the volume by the density to get the weight of the rod

The properties of steel and concrete, PSC and RCC structures, execution strategy, and assisting the designer according to site conditions.

• Steel has high tensile strength and is commonly used in construction for beams, columns, and reinforcement.

• Concrete is a composite material made of cement, aggregates, and water, providing compressive strength and durability.

• PSC (Prestressed Concrete) structures use pre-tensioning or post-tensioning techniques to enhance the strength of con...read more

I would use the Agile method. Its demerits include lack of documentation and difficulty in measuring progress.

• Agile allows for flexibility and adaptability

• Demerits include lack of documentation and difficulty in measuring progress

• Examples of Agile include Scrum and Kanban

BOQ is Bill of Quantities used in construction projects. Grades of concrete are M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40, M45, M50, M55, M60. Well foundation is a type of deep foundation used to support heavy loads. Boring method in pile foundation is used to create a hole in the ground for the pile to be inserted.

• BOQ is a document that lists the type and quantity of materials required for a construction project.

• Grades of concrete are determined by the strength of the conc...read more

There are various types of slabs used in construction, each with its unique features and benefits.

• One-way slab: supported by beams on two opposite sides

• Two-way slab: supported by beams on all four sides

• Flat slab: without beams, supported by columns

• Waffle slab: reinforced concrete with square grids

• Ribbed slab: reinforced concrete with parallel ribs

• Hollow core slab: precast concrete with hollow cores

• Post-tensioned slab: reinforced with cables under tension

• Composite slab: steel ...read more

Damp proof course is a layer of material used to prevent moisture from rising up through walls and floors.

• Damp proof course is typically made of materials like bitumen, asphalt, or plastic.

• It is installed at the base of walls or floors to prevent moisture from seeping in.

• Without a damp proof course, moisture can cause damage to buildings and lead to mold and mildew growth.

• Damp proof course is especially important in areas with high levels of rainfall or humidity.

• Examples of w...read more

Pipe laying, sewer networking, and road restoration are essential tasks for civil site engineers.

• Pipe laying involves the installation of pipes for water supply, drainage, and sewage systems.

• Sewer networking involves connecting pipes to create a network for the transportation of sewage and wastewater.

• Road restoration involves repairing and maintaining roads and pavements that have been damaged due to construction work.

• Civil site engineers are responsible for ensuring that the...read more

Thought process during Nucleus and overcoming glitches during interview

• The thought process during Nucleus was to create a platform for students to showcase their skills and talents

• The main glitches during the interview were technical issues with the platform and miscommunication with participants

• To overcome these glitches, we conducted multiple trial runs and provided clear instructions to participants

• We also had a dedicated technical team to address any issues that arose dur...read more

The type of slab above our heads cannot be identified without additional information.

• The type of slab could vary depending on the location and purpose of the building.

• Additional information such as the building's construction plans or materials used would be needed to identify the slab type.

• Possible slab types include concrete, wood, steel, or composite materials.

• The slab could also be a part of a roofing system or a suspended ceiling.

• Professional inspection or consultation m...read more

Two stroke engines have power strokes every revolution, while four stroke engines have power strokes every other revolution.

• Two stroke engines have a simpler design with fewer moving parts compared to four stroke engines.

• Two stroke engines require a fuel-oil mixture for lubrication, while four stroke engines have a separate oil reservoir.

• Two stroke engines are lighter and have a higher power-to-weight ratio than four stroke engines.

• Examples of two stroke engines include chain...read more

Noise from high tension lines is caused by electromagnetic interference and corona discharge.

• High tension lines carry high voltage electricity, which can cause electromagnetic interference.

• Electromagnetic interference can generate noise in nearby electronic devices and equipment.

• Corona discharge occurs when the electric field surrounding the high tension line ionizes the air, creating a buzzing or crackling sound.

• Corona discharge can also produce radio frequency interference,...read more

Yes, slip form technique is a construction method used to build tall structures.

• It involves continuously pouring concrete into a moving formwork that slowly rises as the concrete sets.

• This technique is commonly used for constructing tall buildings, chimneys, and towers.

• It allows for efficient and cost-effective construction of structures with a uniform cross-section.

• Slip form technique was used to construct the Petronas Twin Towers in Malaysia, which were the tallest building...read more

Quicksand is a condition where loose sand becomes saturated with water, causing it to behave like a liquid.

• Quicksand is formed when water saturates loose sand, reducing friction between sand particles.

• It can be found near riverbanks, marshes, or coastal areas.

• When a person or object steps on quicksand, they sink slowly due to the lack of support from the liquid-like sand.

• To rectify quicksand condition, one should avoid making sudden movements that can cause further sinking.

• Sl...read more

To determine under and over reinforced sections in RCC, analyze the stress-strain behavior of the concrete and steel reinforcement.

• Calculate the moment of resistance using the stress-strain relationship of concrete and steel.

• Compare the calculated moment of resistance with the applied moment to identify under or over reinforced sections.

• Under reinforced sections have a lower moment of resistance than the applied moment, while over reinforced sections have a higher moment of r...read more

Honey combing is a term used in construction to describe a defect in concrete where voids or gaps are left in the structure.

• Honey combing occurs when the concrete mix is not properly compacted, resulting in air pockets and voids.

• It weakens the structure and reduces its durability.

• To rectify honey combing on site, the following steps can be taken:

• - Remove loose or weak concrete from the affected area.

• - Clean the surface and ensure it is free from dust and debris.

• - Apply a bond...read more

The sequence of removing formwork in a construction site is a logical process that involves several steps.

• Inspect the concrete for sufficient strength and curing

• Remove any bracing or supports

• Remove the formwork in a systematic manner, starting from the top and working downwards

• Ensure proper coordination with other trades and activities on the site

• Inspect the removed formwork for any damages or defects

• Dispose of the formwork materials properly

One-way slabs are supported on two opposite sides, while two-way slabs are supported on all four sides.

• One-way slabs are designed to transfer the load in one direction only, typically along the shorter span.

• Two-way slabs are designed to transfer the load in both directions, along both the shorter and longer spans.

• One-way slabs are more economical for smaller spans and lighter loads.

• Two-way slabs are more suitable for larger spans and heavier loads.

• One-way slabs require less r...read more

Factors affecting the strength of concrete

• Water-cement ratio

• Curing conditions

• Aggregate quality and size

• Admixtures used

• Mix design

• Temperature and humidity

• Age of concrete

• Type of cement used

Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment.

• Civil engineers design and oversee the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.

• They use their knowledge of physics, mathematics, and materials science to ensure that structures are safe, efficient, and sustainable.

• Civil engineers also play a key role in managing natural resources, such as water and land, and protecting the...read more

M-35 grade of concrete is a high strength concrete mix used in construction.

• M-35 grade of concrete has a compressive strength of 35 N/mm² after 28 days of curing.

• It is commonly used in the construction of high-rise buildings, bridges, and heavy-duty industrial structures.

• The mix design for M-35 grade of concrete includes a higher proportion of cement, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates.

• The water-cement ratio for M-35 grade of concrete is kept low to ensure high strength a...read more

UTM stands for Universal Transverse Mercator.

• UTM is a coordinate system used to locate positions on the Earth's surface.

• It divides the Earth into 60 zones, each 6 degrees of longitude wide.

• UTM coordinates consist of a zone number, easting, northing, and hemisphere.

• It provides a more accurate representation of locations compared to latitude and longitude.

• UTM coordinates are commonly used in civil engineering and surveying projects.

Ultimate tensile strength of a material is measured by subjecting a sample to a tensile test until it fractures.

• Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking.

• To measure it, a sample of the material is pulled in a tensile testing machine until it fractures.

• The force applied to the sample is continuously measured, and the stress is calculated by dividing the force by the cross-sectional area of the sample.

• The ultimate tensile strength ...read more

Stress is the force applied per unit area, while strain is the deformation caused by stress.

• Stress is a measure of the force applied to a material per unit area.

• Strain is the measure of the deformation caused by stress.

• Stress and strain are related by the material's elasticity and its ability to resist deformation.

• Stress can be tensile (stretching) or compressive (squeezing).

• Strain can be elastic (reversible) or plastic (permanent).

Common IS codes and their revisions used in engineering

• IS 456:2000 - Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

• IS 800:2007 - Code of practice for general construction in steel

• IS 1893:2016 - Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures

• IS 1343:2012 - Code of practice for prestressed concrete

• IS 383:2016 - Coarse and fine aggregates for concrete

• IS 10262:2019 - Concrete mix proportioning guidelines

• IS 1200:2014 - Method of measurement of building and civil enginee...read more

Designing an earthquake-resistant building involves several key factors.

• Site selection and soil analysis

• Structural design with reinforced concrete and steel

• Proper foundation and anchorage

• Seismic dampers and shock absorbers

• Regular maintenance and inspection

• Compliance with local building codes and regulations

I would follow the incident management process to identify the root cause and resolve the issue as quickly as possible.

• Notify the relevant stakeholders and initiate the incident management process

• Identify the root cause of the issue and take corrective actions

• Rollback to the previous stable version if necessary

• Communicate the status and progress of the incident to stakeholders

• Conduct a post-incident review to identify areas of improvement

Workability of concrete is measured by its consistency, flowability, and compactability.

• Workability is the ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported, placed, and finished.

• Consistency is the degree of wetness or dryness of the concrete.

• Flowability is the ability of the concrete to flow and fill all the spaces within the formwork.

• Compactability is the ability of the concrete to be compacted and consolidated.

• Tests like slump test, compaction factor test, and Vee-Bee tes...read more

Green buildings are environmentally sustainable structures that use eco-friendly materials and technologies.

• Green buildings aim to reduce the negative impact on the environment and promote sustainability.

• Materials used in green buildings include recycled materials, sustainably sourced wood, and energy-efficient products.

• Technologies used in green buildings include solar panels, rainwater harvesting systems, and energy-efficient lighting.

• Green buildings can also incorporate fe...read more

Placing of concrete involves the process of depositing and compacting concrete into its final position.

• Before placing concrete, the surface should be properly prepared and cleaned.

• Concrete should be placed in layers of uniform thickness and should be compacted to remove air voids.

• The placing of concrete should be done as quickly as possible to prevent the concrete from setting before it is properly placed.

• Various methods can be used for placing concrete such as pouring, pumpi...read more

The Vernier caliper least count is the smallest measurement that can be read on the caliper scale.

• The least count of a Vernier caliper is determined by the number of divisions on the main scale and the Vernier scale.

• It is calculated by dividing the smallest division on the main scale by the total number of divisions on the Vernier scale.

• For example, if the smallest division on the main scale is 0.1 mm and the total number of divisions on the Vernier scale is 10, the least cou...read more

Yes, accident investigation is a crucial part of EHS. Key things to check include root cause analysis, safety procedures, and training.

• Conduct a thorough root cause analysis to determine the underlying cause of the accident

• Review safety procedures and protocols to identify any gaps or deficiencies

• Evaluate employee training and awareness to ensure they are equipped to prevent similar incidents

• Document all findings and recommendations for corrective actions

• Communicate findings ...read more

The time required for pile cap, manpower used, method for pier construction, and deshuttering time for slab are project-specific and depend on various factors.

• The time required for pile cap depends on the size and number of piles, complexity of design, and site conditions.

• Manpower used for pile cap depends on the size of the project and the equipment used.

• The method used for pier construction depends on the type of pier, site conditions, and project requirements.

• Deshuttering ...read more

Nominal mix is a rough estimate of proportions while design mix is a precise mix of concrete.

• Nominal mix uses pre-defined ratios while design mix is customized based on specific requirements.

• Nominal mix is not suitable for large construction projects while design mix is preferred for high-strength concrete.

• Nominal mix is cheaper but less durable than design mix.

• Nominal mix is commonly used for small residential projects while design mix is used for commercial and industrial p...read more

Recent case laws in GST

• GST Council reduced tax rates on COVID-19 related items

• Madras High Court ruled that input tax credit cannot be denied for technical reasons

• Delhi High Court ruled that GST cannot be levied on reimbursement of expenses

• Bombay High Court ruled that GST cannot be levied on compensation received for termination of dealership agreement

The issues faced in GST litigation in my current company include delayed refunds, incorrect tax calculations, and disputes with vendors.

• Delayed refunds: Our company has faced challenges in receiving timely refunds from the tax authorities, leading to cash flow issues.

• Incorrect tax calculations: There have been instances where the GST calculations made by our company were found to be incorrect, resulting in penalties and additional tax liabilities.

• Disputes with vendors: We hav...read more

Constructing a green building in Rajasthan involves careful planning, use of sustainable materials, and efficient energy systems.

• Conduct a site analysis to determine the best orientation and design for the building

• Use locally sourced and sustainable materials for construction

• Install energy-efficient systems such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting

• Incorporate green spaces and landscaping to reduce heat island effect

• Ensure proper waste management and recycling practices

• Obt...read more

Maintain elevation of underground piping by using level instruments and proper installation techniques.

• Use a level instrument to check the elevation of the piping during installation.

• Ensure that the piping is installed with a consistent slope to prevent low spots where water can accumulate.

• Regularly inspect the piping to ensure that it has not shifted or settled, which can affect the elevation.

• Consider using supports or anchors to prevent movement of the piping.

• Properly backf...read more

End bearing pile supports the load by resting on a hard layer of soil or rock while friction pile supports the load by the frictional resistance between the pile surface and the soil.

• End bearing pile transfers the load to a hard layer of soil or rock at the bottom of the pile.

• Friction pile transfers the load to the surrounding soil through the frictional resistance between the pile surface and the soil.

• End bearing pile is suitable for structures with heavy loads and weak soil...read more

There are several grades of concrete used in construction.

• The most common grades of concrete are M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, and M60.

• The number after 'M' represents the compressive strength of the concrete in megapascals (MPa).

• Higher grade concrete is used for structures that require greater strength, such as bridges and high-rise buildings.

• Lower grade concrete is used for non-structural elements like sidewalks and driveways.

volatile constant and constant volatile are different in terms of read and write access.

• volatile constant means the value can be changed by external factors but cannot be modified by the program

• constant volatile means the value cannot be changed by external factors but can be modified by the program

• the order of volatile and constant keywords matter

• example: volatile const int a = 5; const volatile int *b = &a;

• a can be changed by external factors but cannot be modified by the p...read more

There are various types of structural materials and grades used in fabrication.

• Structural materials include steel, concrete, wood, and aluminum.

• Each material has different grades that determine its strength and durability.

• For example, steel grades include A36, A572, and A992, while concrete grades include C30, C40, and C50.

• The choice of material and grade depends on the specific application and structural requirements.

Yield point is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.

• Yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve where the material starts to deform plastically.

• It is the stress at which the material no longer behaves elastically.

• The yield point is important in determining the strength and ductility of a material.

• L and T are not clear in the context of the question and require clarification.

Three-phase inverters convert DC power to AC power using three-phase voltage waveforms.

• Three-phase inverters convert DC power to AC power by generating three-phase voltage waveforms.

• The frequency of the output voltage can be controlled by adjusting the switching frequency of the inverter.

• Induction motors (IM) are commonly used with three-phase inverters for various applications.

• V/F control is a popular speed control strategy for induction motors, where the voltage and frequen...read more

A green building is a structure that is designed and built to have a minimal negative impact on the environment.

• Green buildings use sustainable materials and construction techniques.

• They are energy-efficient and reduce water consumption.

• They incorporate renewable energy sources like solar panels.

• Green buildings prioritize indoor air quality and occupant health.

• Examples of green building certifications include LEED and BREEAM.

Yes, I have written Docker files from scratch. The syntax for Docker file includes instructions and arguments.

• Docker file is a script that contains instructions to build a Docker image

• The syntax includes instructions like FROM, RUN, COPY, CMD, etc.

• Arguments are used to specify details like the base image, working directory, etc.

• Example: FROM ubuntu:latest RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y python3

• Example: COPY . /app WORKDIR /app CMD python3 app.py

To give permission to a secret, grant access to the user or application in the secret management tool.

• Access control can be managed through the secret management tool.

• Users or applications can be granted read or write access to a specific secret.

• Access can be granted based on roles or individual permissions.

• Examples of secret management tools include HashiCorp Vault and AWS Secrets Manager.