10405090xyzabc Software Engineer Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

ArrayList uses dynamic arrays, while LinkedList uses doubly linked nodes for storage, affecting performance and memory usage.

• ArrayList is backed by a dynamic array, allowing fast random access (O(1)). Example: ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

• LinkedList is backed by a doubly linked list, allowing efficient insertions and deletions (O(1) at both ends). Example: LinkedList<String> list = new L...read more

Java's synchronized keyword provides thread safety but has limitations compared to ReentrantLock.

• Advantages of synchronized: Simple to use and understand.

• Disadvantages of synchronized: Can lead to thread contention and performance issues.

• ReentrantLock allows more flexibility, such as tryLock() and timed lock attempts.

• ReentrantLock can be used for fair locking, preventing thread starvation.

• Synchronized blocks are tied t...read more

In Java, '==' checks reference equality, while '.equals()' checks value equality. Use them appropriately to avoid bugs.

• == compares object references, checking if both refer to the same memory location.

• Example: String a = new String('test'); String b = new String('test'); a == b returns false.

• .equals() compares the actual content of the objects.

• Example: a.equals(b) returns true in the above case.

• Use '==' for primitive t...read more

Java's garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused objects, enhancing performance and preventing memory leaks.

• Java uses automatic garbage collection to manage memory, freeing developers from manual memory management.

• The main garbage collection algorithms in Java include: Serial GC, Parallel GC, Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS), and G1 GC.

• Serial GC is a simple, single-threaded collector suitable for s...read more

Java 8 introduced lambdas, Stream API, and other features that enhance functional programming and simplify code.

• Lambdas: Enable concise representation of functional interfaces. Example: (x, y) -> x + y.

• Stream API: Allows processing sequences of elements (collections) in a functional style. Example: list.stream().filter(x -> x > 10).collect(Collectors.toList()).

• Default Methods: Interfaces can have methods with ...read more

Checked exceptions must be declared or handled, while unchecked exceptions do not require explicit handling.

• Checked exceptions are subclasses of Exception (excluding RuntimeException). Example: IOException.

• Unchecked exceptions are subclasses of RuntimeException. Example: NullPointerException.

• Checked exceptions must be caught or declared in the method signature using 'throws'.

• Unchecked exceptions can be caught but are n...read more

The Java Memory Model defines how threads interact through memory, ensuring visibility and ordering of shared variables.

• The Java Memory Model (JMM) specifies how threads interact with memory, ensuring consistency and visibility of shared variables.

• It defines rules for visibility, atomicity, and ordering of operations, crucial for multithreading.

• Without proper synchronization, threads may see stale data due to caching o...read more

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters; overriding redefines a method in a subclass.

• Method Overloading: Same method name, different parameter types or counts.

• Example of Overloading: 'int add(int a, int b)' and 'double add(double a, double b)'.

• Use Overloading for convenience and readability when performing similar operations.

• Method Overriding: Redefining a method in a subc...read more

ArrayList is dynamic and index-based, while LinkedList is node-based and allows for efficient insertions and deletions.

• ArrayList uses a dynamic array to store elements, allowing for fast random access. Example: ArrayList<String> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();

• LinkedList uses a doubly linked list structure, making it efficient for insertions and deletions. Example: LinkedList<String> linkedList = new Li...read more

Java's synchronized keyword offers thread safety but has limitations compared to ReentrantLock.

• Advantages of synchronized: Simple to use, built-in language feature.

• Disadvantages of synchronized: Can lead to thread contention and deadlocks.

• ReentrantLock allows more flexibility, such as tryLock() for non-blocking attempts.

• ReentrantLock supports fairness policies, which can prevent thread starvation.

• Synchronized blocks ar...read more

== checks reference equality, while .equals() checks value equality in Java objects.

• == compares memory addresses (references) of objects.

• Example: String a = new String("test"); String b = new String("test"); a == b returns false.

• .equals() compares the actual content of objects.

• Example: a.equals(b) returns true for the same content.

• Use == for primitive types (int, char, etc.) and .equals() for object comparisons.

• Imprope...read more

Java's garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused objects, improving performance and preventing memory leaks.

• Java uses automatic memory management to free up memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use.

• The main types of garbage collection algorithms in Java include: Serial, Parallel, Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS), and G1 (Garbage-First).

• The Serial Garbage Collector is simple and suitable...read more

Java 8 introduced lambdas, Stream API, and other features that enhance functional programming and improve code readability.

• Lambda Expressions: Allow for concise representation of functional interfaces. Example: (a, b) -> a + b.

• Stream API: Enables functional-style operations on collections. Example: list.stream().filter(x -> x > 10).collect(Collectors.toList()).

• Default Methods: Interfaces can have methods with ...read more

Checked exceptions must be declared or handled, while unchecked exceptions do not require explicit handling.

• Checked exceptions are subclasses of Exception but not of RuntimeException.

• Example of checked exception: IOException, which must be handled or declared.

• Unchecked exceptions are subclasses of RuntimeException.

• Example of unchecked exception: NullPointerException, which does not need to be declared.

• Checked exception...read more

The Java Memory Model defines how threads interact through memory, ensuring visibility and ordering of shared variables.

• The Java Memory Model (JMM) specifies how threads read and write shared variables.

• It ensures visibility of changes made by one thread to others, preventing stale data.

• Synchronization mechanisms (like synchronized blocks) enforce mutual exclusion and visibility.

• The 'volatile' keyword ensures that a var...read more

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters, while overriding replaces a superclass method in a subclass.

• Method Overloading: Same method name, different parameter types or counts.

• Example of Overloading: 'int add(int a, int b)' and 'double add(double a, double b)'.

• Use Overloading for convenience and readability when methods perform similar functions.

• Method Overriding: Same meth...read more

ArrayList uses dynamic arrays, while LinkedList uses doubly linked nodes for storage and access.

• ArrayList provides fast random access (O(1)) due to its underlying array structure.

• LinkedList allows for efficient insertions and deletions (O(1)) at both ends and in the middle.

• ArrayList has a fixed size, requiring resizing (O(n)) when capacity is exceeded, while LinkedList grows dynamically.

• Example: Use ArrayList for frequ...read more

Java's synchronized keyword offers thread safety but has limitations compared to ReentrantLock.

• Advantages of synchronized: Simple to use and understand.

• Disadvantages of synchronized: Can lead to thread contention and performance issues.

• ReentrantLock allows more flexibility, such as tryLock() and timed lock attempts.

• ReentrantLock can be used for fair locking, preventing thread starvation.

• Synchronized blocks are tied to ...read more

In Java, '==' checks reference equality, while '.equals()' checks value equality. Use them appropriately to avoid bugs.

• == compares object references, checking if both point to the same memory location.

• Example: String a = new String('test'); String b = new String('test'); a == b returns false.

• .equals() compares the actual content of the objects.

• Example: a.equals(b) returns true because the content is the same.

• Use '==' f...read more

Java's garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused objects, enhancing performance and preventing memory leaks.

• Java uses automatic memory management through garbage collection.

• The main types of garbage collection algorithms are: Serial, Parallel, Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS), and G1 (Garbage-First).

• Serial GC is suitable for small applications with a single thread.

• Parallel GC uses multiple threads ...read more

Java 8 introduced lambdas, Stream API, and other features that enhance functional programming and simplify code.

• Lambdas: Enable concise representation of functional interfaces. Example: (x, y) -> x + y.

• Stream API: Facilitates functional-style operations on collections. Example: list.stream().filter(x -> x > 10).collect(Collectors.toList()).

• Default Methods: Allow adding new methods to interfaces without breakin...read more

Checked exceptions must be declared or handled, while unchecked exceptions do not require explicit handling.

• Checked exceptions are subclasses of Exception but not of RuntimeException.

• Example: IOException, SQLException are checked exceptions.

• Unchecked exceptions are subclasses of RuntimeException.

• Example: NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException are unchecked exceptions.

• Checked exceptions must be caught or d...read more

The Java Memory Model defines how threads interact through memory, ensuring visibility and ordering of shared variables.

• The Java Memory Model (JMM) specifies how threads interact with memory, ensuring consistency and visibility.

• It defines rules for visibility, atomicity, and ordering of operations in a multithreaded environment.

• Synchronization mechanisms (like synchronized blocks) ensure that only one thread can access...read more

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters; overriding redefines a method in a subclass.

• Method Overloading: Same method name, different parameters (type, number, or both).

• Example of Overloading: 'void add(int a, int b)' and 'void add(double a, double b)'.

• Use Overloading for convenience and readability when methods perform similar functions.

• Method Overriding: Redefining a meth...read more

ArrayList uses dynamic arrays, while LinkedList uses doubly linked nodes for storage. Choose based on performance needs.

• ArrayList is backed by a dynamic array, allowing fast random access. Example: accessing an element by index is O(1).

• LinkedList consists of nodes that hold data and references to the next and previous nodes, making insertions/deletions O(1) if the node is known.

• ArrayList has a fixed size, which can lea...read more

== checks reference equality, while .equals() checks value equality in Java objects.

• == compares memory addresses (references) of objects.

• Example: String a = new String("test"); String b = new String("test"); a == b returns false.

• .equals() compares the actual content of objects.

• Example: a.equals(b) returns true because the content is the same.

• Use == for primitive types (int, char, etc.) and .equals() for object comparis...read more

Java's garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused objects, improving performance and preventing memory leaks.

• Java uses automatic garbage collection to manage memory, freeing developers from manual memory management.

• The main garbage collection algorithms in Java include: Serial, Parallel, Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS), and G1 (Garbage-First).

• The Serial GC is a simple, single-threaded collector sui...read more

Java 8 introduced lambdas, Stream API, and other features that enhance functional programming and simplify code.

• Lambdas: Enable concise representation of functional interfaces. Example: (x, y) -> x + y.

• Stream API: Allows processing sequences of elements (collections) in a functional style. Example: list.stream().filter(x -> x > 10).

• Default Methods: Interfaces can have method implementations, promoting backward...read more

Checked exceptions must be handled or declared, while unchecked exceptions do not require explicit handling.

• Checked exceptions are subclasses of Exception but not RuntimeException.

• Example: IOException is a checked exception that must be caught or declared.

• Unchecked exceptions are subclasses of RuntimeException.

• Example: NullPointerException is an unchecked exception that can occur at runtime.

• Checked exceptions are typic...read more

The Java Memory Model defines how threads interact through memory, ensuring visibility and ordering of shared variables.

• The Java Memory Model (JMM) specifies how threads interact with memory, ensuring consistency and visibility.

• It defines rules for visibility, atomicity, and ordering of operations in a multithreaded environment.

• Synchronization mechanisms (like synchronized blocks) ensure that only one thread can access...read more

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters, while overriding redefines a method in a subclass.

• Method Overloading: Same method name, different parameters (e.g., different types or number of parameters).

• Example of Overloading: 'void add(int a, int b)' and 'void add(double a, double b)'.

• Use Overloading when you want to perform similar operations with different types or numbers o...read more

ArrayList uses a dynamic array for storage, while LinkedList uses a doubly linked list structure.

• ArrayList provides fast random access (O(1)) due to its underlying array structure.

• LinkedList allows for efficient insertions and deletions (O(1)) at both ends and in the middle.

• ArrayList has a fixed size, requiring resizing (O(n)) when capacity is exceeded, while LinkedList grows dynamically.

• Example: Use ArrayList for freq...read more

Java's synchronized keyword offers simplicity but has limitations compared to ReentrantLock in flexibility and performance.

• Synchronized is easy to use and requires less code, e.g., 'synchronized(this) { ... }'.

• It can lead to thread contention and performance bottlenecks in high-concurrency scenarios.

• Synchronized blocks are not interruptible, meaning a thread cannot be stopped while waiting for a lock.

• ReentrantLock prov...read more

== checks reference equality, while .equals() checks value equality in Java objects.

• == compares memory addresses (references) of objects.

• Example: String a = new String("test"); String b = new String("test"); a == b returns false.

• .equals() compares the actual content of objects.

• Example: a.equals(b) returns true for the same content.

• Use == for primitive types (int, char, etc.) and .equals() for object comparisons.

• Imprope...read more

Java's garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused objects, enhancing performance and preventing memory leaks.

• Java uses automatic memory management through garbage collection.

• The main types of garbage collection algorithms are: Serial, Parallel, Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS), and G1 (Garbage-First).

• Serial GC is suitable for small applications with a single thread, using a simple stop-the-world app...read more

Java 8 introduced lambdas, Stream API, and other features that enhance functional programming and improve code readability.

• Lambdas: Enable concise representation of functional interfaces. Example: (x, y) -> x + y.

• Stream API: Facilitates functional-style operations on collections. Example: list.stream().filter(x -> x > 10).collect(Collectors.toList()).

• Default Methods: Allow adding new methods to interfaces with...read more

Checked exceptions must be handled or declared, while unchecked exceptions do not require explicit handling.

• Checked exceptions are subclasses of Exception, excluding RuntimeException and its subclasses.

• Unchecked exceptions are subclasses of RuntimeException and Error.

• Example of checked exception: IOException, which must be caught or declared in the method signature.

• Example of unchecked exception: NullPointerException, ...read more

The Java Memory Model defines how threads interact through memory, ensuring visibility and ordering of shared variables.

• The Java Memory Model (JMM) specifies how threads interact through memory and what behaviors are allowed.

• It ensures visibility of shared variables between threads, preventing stale data issues.

• Synchronization mechanisms (like synchronized blocks) enforce mutual exclusion and visibility.

• The 'volatile' ...read more

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters; overriding replaces a superclass method in a subclass.

• Method Overloading: Same method name, different parameters (type, number, or both).

• Example of Overloading: 'int add(int a, int b)' and 'double add(double a, double b)'.

• Use Overloading for convenience and readability when methods perform similar functions.

• Method Overriding: Redefi...read more

ArrayList uses dynamic arrays, while LinkedList uses doubly linked nodes for storage. Choose based on performance needs.

• ArrayList is backed by a dynamic array, allowing fast random access. Example: accessing an element by index is O(1).

• LinkedList consists of nodes that hold data and references to the next and previous nodes, making insertions/deletions O(1) if the node is known.

• ArrayList has a fixed size, and resizing ...read more

Java's synchronized keyword offers thread safety but has limitations compared to ReentrantLock.

• Advantages of synchronized: Simple to use and understand.

• Disadvantages of synchronized: Can lead to thread contention and performance issues.

• ReentrantLock allows more flexibility, such as tryLock() and timed lock attempts.

• ReentrantLock can be used for fair locking, preventing thread starvation.

• Synchronized blocks are tied to ...read more

== checks reference equality, while .equals() checks value equality in Java objects.

• == compares memory addresses (references) of objects.

• Example: String a = new String("test"); String b = new String("test"); a == b returns false.

• .equals() compares the actual content of objects.

• Example: a.equals(b) returns true.

• Use == for primitive types (int, char, etc.) and .equals() for object comparisons.

• Improper use of == can lead

Java's garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused objects, enhancing performance and preventing memory leaks.

• Java uses automatic garbage collection to manage memory, freeing developers from manual memory management.

• The main garbage collection algorithms in Java include: Serial GC, Parallel GC, Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS), and G1 GC.

• Serial GC is a simple, single-threaded collector suitable for s...read more

Java 8 introduced lambdas and the Stream API, enhancing functional programming and data processing capabilities.

• Lambdas: Enable concise representation of functional interfaces, e.g., (x, y) -> x + y.

• Stream API: Facilitates functional-style operations on collections, e.g., list.stream().filter(x -> x > 10).collect(Collectors.toList()).

• Default Methods: Allow adding new methods to interfaces without breaking exis...read more

Checked exceptions must be declared or handled, while unchecked exceptions do not require explicit handling in Java.

• Checked exceptions are subclasses of Exception but not of RuntimeException.

• Unchecked exceptions are subclasses of RuntimeException.

• Example of checked exception: IOException, which must be caught or declared.

• Example of unchecked exception: NullPointerException, which does not require explicit handling.

• Chec...read more

The Java Memory Model defines how threads interact through memory, ensuring visibility and ordering of shared variables.

• The Java Memory Model (JMM) specifies how threads interact through memory and what behaviors are allowed.

• It ensures visibility of shared variables across threads, preventing stale data issues.

• Synchronization mechanisms (like synchronized blocks) enforce mutual exclusion and visibility.

• The 'volatile' k...read more

Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters; overriding redefines a method in a subclass.

• Method Overloading: Same method name, different parameter types or counts.

• Example of Overloading: 'int add(int a, int b)' and 'double add(double a, double b)'.

• Use Overloading for convenience and readability when methods perform similar functions.

• Method Overriding: Redefining a method in a ...read more