Cerium Systems Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

Q1. How many combinations of inverter can be made using just 1 nand gate
Ans. 
1 NAND gate can be used to make 2 combinations of inverter.
• A NAND gate can be used to make an inverter by connecting both inputs together.

• The output of the NAND gate will be the inverted input.

• Thus, there are 2 possible combinations of inverter using just 1 NAND gate.
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Q2. Using 2:1 mux make inverter, AND Gate, OR Gate.
Ans. 
Using 2:1 mux, implement inverter, AND gate, OR gate.
• For inverter, connect one input to select line and other input to ground

• For AND gate, connect one input to select line and other input to input signal, output is inverted

• For OR gate, connect one input to select line and other input to input signal, output is not inverted

• Use truth tables to verify functionality
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Q3. 4:1 mux using 2:1 mux
Ans. 
A 4:1 mux can be implemented using two 2:1 muxes.
• Connect the select line of both 2:1 muxes to the same select line of the 4:1 mux.

• Connect the output of one 2:1 mux to the input of the other 2:1 mux.

• Connect the inputs of both 2:1 muxes to the corresponding inputs of the 4:1 mux.

• The output of the 4:1 mux is the output of the second 2:1 mux.
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Q4. What is ring counter, Jhonson counter, Sync and Async Counters.
Ans. 
Ring, Johnson, Sync and Async counters are types of digital counters used in electronics.
• Ring counter is a circular shift register with only one flip-flop set to 1 at a time.

• Johnson counter is a modified ring counter with complemented output of the last flip-flop fed back to the input.

• Sync counters use a common clock signal for all flip-flops while Async counters use individual clock signals.

• Examples of Sync counters a...read more
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Q5. Explain the working of Shift Registers
Ans. 
Shift registers are sequential circuits that can store and shift data bits.
• Shift registers are made up of flip-flops that store data bits.

• Data can be shifted left or right through the register.

• Shift registers can be used for serial-to-parallel or parallel-to-serial conversion.

• Examples of shift registers include the Serial-in-Parallel-out (SIPO) and Parallel-in-Serial-out (PISO) registers.
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Q6. Setup time and Hold Time
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Q7. Flip-Flop Conversion (DFF to JKFF more).
Ans. 
Flip-flop conversion from DFF to JKFF
• Determine the excitation table for JK flip-flop

• Use the excitation table to derive the input equations for J and K

• Replace D input with J and K inputs in DFF circuit

• Verify the functionality of the converted JKFF circuit
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Q8. Data Types in Verilog
Ans. 
Verilog supports various data types including integer, real, reg, wire, and time.
• Integer data type is used for whole numbers

• Real data type is used for decimal numbers

• Reg data type is used for sequential logic

• Wire data type is used for combinational logic

• Time data type is used for simulation time

• Data types can be declared using keywords like 'integer', 'real', 'reg', 'wire', and 'time'

• Data types can also be declared wit...read more
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Q9. Difference between Task and Functions
Ans. 
Tasks are concurrent and functions are sequential in execution.
• Tasks can run concurrently and can communicate with each other using shared variables.

• Functions are executed sequentially and return a value to the calling function.

• Tasks can be used for parallel processing and can be scheduled by the operating system.

• Functions are used for modular programming and can be called from other functions or tasks.

• Example: A task ...read more
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Q10. Difference between Bocking and Non-Blocking in Verilog
Ans. 
Blocking waits for a process to complete before moving to the next, while non-blocking allows for concurrent execution.
• Blocking assignments use '=' operator, while non-blocking use '<=' operator.

• Blocking assignments are executed sequentially, while non-blocking assignments are executed concurrently.

• Blocking assignments are used for combinational logic, while non-blocking assignments are used for sequential logic.

• Exampl
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Q11. What do you mean by universal Gates?
Ans. 
Universal gates are logic gates that can be used to implement any Boolean function.
• Universal gates are NAND and NOR gates.

• They are called universal because they can be used to implement any Boolean function.

• This is because NAND and NOR gates are functionally complete.

• This means that any Boolean function can be expressed using only NAND or NOR gates.

• Other gates like AND, OR, and NOT gates are not functionally complete.

• F...read more
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Q1. Conver the following grey code to binary
Ans. 
Grey code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.
• To convert Grey code to binary, start with the most significant bit and XOR each bit with the previous bit.

• For example, to convert Grey code 1010 to binary: 1 XOR 0 = 1, 0 XOR 1 = 1, 1 XOR 1 = 0, 0 XOR 1 = 1. So, the binary equivalent is 1101.
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Q2. Find the Boolean exp of the circuit
Ans. 
The Boolean expression of a circuit represents its logic functionality using logical operators.
• Identify the logic gates used in the circuit (AND, OR, NOT, etc.)

• Create a truth table to determine the output for all possible input combinations

• Write the Boolean expression based on the truth table and logic gates used
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Q1. Difference between latch and flip glop
Ans. 
Latch is level sensitive while flip flop is edge sensitive. Flip flop has clock input while latch does not.
• Latch is level sensitive, meaning it changes output based on the input level, while flip flop is edge sensitive, changing output on clock edge

• Flip flop has clock input to control when the output changes, while latch does not have a clock input

• Flip flop is more commonly used in sequential circuits for storing data,
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Q2. Grey code to binary vonversion
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Write a basic verilog for basic gates??

Q1. Tella me something about yourself
Ans. 
I am a passionate and dedicated Design & Verification Engineer with a strong background in digital design and verification methodologies.
• I have a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering

• I have experience with RTL design and verification using Verilog and SystemVerilog

• I am proficient in using simulation tools such as ModelSim and QuestaSim

• I have worked on projects involving FPGA and ASIC design
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Q2. What do you know about the company
Ans. 
The company is a leading provider of design and verification solutions for semiconductor companies.
• Specializes in providing design and verification solutions for semiconductor companies

• Offers a range of tools and services for efficient chip design and verification

• Known for innovative technologies and cutting-edge solutions

• Has a strong reputation in the industry for quality and reliability

• Works with top semiconductor co
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Q1. Explain on chip Protocols
Ans. 
On-chip protocols are communication standards used for data transfer within a single integrated circuit.
• On-chip protocols define how different components on a chip communicate with each other

• Common on-chip protocols include AXI, AHB, SPI, I2C, and UART

• These protocols specify the format of data, timing, and control signals for communication

• They help ensure compatibility and interoperability between different components
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Q2. Basics of digital design
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