Top 250 Networking Interview Questions and Answers

Ping and Traceroute are network diagnostic tools used to test connectivity and identify network issues.

• Ping sends a small packet of data to a destination IP address and waits for a response. It measures the time it takes for the packet to travel to the destination and back.

• Traceroute sends packets with increasing TTL values to the destination, and each router along the path sends back an ICMP message indicating its presence. This helps to identify the path taken by the packet...read more

DR stands for Disaster Recovery. It involves implementing strategies and procedures to ensure business continuity in the event of a disaster.

• DR is the process of preparing for and recovering from a disaster that affects the availability of IT infrastructure and services.

• It includes creating backup systems, replicating data, and establishing failover mechanisms.

• DR plans should be regularly tested and updated to ensure effectiveness.

• AWS provides various services like AWS Backup...read more

The xlate table in ASA is used to keep track of translations between internal and external IP addresses. It is important for IPsec tunnel troubleshooting.

• The xlate table is used to map internal IP addresses to external IP addresses

• It is important for troubleshooting IPsec tunnels because it allows you to see if traffic is being translated correctly

• You can view the xlate table using the 'show xlate' command in the ASA CLI

• If there are issues with the xlate table, it can cause I...read more

STP stands for Spanning Tree Protocol. Port Fast is a feature in STP that allows a port to bypass the listening and learning states.

• STP is a protocol used to prevent loops in a network by blocking redundant paths

• It works by electing a root bridge and calculating the shortest path to it

• Port Fast is a feature that allows a port to immediately transition to forwarding state, bypassing the listening and learning states

• It is used on ports that are not connected to other switches t...read more

SSH is a secure protocol for remote access while Telnet is an unsecured protocol.

• SSH encrypts data while Telnet sends data in plain text.

• SSH uses public-key cryptography while Telnet uses username and password authentication.

• SSH is more secure and recommended over Telnet.

• SSH uses port 22 while Telnet uses port 23.

• SSH is used for remote access to servers while Telnet is mostly used for testing network connectivity.

BGP attributes are characteristics used to influence routing decisions in Border Gateway Protocol.

• BGP attributes are used to determine the best path for routing traffic.

• Some common BGP attributes include AS Path, Next Hop, Local Preference, and MED.

• AS Path attribute shows the path of autonomous systems that the route has traversed.

• Next Hop attribute indicates the IP address to reach the next hop for the route.

• Local Preference attribute is used to influence the path selection ...read more

VTP stands for VLAN Trunking Protocol. It is a Cisco proprietary protocol used to manage VLAN configurations across a network.

• VTP allows for centralized management of VLANs in a network.

• It enables the creation, deletion, and renaming of VLANs on a switch and automatically propagates these changes to other switches in the network.

• VTP operates in three modes: server, client, and transparent.

• Server mode allows VLAN configuration changes, client mode receives and stores VLAN info...read more

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is used for sending and receiving email messages.

• SMTP is a protocol used for sending email messages between servers.

• It is responsible for transferring email messages from the sender's mail server to the recipient's mail server.

• SMTP uses port 25 by default, but can also use ports 465 or 587 for secure connections.

• SMTP is used by email clients such as Microsoft Outlook and webmail services like Gmail and Yahoo Mail.

NAS stands for Network Attached Storage. It is a file-level storage device that provides centralized data storage and access over a computer network.

• NAS is a storage device that connects to a network and allows multiple users to access and share files.

• It provides file-level access, meaning users can access individual files and folders stored on the NAS.

• NAS devices often have their own operating system and can offer additional features like data backup, remote access, and medi...read more

OSI model devices are specific to each layer of the model, facilitating communication between devices.

• Layer 1 (Physical): hubs, repeaters, cables

• Layer 2 (Data Link): switches, bridges

• Layer 3 (Network): routers, layer 3 switches

• Layer 4 (Transport): gateways, firewalls

• Layer 5 (Session): not applicable

• Layer 6 (Presentation): encryption/decryption devices

• Layer 7 (Application): servers, workstations

GPON uses several equipment including Optical Line Terminal (OLT), Optical Network Unit (ONU), Optical Distribution Network (ODN), and Optical Splitter.

• GPON uses Optical Line Terminal (OLT) to connect to the service provider's network.

• Optical Network Unit (ONU) is used to connect to the end user's premises.

• Optical Distribution Network (ODN) is used to distribute the signal to multiple ONUs.

• Optical Splitter is used to split the signal to multiple ONUs.

• Other equipment used in G...read more

ACS stands for Access Control System and CCTV stands for Closed Circuit Television.

• ACS is a security system that controls and monitors access to a building or facility.

• It uses various methods like key cards, biometric scans, or PIN codes to grant or deny access.

• CCTV is a surveillance system that uses cameras to capture and record video footage.

• It is commonly used for security purposes to monitor and record activities in a specific area.

• ACS and CCTV are often used together to ...read more

To connect on-prem to VPC, use VPN or Direct Connect.

• Create a virtual private gateway in VPC

• Create a customer gateway on-premises

• Create a VPN connection or Direct Connect

• Configure routing tables to allow traffic between on-prem and VPC

SRVCC stands for Single Radio Voice Call Continuity and it is used in 4G networks.

• SRVCC is a feature that allows a voice call to be seamlessly transferred from LTE to 3G or 2G networks without interruption.

• It ensures that the voice call remains connected even when the user moves out of the LTE coverage area.

• SRVCC is important for providing a smooth transition between different network technologies and ensuring a high-quality voice call experience for users.

The P2P Cycle refers to the end-to-end process of purchasing goods or services, from requisition to payment.

• The cycle starts with a purchase requisition, where a request is made for goods or services.

• The requisition is then approved by the appropriate authority.

• A purchase order is created based on the approved requisition, specifying the details of the purchase.

• The purchase order is sent to the supplier or vendor.

• Upon receiving the goods or services, the receiving department ...read more

A modem is a device that connects your computer to the internet through your ISP, while a router is a device that connects multiple devices to a network and manages traffic between them.

• Modem stands for modulator-demodulator and converts digital signals to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines

• Router directs traffic between devices on a network and can prioritize traffic for certain devices or applications

• Modem and router are often combined into a single device ...read more

There are three types of topologies in SAN: point-to-point, arbitrated loop, and switched fabric.

• Point-to-point topology connects two devices directly.

• Arbitrated loop topology connects devices in a loop, where each device has a unique address.

• Switched fabric topology connects devices through a central switch, allowing multiple simultaneous connections.

• Examples: Fibre Channel (FC) and Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) are commonly used SAN topologies.

FSMO roles are specialized domain controller tasks in Active Directory.

• There are 5 FSMO roles: Schema Master, Domain Naming Master, RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Master.

• Schema Master: responsible for updating the Active Directory schema.

• Domain Naming Master: responsible for adding or removing domains in the forest.

• RID Master: responsible for allocating RIDs to domain controllers.

• PDC Emulator: responsible for time synchronization and password changes.

• Infrastruct...read more

VLANs are virtual LANs that separate network traffic, while trunks are connections that carry multiple VLANs over a single link.

• VLANs allow for network segmentation and improved security

• Trunks are used to carry multiple VLANs over a single link

• VLANs are identified by a VLAN ID

• Trunks use VLAN tagging to identify which VLAN traffic belongs to

• VLANs can be configured on switches, routers, and firewalls

SLA for P3 incident is typically 24-48 hours.

• P3 incidents are considered low priority incidents

• SLA for P3 incidents is usually longer than P1 and P2 incidents

• SLA for P3 incidents can vary depending on the organization and the severity of the incident

• Typically, SLA for P3 incidents is around 24-48 hours

• SLA for P3 incidents may include response time, resolution time, and communication requirements

SSL and TLS are cryptographic protocols used to secure communication over the internet.

• SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer and TLS stands for Transport Layer Security.

• SSL is the predecessor of TLS.

• Both protocols provide encryption and authentication for secure communication.

• TLS is considered more secure than SSL.

• SSL uses a combination of symmetric and asymmetric encryption, while TLS primarily uses symmetric encryption.

• SSL and TLS use digital certificates to verify the identi...read more

A hub is a networking device that connects multiple devices together to form a single network segment.

• A hub operates at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model.

• It receives data packets from one device and broadcasts them to all other devices connected to it.

• Hubs are now largely obsolete and have been replaced by switches.

• Examples of hubs include Ethernet hubs and USB hubs.

CDN stands for Content Delivery Network. It is a distributed network of servers that deliver web content to users based on their geographic location.

• CDN improves website performance by reducing latency and increasing page load speed.

• CDN caches content in multiple locations, allowing users to access it from a server closest to them.

• CDN helps handle high traffic loads and prevents server overload.

• Popular CDN providers include Cloudflare, Akamai, and Amazon CloudFront.

Static and DHCP are two methods of assigning IP addresses to devices on a network.

• Static IP addresses are manually assigned to a device and do not change unless manually reconfigured.

• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network.

• DHCP can also assign other network configuration information, such as subnet mask and default gateway.

• Static IP addresses are useful for devices that require a consistent IP address, such as serv...read more

OFC network stands for Optical Fiber Cable network, which is a telecommunications network that uses optical fibers to transmit data.

• OFC network is a high-speed network that uses optical fibers made of glass or plastic to transmit data.

• It is widely used in telecommunications to provide high-speed internet, telephone, and television services.

• Optical fibers in an OFC network can transmit data over long distances without any loss of signal strength.

• OFC networks are capable of car...read more

Vary header is used to indicate to caches that the response may vary based on the request headers.

• Vary header is used in HTTP responses.

• It specifies which request headers a cache should take into account when considering a response.

• For example, if a response varies based on the 'Accept-Encoding' header, the server should include 'Vary: Accept-Encoding' in the response.

• This helps prevent caching of responses that are not appropriate for a particular request.

Use command line tools like ping or curl to check server status.

• Use ping command to check if server is reachable

• Use curl command to check if server is responding with HTTP status code 200

• Use telnet command to check if server is listening on a specific port

• Use monitoring tools like Nagios or Zabbix to automate server status checks

Telecommunications is the transmission of information over long distances using various technologies.

• Telecommunications involves the exchange of information through electronic means.

• It includes technologies like telephones, radios, television, and the internet.

• Telecommunications systems use a combination of hardware, software, and networks to transmit and receive data.

• Data is converted into electrical signals, transmitted through cables or wireless channels, and then decoded ...read more

Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between computer networks.

• Routers connect multiple networks together and determine the best path for data to travel.

• They use routing tables to make decisions about where to send data packets.

• Routers can also provide security by blocking unwanted traffic and filtering incoming data.

• Examples of routers include home routers, enterprise routers, and core routers used by internet service providers.

To check IP in Linux, use the command 'ifconfig' or 'ip addr show'

• Open the terminal and type 'ifconfig' or 'ip addr show'

• Look for the IP address under the network interface section

• Alternatively, use the command 'hostname -I' to display the IP address only

A network is a group of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources. There are two types of networks: LAN and WAN.

• A LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that covers a small area, such as a home, office, or building.

• A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that covers a large geographical area, such as a city, country, or even the world.

• Other types of networks include WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), and CAN (Campus Area N...read more

A proxy is an intermediary server that acts as a gateway between a local network and the internet.

• A proxy server can be used to improve security by filtering traffic and blocking malicious websites.

• It can also be used to improve performance by caching frequently accessed resources.

• Proxy servers can be configured to allow or deny access to specific websites or resources.

• Examples of popular proxy servers include Squid, Apache, and Nginx.

I have extensive technical knowledge in Linux and Networking, including experience with system administration, network configuration, and troubleshooting.

• Proficient in Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu, CentOS, and Red Hat

• Experience with network protocols such as TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP, and VPN

• Skilled in configuring routers, switches, firewalls, and other network devices

• Knowledge of security practices and tools for securing networks and systems

• Familiar with virtualization tec...read more

Optical Fibre connection offers numerous benefits for high-speed and reliable communication.

• High-speed data transmission: Optical Fibre connection provides faster data transfer rates compared to traditional copper cables.

• Large bandwidth capacity: Optical Fibre can carry a large amount of data simultaneously, allowing for high-quality video streaming, online gaming, and other bandwidth-intensive applications.

• Low signal loss: Optical Fibre has minimal signal loss over long dist...read more

NFS stands for Network File System. It is a protocol used for sharing files/folders between Unix/Linux systems over a network.

• NFS allows a user on a client computer to access files over a network as if they were on the local hard drive.

• The NFS configuration file is /etc/exports, which lists the directories that can be exported to remote systems.

• NFS uses RPC (Remote Procedure Call) to communicate between the client and server.

• NFS can be used to share files between Linux/Unix s...read more

SIP call flow is the sequence of events that occur during a SIP call.

• SIP INVITE message is sent to initiate the call

• SIP 100 Trying response is sent to acknowledge the request

• SIP 180 Ringing response is sent to indicate the call is being connected

• SIP 200 OK response is sent to confirm the call is connected

• Media is exchanged between the parties

• SIP BYE message is sent to end the call

To check all the services running on services, we can use the command 'services.msc' on Windows or 'systemctl list-units --type=service' on Linux.

• On Windows, open the 'Run' dialog box and type 'services.msc' to open the Services Manager. This will display all the services running on the system.

• On Linux, use the command 'systemctl list-units --type=service' to list all the services running on the system.

• Alternatively, you can use the command 'service --status-all' on Linux to ...read more

IP can be assigned using various methods like DHCP, static IP, or command-line tools like ifconfig or ip.

• DHCP assigns IP automatically to devices on the network

• Static IP is manually assigned to a device and remains the same

• ifconfig and ip are command-line tools used to assign IP

• Example: sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0

• Example: sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.100/24 dev eth0

DR stands for Defect Removal and DT stands for Defect Tracking.

• DR refers to the process of identifying and removing defects from a product or system.

• DT refers to the process of recording and tracking defects throughout their lifecycle.

• DR focuses on preventing defects from reaching the customer.

• DT focuses on managing and resolving defects that have been identified.

• DR involves activities like inspections, reviews, and testing to identify and remove defects.

• DT involves activitie...read more

The subnet mask for IP 192.168.45.21 is typically 255.255.255.0.

• Subnet masks determine the network and host portions of an IP address.

• The default subnet mask for a Class C network is 255.255.255.0.

• Subnet masks are represented in dotted decimal notation.

To ensure file transfer without corruption, use checksums, error detection codes, and data validation techniques.

• Calculate and compare checksums before and after transfer

• Use error detection codes like CRC or MD5

• Implement data validation techniques like parity checks or hash functions

• Verify file integrity using digital signatures or secure hash algorithms

Transport layer ensures reliable data transfer between end systems. Network layer provides logical addressing and routing.

• Transport layer segments and reassembles data into a stream of packets.

• Transport layer provides error checking and flow control.

• Network layer determines the best path for data to travel from source to destination.

• Network layer uses logical addressing to identify devices on a network.

• Examples of transport layer protocols include TCP and UDP.

• Examples of netw...read more

OLT is a device used by service providers to connect multiple ONTs to their network.

• OLT stands for Optical Line Terminal

• It is used by service providers to connect multiple ONTs to their network

• OLT is located at the service provider's central office or data center

• ONT stands for Optical Network Terminal

• It is located at the customer's premises and connects to the OLT

• ONT is responsible for converting optical signals to electrical signals and vice versa

IP addresses are divided into classes based on the range of numbers they use to identify devices on a network.

• There are five classes of IP addresses: A, B, C, D, and E.

• Class A addresses are used for large networks and start with a number between 1 and 126.

• Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks and start with a number between 128 and 191.

• Class C addresses are used for small networks and start with a number between 192 and 223.

• Class D addresses are used for multic...read more

CCNA is a Cisco certification for networking while MCSE is a Microsoft certification for system administration.

• CCNA focuses on networking while MCSE focuses on system administration

• CCNA covers topics such as routing, switching, and network security

• MCSE covers topics such as server installation, configuration, and management

• CCNA is more specialized while MCSE is more broad in scope

• CCNA is a prerequisite for some advanced Cisco certifications

• MCSE is a prerequisite for some adva...read more

Domain is a centralized network where all computers are managed by a server while workgroup is a decentralized network where each computer manages itself.

• Domain is managed by a server while workgroup is not.

• Domain allows for centralized management of users, computers, and resources while workgroup does not.

• Domain requires a domain controller while workgroup does not.

• Domain is more secure than workgroup.

• Examples of domain: Microsoft Active Directory, Novell eDirectory. Example...read more

A Cisco router can be formatted by resetting it to its factory default settings.

• Access the router's console port using a console cable

• Enter the command 'erase startup-config' to delete the current configuration

• Reload the router using the 'reload' command

• Follow the setup wizard to configure the router with default settings

To create an IPsec tunnel, configure the necessary parameters on both ends of the connection.

• Configure the IPsec parameters such as encryption algorithms, authentication methods, and key exchange protocols on both the source and destination devices.

• Establish a secure communication channel by setting up the IPsec tunnel between the two endpoints.

• Ensure that the IPsec tunnel is properly configured and tested for secure data transmission.

• Monitor the IPsec tunnel for any potentia...read more

Email is a digital message sent and received through the internet.

• Email stands for electronic mail.

• It allows users to send and receive messages, files, and documents over the internet.

• Emails can be sent to one or multiple recipients.

• Emails can be accessed through web-based email clients or desktop email clients.

• Examples of email providers include Gmail, Yahoo Mail, and Outlook.

Relay is an electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to mechanically open or close a circuit.

• Relays are used to control high voltage or high current circuits with low voltage signals.

• They are commonly used in industrial automation, automotive applications, and household appliances.

• Relays can be classified into different types based on their construction and operation, such as electromagnetic relays, solid-state relays, and thermal relays.

• Electromagnetic relays ...read more

A send filter is a mechanism used to control the transmission of data or messages.

• Send filters are used to restrict or allow certain types of data or messages from being transmitted.

• They can be implemented at various levels, such as network level, application level, or protocol level.

• Send filters can be based on criteria like content, source, destination, or specific attributes of the data or message.

• For example, an email send filter may block messages containing certain keyw...read more

Visibility refers to the degree to which a product or brand is seen or noticed by potential customers.

• Visibility is an important factor in sales as it determines the likelihood of a product being purchased.

• It can be influenced by various factors such as advertising, shelf placement, and online presence.

• For example, a product placed at eye level on a store shelf will have higher visibility compared to one placed on a lower shelf.

• Similarly, a brand that invests in online market...read more

VoIP call flow refers to the sequence of events that occur during a VoIP call.

• The call is initiated by the caller's device sending a SIP INVITE message to the recipient's device.

• The recipient's device responds with a SIP 180 Ringing message to indicate that the call is being set up.

• Once the call is answered, the devices exchange RTP packets containing the audio data.

• When the call is finished, the devices send SIP BYE messages to end the call.

The domain created to connect VMM domains is called the Logical Switch domain.

• Logical Switch domain is created in System Center Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) to connect VMM domains.

• It is used to provide connectivity between virtual machines and physical networks.

• It allows for centralized management of virtual switches and network policies.

• Logical Switch domain can be used to create virtual networks that span multiple hosts and clusters.

• It supports network virtualization and c...read more

MOS stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor. It is a type of transistor used in electronic devices.

• MOS is a type of transistor that is commonly used in electronic devices.

• It is made up of a metal gate, oxide insulator, and semiconductor material.

• MOS transistors are used in digital circuits, amplifiers, and memory devices.

• Examples of MOS-based devices include microprocessors, memory chips, and LCD screens.

DHCP process involves four steps - Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge. DORA process is the sequence of these steps.

• DHCP Discover - Client broadcasts a request for IP address

• DHCP Offer - Server responds with an available IP address

• DHCP Request - Client requests the offered IP address

• DHCP Acknowledge - Server confirms the IP address assignment

To share a printer in a network, you need to set up printer sharing and configure the necessary settings.

• Connect the printer to a computer that will act as the print server

• Enable printer sharing on the computer

• Configure the printer settings on the print server

• Add the shared printer to other computers on the network

• Test the printer to ensure it is working properly

Cell throughput refers to the amount of data transmitted by a cell, while user throughput is the amount of data received by a user.

• Cell throughput is the total amount of data transmitted by a cell, including data sent to all users within the cell.

• User throughput is the amount of data received by a single user within the cell.

• Cell throughput is affected by factors such as the number of users, signal strength, and available bandwidth.

• User throughput is affected by factors such ...read more

Online PLC can be taken through various methods. Communication protocol is a set of rules for data exchange between devices.

• Online PLC can be taken through remote access software or web-based interfaces.

• Communication protocol defines the format and rules for data exchange between devices.

• Common communication protocols for PLCs include Modbus, Profibus, and Ethernet/IP.

• These protocols specify how data is transmitted, addressed, and verified for error-free communication.

• For exa...read more

Yes, I am familiar with the installation of servers.

• I have experience installing various server operating systems such as Windows Server and Linux.

• I am familiar with setting up server hardware and configuring network settings.

• I have installed and configured server software such as Apache, Nginx, and Microsoft Exchange.

• I am knowledgeable about RAID configurations and server virtualization.

• I have experience troubleshooting server installation issues.

The cable used for Switch to Router connectivity is Ethernet cable.

• Ethernet cable is commonly used for connecting switches and routers.

• It provides high-speed data transmission and is widely available.

• Ethernet cables come in different categories such as Cat5, Cat6, etc.

• The choice of cable depends on the network requirements and the distance between the devices.

CAN is a communication protocol used in automotive and industrial applications.

• CAN stands for Controller Area Network.

• It is a message-based protocol used for communication between electronic devices.

• CAN is used in automotive and industrial applications for tasks such as engine control, transmission control, and body control.

• It allows for high-speed communication between devices and is highly reliable.

• CAN uses a bus topology, where multiple devices are connected to a single co...read more

Communication is the exchange of information between two or more parties.

• Communication involves a sender, a message, a channel, a receiver, and feedback.

• It can be verbal or nonverbal, written or spoken, and can occur through various mediums such as email, phone, or face-to-face.

• Effective communication is essential for successful relationships, both personal and professional.

• TCP/IP is a protocol used for communication between devices on a network.

• TCP (Transmission Control Prot...read more

POP and IMAP are email protocols used for retrieving emails from a mail server.

• POP downloads emails from the server to the local device and deletes them from the server.

• IMAP syncs emails between the server and the local device, allowing access to emails from multiple devices.

• POP is a one-way communication protocol while IMAP is a two-way communication protocol.

• POP is less secure than IMAP as it doesn't support encryption.

• Examples of email clients that use POP include Microsof...read more

AD stands for Active Directory, a directory service developed by Microsoft. A cluster is a group of connected servers that work together.

• Active Directory is used to manage users, computers, and other resources in a network.

• It provides a centralized location for authentication and authorization.

• A cluster is used to improve the availability and scalability of applications and services.

• It involves multiple servers working together to provide redundancy and load balancing.

• Example...read more

EDI is Electronic Data Interchange and SFTP is Secure File Transfer Protocol.

• EDI is a standard format for exchanging business documents electronically.

• SFTP is a secure way to transfer files over the internet.

• EDI and SFTP are often used together to securely exchange business documents.

• EDI can be used for transactions like purchase orders, invoices, and shipping notices.

• SFTP provides encryption and authentication to protect data during transfer.

Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the path packets take from one networked device to another.

• Traceroute sends out packets with increasing TTL values to map the path to the destination.

• Each router along the path decrements the TTL and sends back an ICMP Time Exceeded message.

• The sender records the IP address of each router to trace the route taken by the packets.

• Traceroute helps identify network issues like high latency or packet loss.

• Example: 'traceroute w...read more

Three way handshake is a method used in TCP/IP communication to establish a connection between a client and a server.

• Three way handshake involves three steps: SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK.

• The client sends a SYN packet to the server to initiate the connection.

• The server responds with a SYN-ACK packet, acknowledging the client's request.

• Finally, the client sends an ACK packet to the server, confirming the connection establishment.

• This process ensures reliable and synchronized communic...read more

Interceptors are functions that can be used to intercept incoming and outgoing HTTP requests in Angular applications.

• Interceptors can be used to modify or log outgoing requests before they are sent.

• They can also be used to modify or log incoming responses before they are passed to the application.

• Interceptors are commonly used for adding authentication tokens to requests, error handling, or logging.

• An example of using interceptors in Angular is adding a JWT token to the Autho...read more

Line size calculation depends on flow rate, fluid properties, and pressure drop.

• Determine the required flow rate

• Determine the fluid properties such as viscosity and density

• Calculate the pressure drop based on the length of the line and the fittings used

• Select a line size that can handle the required flow rate with an acceptable pressure drop

• Consider factors such as cost and space limitations

• Use industry standards and guidelines for reference

• Perform simulations and testing if ...read more

ACL AD value and AS number are related to network security and routing protocols.

• ACL AD value is the Access Control List Administrative Distance value, which is used to determine the priority of a particular ACL entry in case of multiple entries matching a packet.

• AS number is the Autonomous System number, which is used in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to identify a group of networks under a single administrative domain.

• ACL AD value and AS number are both important in network ...read more

HA stands for High Availability and ASR stands for Azure Site Recovery.

• HA ensures that a system is always operational with minimal downtime.

• ASR is a disaster recovery service that allows replication of VMs to a secondary location.

• HA can be achieved through load balancing, clustering, and redundant hardware.

• ASR helps in protecting applications by orchestrating the failover and failback processes.

• Both HA and ASR are important for ensuring business continuity and minimizing disr...read more

SSL pinning is a security technique that ensures a client only communicates with a server using a pre-defined public key.

• SSL pinning involves hardcoding the server's public key in the client's code or configuration.

• During the SSL handshake, the client checks if the server's public key matches the pinned key.

• If the keys match, the connection is established; otherwise, it is rejected.

• Pinning prevents man-in-the-middle attacks by verifying the server's identity.

Bottleneck is a point in a process where the flow of work is limited or slowed down.

• Bottlenecks can occur in any process, from manufacturing to software development.

• They can be caused by a lack of resources, inefficient processes, or unexpected events.

• Identifying and addressing bottlenecks is important for improving efficiency and productivity.

• Examples of bottlenecks include a single machine in a production line that slows down the entire process, or a team member in a softwa...read more

RDP stands for Remote Desktop Protocol. It is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft for remote access to Windows-based systems.

• RDP allows users to connect to a remote computer and control it as if they were physically present.

• It provides a graphical interface for remote management and allows file sharing, printing, and clipboard access.

• RDP uses TCP port 3389 for communication.

• It supports various encryption methods to ensure secure remote connections.

• Popular RDP client...read more

The difference between color coding of 568A and 568B is the arrangement of the wire pairs in the Ethernet cable.

• 568A uses a different order for the green and orange wire pairs compared to 568B.

• 568A: white-green, green, white-orange, blue, white-blue, orange, white-brown, brown

• 568B: white-orange, orange, white-green, blue, white-blue, green, white-brown, brown

• Both standards are used for Ethernet connections, but 568B is more commonly used in the United States.

• The color coding ...read more

T-up is a testosterone booster supplement used to increase muscle mass and strength.

• T-up contains D-aspartic acid which helps in increasing testosterone levels

• It also contains vitamin D3 which is essential for testosterone production

• T-up is commonly used by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance their performance

• It is recommended to take T-up for 4-8 weeks followed by a break to avoid any side effects

A root bridge is a bridge in a network that serves as a reference point for all other bridges in the network.

• The root bridge is elected based on the lowest bridge ID, which consists of a priority value and a MAC address.

• All other bridges in the network determine the best path to the root bridge for forwarding network traffic.

• The root bridge is responsible for ensuring that there are no loops in the network topology.

DNZ records are used to map domain names to IP addresses for external-facing services.

• DNZ stands for DeMilitarized Zone

• DNZ records are used for external-facing services like web servers, email servers, etc.

• They map domain names to IP addresses

• DNZ records are used for security purposes to separate internal and external networks

OLT stands for Optical Line Terminal and ONT stands for Optical Network Terminal.

• OLT is a device used in fiber optic networks to aggregate and distribute data to multiple ONTs.

• OLT is typically located at the service provider's central office or data center.

• ONT is a device used at the customer's premises to convert optical signals into electrical signals for communication.

• ONT is responsible for connecting the customer's devices to the fiber optic network.

• OLT and ONT work toget...read more

Connection details refer to the specific information required to establish a connection between two devices or systems.

• Connection details include information such as IP addresses, port numbers, and authentication credentials.

• They are necessary for establishing communication between devices or systems.

• For example, connection details are required to connect to a Wi-Fi network or to access a remote server.

• They can also be used to establish secure connections, such as SSL/TLS con...read more

AV over IP protocols include H.264, H.265, and JPEG 2000.

• H.264 is a widely used compression standard for video transmission over IP networks.

• H.265 is a newer compression standard that offers better compression and higher quality video.

• JPEG 2000 is a lossless compression standard that is often used for high-quality video applications.

• Other protocols include MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and VC-2.

• AV over IP protocols also include network protocols such as TCP/IP, UDP, and RTP/RTCP.

Event monitoring is the process of tracking and analyzing system events to identify issues and improve performance.

• Tools used for event monitoring include Nagios, Zabbix, and SolarWinds.

• Event monitoring can help detect security breaches, system failures, and performance issues.

• It involves setting up alerts and notifications for specific events and analyzing data to identify patterns and trends.

• Event monitoring can also be used for compliance and auditing purposes.

• Real-time mo...read more

The patching process is the procedure of applying updates or fixes to software or systems to address vulnerabilities or improve functionality.

• Patching involves identifying and downloading the necessary updates or patches.

• Before applying patches, it is important to test them in a non-production environment.

• Patches can be applied manually or through automated tools.

• After applying patches, systems should be thoroughly tested to ensure proper functionality.

• Regular patching helps ...read more

Devices used in wireless networks include routers, access points, modems, and wireless adapters.

• Routers: used to connect multiple devices to a network and manage traffic

• Access points: used to extend the range of a wireless network

• Modems: used to connect to the internet

• Wireless adapters: used to connect devices to a wireless network

Automate firmware update and backup by using scripting languages and configuration management tools.

• Use scripting languages like Python, PowerShell, or Bash to automate the process of downloading and applying firmware updates.

• Utilize configuration management tools such as Ansible, Puppet, or Chef to automate the deployment of firmware updates across multiple devices.

• Schedule regular backups of firmware configurations and settings using tools like Cron jobs or Task Scheduler.

• S...read more

Network architecture refers to the design and layout of a computer network.

• It includes the physical components of the network such as routers, switches, and cables.

• It also includes the logical components such as protocols and network topologies.

• The architecture should be designed to meet the needs of the organization and provide efficient and secure communication.

• Examples of network architectures include client-server, peer-to-peer, and cloud-based.

• Network architecture can be...read more

Wireless technology enables devices to communicate without the need for physical connections.

• Wireless communication uses radio waves to transmit data between devices.

• Devices such as smartphones, laptops, and routers use wireless technology to connect to the internet.

• Wireless networks can be secured using encryption protocols like WPA2.

• Wireless signals can be affected by factors like distance, interference, and obstacles.

• Examples of wireless technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetoo...read more

VOIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. SIP Protocol is a communication protocol used for initiating and managing voice and video calls over IP networks.

• VOIP allows for making phone calls over the internet instead of traditional phone lines

• SIP Protocol is used to establish, modify, and terminate multimedia sessions such as voice and video calls

• Advantages of SIP Protocol include flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness

• SIP Protocol supports various communication f...read more

IP Classes are a way of categorizing IP addresses based on their network and host portions.

• There are five classes of IP addresses: A, B, C, D, and E.

• Classes A, B, and C are used for public IP addresses, while classes D and E are reserved for special purposes.

• The class of an IP address determines the range of values that can be used for the network and host portions.

• Class A addresses have a range of 1-126 for the first octet, while class B addresses have a range of 128-191.

• Cla...read more

There are various types of filters present such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, etc.

• Low-pass filter allows low-frequency signals to pass through and attenuates high-frequency signals.

• High-pass filter allows high-frequency signals to pass through and attenuates low-frequency signals.

• Band-pass filter allows a specific range of frequencies to pass through and attenuates others.

• Band-stop filter attenuates a specific range of frequencies and allows others to pass thr...read more

No, internet is not required to access standalone applications.

• Standalone applications are designed to work independently without internet connectivity.

• They are installed on the local machine and can be accessed without any internet connection.

• Examples of standalone applications are Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, etc.

RSVP-TE can be configured on Cisco routers using the MPLS traffic engineering feature.

• Enable MPLS on the router

• Configure RSVP-TE on the interfaces participating in MPLS TE tunnels

• Define MPLS TE tunnel paths and assign bandwidth constraints

• Verify the configuration using show commands

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is a network protocol that prevents loops in Ethernet networks by creating a loop-free logical topology.

• STP is used to prevent broadcast storms and network congestion caused by loops.

• It works by electing a root bridge and calculating the shortest path to the root bridge for each network segment.

• STP uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) to exchange information between switches.

• It employs a tree-like structure with designated ports and blocked port...read more

DHCP server is a network server that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration settings to devices on a network.

• DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

• It eliminates the need for manual IP address configuration.

• DHCP server leases IP addresses to devices for a specific period of time.

• It uses a four-step process: Discover, Offer, Request, and Acknowledge (DORA).

• DHCP server also provides additional network configuration information like subne...read more

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that prevents loops in a network topology.

• STP is used to prevent broadcast storms caused by loops in a network.

• It works by selecting a root bridge and disabling redundant paths to prevent loops.

• STP is implemented in switches and bridges in a network.

• It is defined in IEEE 802.1D standard.

• STP has several variants such as Rapid STP (RSTP) and Multiple STP (MSTP).

Latency is the time taken for a signal to travel from one point to another, while delay is the time taken for a signal to be processed.

• Latency is the time taken for a signal to travel from one point to another, usually measured in milliseconds.

• Delay is the time taken for a signal to be processed, which can be affected by factors such as network congestion or processing time.

• Latency can be reduced by improving network infrastructure, while delay can be reduced by optimizing pr...read more