Top 250 Design Patterns Interview Questions and Answers
Updated 11 Dec 2024
Q1. What are the objects generated after TMG is created
Objects generated after TMG creation in SAP ABAP
After creating a TMG (Table Maintenance Generator), a function group is generated.
The function group contains function modules for maintenance screens, list displays, and authorization checks.
A maintenance view is also generated, which is used to maintain the table data.
A maintenance dialog is created, which is used to display the maintenance screens.
A maintenance object is generated, which is used to store the maintenance dialo...read more
Q2. What is singleton design patterns and how to create a singleton class
Singleton design pattern ensures only one instance of a class is created and provides global access to it.
Create a private constructor to prevent direct instantiation
Create a private static instance of the class
Provide a public static method to access the instance
Ensure thread safety by using synchronized keyword or static initializer
Examples: Logger, Configuration Manager, Database Connection
Q3. what is the difference between factory and service
A factory is responsible for creating and managing objects, while a service is responsible for providing specific functionality or performing tasks.
A factory is used to create and initialize objects, often based on certain parameters or configurations.
A service is a component that provides specific functionality or performs tasks for other components or systems.
Factories are commonly used in object-oriented programming to encapsulate object creation logic.
Services are often u...read more
Designing a parking lot system involves layout planning, ticketing system, payment methods, security measures, and efficient traffic flow.
Layout planning to maximize space and accommodate different types of vehicles
Implementing a ticketing system for entry and exit tracking
Offering various payment methods such as cash, credit card, and mobile payments
Installing security measures like CCTV cameras and automated gates
Ensuring efficient traffic flow with clear signage and design...read more
Q5. 2.what is singleton pattern
Singleton pattern is a design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object.
Used when only one instance of a class is needed throughout the application
Provides a global point of access to the instance
Implemented using a private constructor and a static method to return the instance
Example: Database connection, Logger, Configuration settings
Q6. What is a Factory design pattern? How do you implement that?
Factory design pattern is a creational pattern that provides an interface for creating objects in a superclass, but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created.
Factory pattern is used when we have a superclass with multiple subclasses and based on input, we need to return one of the subclass.
It provides a way to delegate the instantiation logic to child classes.
Example: java.util.Calendar, java.util.ResourceBundle, java.text.NumberFormat, etc.
Q7. How does MVVM structure work?
MVVM is a design pattern that separates UI logic from business logic.
Model represents the data and business logic
View displays the UI and user interactions
ViewModel acts as a mediator between Model and View
ViewModel exposes data and commands to the View
View binds to ViewModel properties and commands
Changes in ViewModel update the View and vice versa
Factory Pattern can be used to create objects without exposing the instantiation logic to the client.
Used when a class can't anticipate the class of objects it must create
Helps in creating objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created
Encapsulates object creation logic in a separate class
Promotes loose coupling between classes
Design Patterns Jobs
Design a snake game
Use a 2D array to represent the game board
Keep track of the snake's position and direction
Handle user input to change the snake's direction
Update the snake's position and check for collisions with walls or itself
Add food to the board and handle eating it to grow the snake
Keep track of the score and display it to the player
Q10. what is observer pattern
Observer pattern is a design pattern in which an object maintains a list of its dependents and notifies them automatically of any state changes.
Also known as publish-subscribe pattern
Used in event-driven systems
Allows loose coupling between objects
Example: A weather station broadcasts weather updates to multiple displays
Example: A stock market ticker notifies multiple investors of stock price changes
Q11. Which Design Code are you conversant
I am conversant with several design codes including ASME, API, and ANSI.
ASME
API
ANSI
Q12. Describe design patterns in Microservice
Design patterns in Microservices are reusable solutions to common problems encountered in designing and implementing microservices architecture.
Design patterns help in structuring microservices for scalability, resilience, and maintainability.
Some common design patterns in microservices include Service Registry, Circuit Breaker, API Gateway, and Event Sourcing.
Service Registry pattern involves a central registry that allows services to discover and communicate with each other...read more
Q13. design a cab booking system using oops
A cab booking system designed using OOP principles
Create classes for Cab, Customer, Driver, and Booking
Use inheritance and polymorphism to handle different types of cabs and bookings
Implement methods for booking a cab, assigning a driver, and calculating fare
Use encapsulation to protect data and ensure data integrity
Q14. LRU Cache Implementation Problem
Design and implement a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache data structure. This cache must support the following operations efficiently:
get(key)
: Return the value associated with ...read more
Implement a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache data structure that supports get and put operations efficiently.
Design a data structure that maintains a cache with a specified capacity.
Implement get(key) function to return value associated with key or -1 if key doesn't exist.
Implement put(key, value) function to insert/update key-value pair in cache.
Invalidate least recently used item when cache reaches its capacity.
Handle different types of operations efficiently based on input....read more
Q15. LFU Cache Design Problem
Design and implement a Least Frequently Used (LFU) Cache with the following functionalities:
1. put(U__ID, value): Insert the value in the cache if the key ('U__ID') is not already pres...read more
Design and implement a Least Frequently Used (LFU) Cache with put and get functionalities, handling capacity and frequency of use.
Implement a LFU cache with put and get functions
Handle capacity and frequency of use for eviction
Return the value of key if present, -1 otherwise
Consider multiple elements with least frequency, remove least recently used
Example: Insert, update, and retrieve values based on operations
Q16. which design pattern to use for complex design?
Use the Strategy design pattern for complex design.
Strategy pattern allows you to define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable.
It helps in separating the behavior of a class from the class itself, making it easier to switch between different algorithms at runtime.
Examples of using Strategy pattern include implementing different sorting algorithms in a class or defining various payment methods in an e-commerce application.
Q17. Difference between architectural patterns and design patterns.
Architectural patterns define the overall structure and organization of a system, while design patterns provide solutions to specific design problems within the system.
Architectural patterns focus on high-level decisions about the system's structure, components, and interactions.
Design patterns address lower-level design decisions and provide reusable solutions to common design problems.
Architectural patterns are concerned with system-wide concerns like scalability, security,...read more
Q18. What is meant by Repository Pattern
Repository Pattern is a design pattern that separates data access logic from business logic.
It provides a way to access data from a data source without exposing the underlying database or data store.
It helps in achieving separation of concerns and makes the code more modular and testable.
It can be implemented using interfaces and classes to define a set of methods for data access.
Examples include Entity Framework in .NET, Hibernate in Java, and Django ORM in Python.
Q19. Design repository pattern using EF core
Repository pattern using EF core for data access layer
Create an interface for the repository with generic CRUD methods
Implement the repository interface with EF core for data access
Use dependency injection to inject the repository into services
Separate concerns by having repositories handle data access logic
Q20. 1. What is design pattern and it's types and solid patterns.
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software design problems. They include creational, structural, and behavioral patterns.
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software design problems.
They provide proven solutions to recurring design problems.
Design patterns can be categorized into creational, structural, and behavioral patterns.
Creational patterns deal with object creation mechanisms.
Structural patterns focus on class and object composition.
Behavior...read more
Q21. Design Snake Game (Nokia based)
Design a classic Snake game based on Nokia phones.
Use a 2D array to represent the game board.
Implement logic for snake movement and growth.
Include collision detection with walls and itself.
Add food items for the snake to eat and grow.
Display the game on a grid-based interface.
Q22. 1 Explain oops concept 2 Design patterns
OOPs is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects that interact with each other.
OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming.
It focuses on the creation of objects that have properties and methods.
Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction are the four main pillars of OOPs.
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software problems.
Some popular design patterns are Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Decorator.
Q23. What is keep in mvc
Keep in MVC stands for Model-View-Controller, which is a design pattern used in software development to separate the concerns of an application.
Keep refers to the model component in MVC
It represents the data and the business logic of the application
Keep interacts with the database and processes the data before sending it to the view
Example: In a blog application, the Keep would handle the data related to blog posts such as title, content, author, etc.
Q24. Design a lift system. OOPs concept
Design a lift system using OOPs concepts.
Create a Lift class with methods like moveUp(), moveDown(), openDoor(), closeDoor()
Create a Floor class with methods like requestLift()
Use inheritance to create different types of lifts like passenger lift, cargo lift, etc.
Use encapsulation to hide the internal workings of the lift system from the outside world.
Use polymorphism to allow different types of lifts to respond differently to the same method calls.
Q25. Design a class that can give maximum 3 instance of that class, from 4th call it will repeat those instances.
Design a class that limits maximum 3 instances and repeats them from 4th call.
Create a private static array to hold instances.
Create a private static counter to keep track of instance count.
Create a public static method to get instance of the class.
In the method, check if counter is less than 3, create new instance and add to array, else return instance from array based on counter modulo 3.
Increment counter after each call.
Q26. create Observer class
Create an Observer class
Observer class is used to notify changes to multiple objects
It maintains a list of objects that need to be notified
It has methods to add, remove and notify observers
Example: Weather station notifying multiple displays
Factory pattern creates objects without exposing the instantiation logic, while Abstract Factory pattern provides an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects.
Factory pattern creates objects through a common interface, while Abstract Factory pattern creates families of related objects.
Factory pattern uses a single method to create objects, while Abstract Factory pattern uses multiple methods to create families of objects.
Factory pattern is a single metho...read more
Q28. design for a date picker in javascript
A date picker in JavaScript allows users to select a date from a calendar interface.
Use HTML input element with type 'date' for modern browsers
For older browsers, use a JavaScript library like jQuery UI Datepicker
Implement validation to ensure selected date is within acceptable range
Q29. What is java and pattern question?
Java is a popular programming language used for developing software applications. Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems in software design.
Java is an object-oriented programming language known for its platform independence and versatility.
Design patterns are best practices for solving common software design problems.
Examples of design patterns include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Strategy patterns.
Q30. Explain mostly used design patterns in JavaScript
The mostly used design patterns in JavaScript are Module, Observer, Singleton, Factory, and Prototype.
Module pattern helps to keep the code organized and maintainable.
Observer pattern is used for event handling and notification.
Singleton pattern restricts the instantiation of a class to a single instance.
Factory pattern provides an interface for creating objects in a superclass, but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created.
Prototype pattern creates ...read more
Splitwise is a system for managing shared expenses among groups of people.
1. Allow users to create groups and add members to track shared expenses.
2. Implement features for adding expenses, specifying who paid and who owes.
3. Calculate balances for each member and settle debts efficiently.
4. Provide notifications and reminders for pending payments.
5. Ensure security and privacy of user data.
6. Implement features like expense categorization, comments, and attachments.
7. Allow ...read more
Q32. What are design patterns, and have you implemented any of the design pattern in your previous project, can you explain?
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software design problems.
Design patterns help in creating flexible, reusable, and maintainable code.
Examples of design patterns include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Decorator.
I have implemented the Singleton pattern in my previous project to ensure only one instance of a class is created.
I have also used the Factory pattern to create objects without exposing the instantiation logic to the client code.
Q33. Difference between design pattern and design principle
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems in software design, while design principles are guidelines to follow for good design practices.
Design patterns provide specific solutions to recurring problems in software design, such as Singleton, Factory, and Observer patterns.
Design principles are general guidelines that help in designing software that is maintainable, scalable, and flexible, such as SOLID principles and DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle.
Design...read more
Q34. What Micro services design pattern used
The microservices design pattern used is the API Gateway pattern.
API Gateway pattern is used to provide a single entry point for clients to access multiple microservices.
It helps in routing requests, load balancing, authentication, and monitoring.
Examples include Netflix Zuul and Amazon API Gateway.
Q35. What is the use of relay in DI
Relays in Dependency Injection are used to control the creation and lifecycle of objects.
Relays help in decoupling the creation of objects from their usage.
They can be used to provide different implementations of an interface based on certain conditions.
Relays can also be used for lazy loading of objects to improve performance.
They help in managing the dependencies of objects in a flexible and modular way.
Q36. Difference between Static and Singleton
Static is a keyword used to declare a variable or method that belongs to the class. Singleton is a design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object.
Static members are accessed using the class name, while Singleton objects are accessed using a getInstance() method.
Static members are shared among all instances of a class, while Singleton objects are unique.
Static members are initialized when the class is loaded, while Singleton objects are initialized wh...read more
The design process for building a chatbot involves defining user goals, choosing a platform, designing conversation flow, implementing natural language processing, and testing for accuracy.
Define user goals and objectives for the chatbot
Choose a platform or framework for building the chatbot (e.g. Dialogflow, Microsoft Bot Framework)
Design the conversation flow and user interactions
Implement natural language processing (NLP) for understanding user input
Test the chatbot for ac...read more
Q38. Which microservice design pattern did you implement to break your monolith to microservice and why?
I implemented the API Gateway pattern to break the monolith into microservices.
API Gateway pattern acts as a single entry point for clients to access multiple microservices.
It helps in decoupling the client from individual microservices.
API Gateway handles authentication, routing, load balancing, and caching.
It simplifies the client-side code by providing a unified interface.
Example: Netflix's Zuul acts as an API Gateway for their microservices architecture.
Q39. Difference between factory and builder
Factory creates objects without specifying the exact class, while builder constructs complex objects step by step.
Factory pattern creates objects without specifying the exact class to create, using a common interface.
Builder pattern constructs complex objects step by step, allowing different representations of an object to be created using the same construction process.
Factory pattern is used when the creation process is simple and does not require many parameters, while buil...read more
Q40. Write code for Builder/Factory Pattern, basically anything other than Singleton
Builder/Factory Pattern is used to create objects with complex initialization logic.
Builder Pattern separates the construction of a complex object from its representation.
Factory Pattern creates objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created.
Builder Pattern is often used to create immutable objects with many optional parameters.
Factory Pattern is used when there is a need to create multiple instances of a class with similar characteristics.
Q41. Which class is used in Factory method?
The class used in Factory method is the Factory class.
The Factory class is responsible for creating objects of different classes based on the input parameters.
It is a creational design pattern.
The Factory method is a static method that returns an object of the class that it belongs to.
Example: Class CarFactory has a static method createCar() that returns an object of Car class.
The Factory method is used to encapsulate object creation logic and make it more flexible and reusab...read more
Q42. Define Singleton class
A Singleton class is a class that can only have one instance at a time.
It restricts the instantiation of a class to a single object.
It provides a global point of access to that instance.
It is often used in situations where a single object is required to coordinate actions across a system.
Example: Database connection manager, Configuration manager, Logger manager.
Q43. What is visitor pattern?
Visitor pattern is a design pattern where a visitor class is used to perform operations on elements of a data structure.
Visitor pattern allows adding new operations to existing classes without modifying them
It separates the algorithm from the object structure on which it operates
Commonly used in compilers, interpreters, and other complex systems
Q44. What are diff design patterns in sql
Design patterns in SQL are reusable solutions to common problems encountered in database design and development.
Singleton Pattern: Ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
Factory Pattern: Creates objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created.
Repository Pattern: Separates the logic that retrieves data from a data source from the business logic that acts on the data.
Decorator Pattern: Allows behavior to be ad...read more
Q45. Design an analytical framework for IPL bidding sustem
An analytical framework for IPL bidding system
Identify key performance indicators (KPIs) such as player performance, team performance, market value, etc.
Collect and analyze historical data on player and team performance, auction prices, and market trends
Develop predictive models using machine learning algorithms to forecast player and team performance and auction prices
Use the models to simulate different bidding scenarios and optimize team selection and budget allocation
Cont...read more
Q46. What design pattern used in angular
The design pattern commonly used in Angular is the Observer pattern.
The Observer pattern is used to establish a one-to-many dependency between objects.
In Angular, Observables are used to implement the Observer pattern for handling asynchronous data streams.
Components in Angular often use Observables to subscribe to changes and react accordingly.
Q47. 1. What is service container. 2. Which pattern used in laravel?
Service container is a tool in Laravel that manages class dependencies and performs dependency injection.
Service container in Laravel is used to bind classes and interfaces, resolve dependencies, and manage object instances.
It allows for inversion of control and dependency injection, making it easier to manage dependencies in the application.
Service container is accessed using the `app()` helper function or by type-hinting in controller constructors.
It helps in decoupling cla...read more
Q48. What are the design patten we use in iOS?
iOS design patterns include MVC, MVVM, Singleton, Factory, and Observer.
MVC separates data, view, and controller logic
MVVM adds a view model to handle data binding
Singleton ensures only one instance of a class exists
Factory creates objects without exposing the creation logic
Observer allows objects to be notified of changes in other objects
Q49. Design LLD for factory pattern
Factory pattern is a creational design pattern that provides an interface for creating objects in a superclass, but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created.
Create an interface or abstract class to define the factory method
Create concrete classes that implement the interface or extend the abstract class
Factory class should have a method that returns an object of the interface type based on input parameters
Q50. What is Decorator design pattern
Decorator pattern adds behavior to an object dynamically without affecting its existing behavior.
It is a structural pattern
It involves a component interface, concrete component, decorator interface, and concrete decorator
Decorators wrap around components to add new behavior
It allows for flexible and dynamic behavior modification
Example: Java I/O streams use decorator pattern
Q51. Compare 2 nested JSON objects and find the property/subproperty which is the difference Implementation of Builder design pattern
Compare 2 nested JSON objects and find the property/subproperty which is the difference
Parse both JSON objects and compare each property/subproperty recursively
Use a recursive function to traverse the JSON objects
When a difference is found, store the property/subproperty and its value
Return the stored differences as a JSON object
Q52. Design question- how to design a fail safe iterator
A fail-safe iterator should handle exceptions and errors gracefully without crashing the program.
Use try-catch blocks to handle exceptions and errors
Implement a hasNext() method to check if there are more elements to iterate over
Use a current pointer to keep track of the current element being iterated over
Ensure that the iterator is thread-safe
Provide clear documentation on how to use the iterator
Q53. Design a library to log drop-rate in form fields.
Design a library to log drop-rate in form fields.
Create a function to track changes in form fields
Implement a mechanism to calculate drop-rate based on user interactions
Store drop-rate data in a database for analysis
Q54. Design a mood 3 counter
A mood 3 counter is a device that tracks and displays the user's mood on a scale of 1-3.
Design a simple interface with 3 buttons for the user to input their mood (happy, neutral, sad)
Include a display screen to show the current mood level
Implement a reset button to clear the mood counter
Consider adding a visual indicator such as colored LEDs for each mood level
Q55. Explain design patterns in Unity
Design patterns in Unity are reusable solutions to common problems in game development.
Design patterns help in organizing code, improving code readability, and promoting code reusability.
Examples of design patterns in Unity include Singleton, Observer, Factory, and State.
Singleton pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
Observer pattern defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all...read more
Q56. Explain object oriented concepts and design in detail.
Object-oriented concepts and design involve creating classes and objects that encapsulate data and behavior.
Object-oriented programming is based on the principles of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Classes are used to define objects, which contain data and methods that operate on that data.
Inheritance allows classes to inherit properties and methods from other classes, while polymorphism allows objects to take on multiple forms.
Object-oriented design involves ide...read more
Q57. Handle thread safety in singleton pattern
Use synchronized block or double-checked locking to ensure only one thread can access singleton instance at a time.
Use synchronized block to ensure thread safety in getInstance() method
Implement double-checked locking to minimize synchronization overhead
Consider using Enum singleton for thread safety without synchronization
Q58. What is Singleton Design Pattern? Can we create a clone of an object from singleton class?
Singleton Design Pattern ensures only one instance of a class exists. No, we cannot create a clone of an object from singleton class.
Singleton pattern restricts the instantiation of a class to one object.
It is used when only one object is required to coordinate actions across the system.
The instance is created only when it is requested for the first time.
The constructor of the singleton class is private.
Clone method is not supported in singleton pattern.
Q59. Explain any one design pattern with example
Singleton design pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
Ensure a class has only one instance by providing a global access point to it
Lazy initialization to create the instance only when needed
Thread-safe implementation to handle multiple threads accessing the instance
Commonly used in logging, caching, database connections
Q60. Explain Entity FrameWork or any Design Pattern
Entity Framework is an ORM tool that enables developers to work with databases using .NET objects.
Entity Framework is an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tool that allows developers to interact with databases using .NET objects.
It eliminates the need for writing SQL queries by translating LINQ queries into SQL queries.
It provides automatic generation of database schema based on the domain model.
Entity Framework supports various database providers such as SQL Server, MySQL, SQL...read more
Q61. how to design a 2 model in single window
To design a 2 model in single window, use a split screen or tabbed interface.
Consider the user's workflow and prioritize the most important information
Use a clear visual hierarchy to differentiate between the two models
Provide easy navigation between the two models
Test the design with users to ensure usability and efficiency
Q62. What is Viewmodel?
ViewModel is a class that is responsible for preparing and managing data for an activity or fragment.
ViewModel helps in separating the UI data from the UI controller logic.
It survives configuration changes such as screen rotations.
ViewModel is part of the Android Architecture Components.
Example: ViewModel can hold data retrieved from a database and provide it to the UI.
Q63. Have you created Custom Facade?
Yes, I have created custom facades to provide a simplified interface to a complex subsystem.
Used to improve code readability and maintainability
Helps in decoupling the client code from the subsystem
Examples: Laravel's Facade pattern for database operations
Q64. Describe the circuit breaker pattern
Circuit breaker pattern is a design pattern used to prevent cascading failures in distributed systems.
It is used to handle faults that may occur in a distributed system
It monitors the availability of a service and trips when the service fails
It prevents the system from repeatedly trying to execute an operation that is likely to fail
It can be reset after a specified amount of time or after the service has recovered
Examples include Hystrix, Netflix's implementation of the circu...read more
Q65. What is design How to use
Design is the process of creating a plan or solution to address a specific problem or need.
Design involves identifying a problem or need
Creating a plan or solution to address the problem or need
Implementing the plan or solution through various tools and techniques
Evaluating the effectiveness of the design and making improvements if necessary
Q66. Design phone book application
Phone book application to store and manage contacts
Allow users to add, edit, delete contacts
Implement search functionality to find contacts quickly
Include features like call, message, email directly from the app
Q67. Explain Saga design pattern
Saga design pattern is used to manage long-lived transactions in distributed systems by breaking them into smaller, more manageable units.
Saga pattern involves breaking a long transaction into smaller, independent transactions called sagas.
Each saga consists of a series of steps that are executed in a specific order.
If a step fails, compensating transactions are executed to undo the changes made by the previous steps.
Saga pattern ensures that the system remains consistent eve...read more
Q68. DESIGN A MOD COUNTER
A mod counter is a counter that counts from 0 to a specified modulus value before resetting to 0.
Design a counter with a specified number of bits to represent the count value
Implement logic to increment the count value by 1
Add logic to reset the count value to 0 when it reaches the modulus value
Q69. What is adapters and types of adaptables
Adapters are used to convert the interface of a class into another interface that a client expects. Types of adaptables include object adapters and class adapters.
Adapters are used to make two incompatible interfaces work together.
Object adapters use composition to adapt the interface of a class.
Class adapters use multiple inheritance to adapt the interface of a class.
Adaptables can be objects or classes that need to be adapted.
Examples of adaptables include legacy systems, t...read more
Q70. Design Weather app ? What design pattern you will use to build this app ?
Design a weather app using the Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) design pattern.
Use MVVM design pattern to separate the presentation layer from the business logic and data access.
Model: Represents the data and business logic.
View: Represents the UI components.
ViewModel: Acts as a mediator between the Model and View, handling user interactions and updating the UI.
Use data binding to automatically synchronize the View with the ViewModel.
Implement a repository pattern to handle data r...read more
Q71. What are the usecases where CQRS pattern can be used ?
CQRS pattern can be used in scenarios where read and write operations need to be separated for better scalability and performance.
CQRS can be used in applications with complex domain models that require different models for reading and writing data.
It can be beneficial in scenarios where read operations heavily outnumber write operations.
CQRS is useful when there is a need to optimize read and write operations independently.
Examples include e-commerce platforms for handling p...read more
Q72. Design a book reader service such as kindle
Design a book reader service similar to Kindle
Implement a user-friendly interface for browsing and purchasing books
Include features like bookmarking, highlighting, and note-taking
Support various file formats such as PDF, EPUB, and MOBI
Provide options for customization like font size, background color, and reading progress tracking
Q73. what are the codes used in Design
Various codes are used in design, such as color codes, HTML codes, CSS codes, and design software codes.
Color codes are used to specify colors in design, such as #FFFFFF for white.
HTML codes are used to structure web pages, like
for heading 1.
CSS codes are used to style elements on a webpage, such as font-size: 16px;
Design software codes refer to commands and functions within design tools like Adobe Photoshop or Illustrator.
Q74. Share details of 2 design flows
Two design flows are Agile and Waterfall.
Agile is an iterative approach that emphasizes flexibility and collaboration.
Waterfall is a linear approach that emphasizes planning and documentation.
Agile involves continuous feedback and adaptation.
Waterfall involves distinct phases of development.
Agile is suited for projects with changing requirements.
Waterfall is suited for projects with well-defined requirements.
Q75. What is adaptor?
An adaptor is a device that allows different types of plugs or connectors to be used together.
Adaptors are commonly used in electronics to convert one type of plug to another, such as from a European plug to a US plug.
They can also be used in networking to connect different types of cables, such as Ethernet to USB.
Adaptors can be passive (simply changing the physical connection) or active (converting signals or voltages).
Q76. explain some design patterns like chain of responsibility.
Chain of Responsibility is a behavioral design pattern that allows an object to pass a request along a chain of handlers.
Handlers are linked in a chain and each handler decides whether to process the request or pass it to the next handler
It decouples senders and receivers of requests
Commonly used in event handling systems and logging frameworks
Q77. What pattern have you followed while building modules.
I have followed the modular design pattern while building modules.
I break down the software into smaller, independent modules that can be easily managed and maintained.
I ensure each module has a clear purpose and well-defined interfaces for communication with other modules.
I use techniques like encapsulation, abstraction, and separation of concerns to create modular designs.
Example: Using the MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern to separate the presentation, business logic, an...read more
Q78. What is the SAGA pattern?
The SAGA pattern is a design pattern used in distributed systems for managing long-lived transactions.
SAGA pattern breaks down a long transaction into a series of smaller, more manageable transactions.
Each smaller transaction is executed independently and can be compensated if needed.
SAGA pattern helps maintain consistency and reliability in distributed systems.
Example: In an e-commerce system, the SAGA pattern can be used to handle the process of placing an order, processing...read more
Q79. Design FSM - halway with 2 detectors, accuire amout of pepole in room - only one person can pass halway each time.
Design a finite state machine to count the number of people passing through a hallway with 2 detectors, allowing only one person at a time.
Create states for each detector and the hallway
Transition between states based on detector inputs
Use counters to keep track of the number of people passing through
Implement logic to prevent multiple people from passing simultaneously
Q80. Explain Solid patterns
Solid patterns are a set of five design principles to make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable.
Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have only one reason to change.
Open/Closed Principle: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.
Liskov Substitution Principle: Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without affecting the functionality.
Interface Segregation Principle: A ...read more
Q81. How single design patterns work?
Single design patterns work by providing a reusable solution to common problems in software development.
Design patterns help in organizing code and making it more maintainable.
They promote code reusability and flexibility.
Examples of single design patterns include Singleton, Factory, and Observer.
Q82. What is lightweight composite
Lightweight composite is a material made by combining two or more different materials to create a stronger and lighter product.
Combination of materials like carbon fiber, fiberglass, and resin
Used in aerospace industry for aircraft components
Commonly used in sports equipment like tennis rackets and bicycles
Q83. What is gang of four design pattern.
Gang of Four design patterns are a set of 23 software design patterns that were introduced in the book 'Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software'.
Gang of Four design patterns were identified by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides.
These patterns are categorized into three groups: creational, structural, and behavioral.
Examples of Gang of Four design patterns include Singleton, Factory Method, Observer, and Strategy.
Q84. Explain adaptive design pattern
Adaptive design pattern is a software design pattern that allows objects to change their behavior dynamically.
Adaptive design pattern involves creating objects that can change their behavior at runtime.
It allows for flexibility and adaptability in software systems.
Examples include Strategy pattern, State pattern, and Decorator pattern.
Q85. How to make singleton services multiton
Singleton services can be made multiton by maintaining a map of instances with unique keys.
Create a map to store instances with unique keys
Use a factory method to retrieve instances based on keys
Ensure that only one instance is created per key
Q86. Explain Abstract design pattern.
Abstract design pattern is a way to define a blueprint for a group of objects with common characteristics.
It allows creating objects without specifying their concrete classes.
It promotes loose coupling between classes.
It is implemented using abstract classes and interfaces.
Example: Shape is an abstract class and Circle, Square, Triangle are its concrete subclasses.
Example: JDBC API uses abstract classes and interfaces to provide a common interface for different database vendo...read more
Q87. What is saga design pattern
Saga design pattern is used to manage long-lived transactions between microservices.
It ensures that all services involved in a transaction are either committed or rolled back together.
It uses a sequence of local transactions to achieve global consistency.
It can be implemented using either choreography or orchestration.
Example: A customer places an order, which involves multiple microservices such as inventory, payment, and shipping. Saga pattern ensures that if any of these s...read more
Q88. What is prototype pattern
Prototype pattern is a creational design pattern that allows cloning of objects.
Used to create new objects by copying an existing object
Avoids the need for subclassing to create new objects
Can be implemented using shallow or deep copy methods
Q89. Explain one pattern you created
I created a pattern called 'The Fibonacci Spiral' inspired by the Fibonacci sequence.
The Fibonacci Spiral is a geometric pattern that starts with a small square followed by a series of squares whose sides are the Fibonacci numbers.
Each square is connected to the next one in a spiral pattern, creating a visually appealing design.
The Fibonacci Spiral can be found in nature, art, and architecture due to its aesthetically pleasing proportions.
Q90. Explain the usage of that particular design pattern
The design pattern is used to solve a specific problem in software development.
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems in software development.
They provide a standard way to solve a problem that can be adapted to different situations.
Examples of design patterns include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Decorator.
Using design patterns can improve code quality, maintainability, and scalability.
Q91. Design a pub sub model
A pub sub model allows for communication between multiple components by using a publish-subscribe pattern.
Components can publish messages to a topic
Subscribers can subscribe to specific topics to receive messages
Messages are not sent directly to subscribers, but rather through a central hub
Q92. Design chat box
Design a chat box for seamless communication between users.
Include features like text messaging, emojis, file sharing, and notifications.
Design a user-friendly interface with easy navigation and customization options.
Implement real-time messaging functionality for instant communication.
Ensure data security and privacy by encrypting messages and providing secure login options.
Q93. Explain what is a API Gateway pattern
API Gateway pattern is a design pattern used to route API requests to the appropriate microservices.
Centralized entry point for all API requests
Handles authentication, authorization, rate limiting, and logging
Helps in decoupling client applications from individual microservices
Can aggregate multiple requests into a single request for the client
Examples include Netflix Zuul, Amazon API Gateway
Q94. Design a logger class
A logger class to handle logging messages in an application
Create a Logger class with methods like logInfo, logError, logWarning, etc.
Use a file or database to store the log messages
Include timestamp and severity level in each log message
Implement log rotation to manage log file size
Q95. What is Concurrency Design Pattern?
Concurrency design pattern is a design pattern that deals with managing multiple tasks or processes simultaneously.
Concurrency design patterns help in improving performance and efficiency in multi-threaded applications.
Examples of concurrency design patterns include Producer-Consumer, Reader-Writer, and Thread Pool.
These patterns help in avoiding issues like race conditions, deadlocks, and resource contention.
Q96. What is generic patterens
Generic patterns refer to common design structures or solutions that can be applied across different contexts or scenarios.
Generic patterns help in creating reusable and scalable solutions.
They provide a framework for solving similar problems in various situations.
Examples include design patterns like Singleton, Factory, and Observer.
Generic patterns can be applied in software development, architecture, and even project management.
Q97. Explain repository design pattern
Repository design pattern is a structural design pattern that separates the data access logic from the business logic in an application.
It provides a way to access data from a data source without exposing the underlying data access code to the business logic.
It helps in achieving separation of concerns by keeping data access code in a separate layer.
Commonly used in applications where data needs to be accessed from multiple sources like databases, APIs, or files.
Q98. What is composite structure
Composite structure is a material made from two or more different materials with different physical or chemical properties.
Composite structures are designed to combine the strengths of each material used.
Examples include carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP).
They are commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and construction industries.
Q99. What is Bloc pattern explain in details
Bloc pattern is a design pattern for managing state in Flutter applications.
Bloc stands for Business Logic Component
Helps separate presentation layer from business logic
Uses streams to handle state changes
Popular package for implementing Bloc pattern is 'flutter_bloc'
Q100. Design patterns used in android
Design patterns in Android are reusable solutions to common problems in software design.
MVC (Model-View-Controller) - separates the application into three main components: the model, the view, and the controller.
MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel) - separates the user interface into three main components: the model, the view, and the view model.
Singleton - ensures that a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
Observer - defines a one-to-many dependenc...read more
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