Staff Engineer

90+ Staff Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Updated 3 Feb 2025
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Q1. Swap Adjacent Bit Pairs Problem Statement

Given an integer N, your task is to compute the number that results from swapping each even position bit of N's binary representation with its adjacent odd bit to the r...read more

Ans.

Swap each even position bit of an integer with its adjacent odd bit to the right in binary representation.

  • Iterate through the binary representation of the integer and swap adjacent bits at even positions with odd positions.

  • Convert the modified binary representation back to an integer to get the final result.

  • Handle edge cases like leading zeros in binary representation.

Q2. Search In Rotated Sorted Array Problem Statement

Given a rotated sorted array ARR of size 'N' and an integer 'K', determine the index at which 'K' is present in the array.

Note:
1. If 'K' is not present in ARR,...read more
Ans.

Given a rotated sorted array, find the index of a given integer 'K'.

  • Perform binary search to find the pivot point where the array is rotated.

  • Based on the pivot point, apply binary search on the appropriate half of the array to find 'K'.

  • Handle cases where 'K' is not present in the array by returning -1.

  • Example: For ARR = [12, 15, 18, 2, 4] and K = 2, the index of K is 3.

Q3. Minimum Jumps Problem Statement

Bob and his wife are in the famous 'Arcade' mall in the city of Berland. This mall has a unique way of moving between shops using trampolines. Each shop is laid out in a straight...read more

Ans.

Calculate minimum jumps required to reach the last shop using trampolines, or return -1 if impossible.

  • Iterate through the array of shops while keeping track of the maximum reachable shop from the current shop.

  • If at any point the maximum reachable shop is less than the current shop, return -1 as it's impossible to reach the last shop.

  • Return the number of jumps made to reach the last shop.

Q4. Level Order Traversal of Binary Tree

Given a Binary Tree of integers, your task is to return the level order traversal of the tree.

Input:

The first line contains an integer 'T' which denotes the number of test...read more
Ans.

Return the level order traversal of a Binary Tree of integers.

  • Perform a level order traversal using a queue data structure

  • Start by pushing the root node into the queue

  • Pop each node from the queue, print its value, and push its children into the queue

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Q5. How to write HTML code considering web accessibility for disabled person

Ans.

Consider web accessibility guidelines for disabled persons when writing HTML code.

  • Use semantic HTML elements like <nav>, <header>, <main>, <footer> to improve screen reader accessibility.

  • Provide alternative text for images using the alt attribute.

  • Ensure proper color contrast for text and background to aid visually impaired users.

  • Use ARIA roles and attributes to enhance accessibility for interactive elements.

  • Test your website using screen readers and keyboard navigation to ide...read more

Q6. Design a file searching functionality for Windows and Mac that includes indexing of file names.
Ans.

Design a file searching functionality with indexing for Windows and Mac.

  • Implement a search algorithm to quickly find files based on user input.

  • Create an index of file names to improve search speed.

  • Support both Windows and Mac operating systems.

  • Utilize system APIs for file access and indexing.

  • Provide a user-friendly interface for searching and browsing files.

  • Consider implementing filters for file type, size, and date modified.

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Q7. How would you design a system for MakeMyTrip?
Ans.

Designing a system for MakeMyTrip

  • Utilize a microservices architecture to handle different functionalities like flight booking, hotel reservations, and holiday packages

  • Implement a robust backend system to handle high traffic and ensure scalability

  • Incorporate a user-friendly interface for easy navigation and booking process

  • Integrate payment gateways for secure transactions

  • Include features like personalized recommendations, loyalty programs, and customer support chatbots

  • Utilize ...read more

Q8. What are the various components of a TCP segment header?
Ans.

The TCP segment header consists of various components that help in the transmission of data over a network.

  • Source Port

  • Destination Port

  • Sequence Number

  • Acknowledgment Number

  • Data Offset

  • Reserved

  • Flags

  • Window Size

  • Checksum

  • Urgent Pointer

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Q9. What are the various components of an IP packet header?
Ans.

Components of an IP packet header

  • Version

  • Header Length

  • Type of Service

  • Total Length

  • Identification

  • Flags

  • Fragment Offset

  • Time to Live

  • Protocol

  • Header Checksum

  • Source IP Address

  • Destination IP Address

  • Options

Q10. how do you swap two particular bits of an integer program?

Ans.

Swapping two particular bits of an integer program.

  • Use bitwise operators to get the values of the two bits to be swapped

  • Use XOR operator to swap the bits

  • Shift the bits back to their original positions

  • Example: Swapping 2nd and 5th bits of 8 (1000) gives 32 (100000)

  • Example code: num ^= (1 << bit1) | (1 << bit2);

Q11. 2. what are the types of wait supported by webdriver? and so on

Ans.

WebDriver supports two types of waits: implicit and explicit.

  • Implicit wait: waits for a certain amount of time before throwing a NoSuchElementException if the element is not found

  • Explicit wait: waits for a certain condition to occur before proceeding to the next step

  • Examples of conditions for explicit wait: element to be clickable, element to be visible, element to have a certain text

  • WebDriverWait class is used for explicit wait

Q12. Round1(Coding Round): There are n seats and m people are seated randomly. Write a program to get minimum number of hops between make them seated together.

Ans.

Given n seats and m people seated randomly, find the minimum number of hops to seat them together.

  • Find all possible contiguous groups of m seats

  • Calculate the number of hops required to move each group to the center seat of that group

  • Return the minimum number of hops required

Q13. How do you do data analysis before building the reports? What steps do you take?

Ans.

Before building reports, I conduct data analysis by following a structured process.

  • Define the objective of the analysis and the key questions to be answered

  • Collect relevant data from various sources

  • Clean and preprocess the data to ensure accuracy and consistency

  • Perform exploratory data analysis to identify patterns and trends

  • Use statistical methods and tools to analyze the data

  • Visualize the data using charts, graphs, and other visualizations

  • Interpret the results and draw acti...read more

Q14. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
Ans.

TCP is connection-oriented, reliable, and slower, while UDP is connectionless, unreliable, and faster.

  • TCP is connection-oriented, meaning it establishes a connection before sending data, while UDP is connectionless and does not establish a connection.

  • TCP is reliable as it ensures all data packets are received in order and retransmits any lost packets, while UDP does not guarantee delivery or order of packets.

  • TCP is slower than UDP due to the overhead of error-checking, flow c...read more

Q15. Data structures, simulate Write-Back Cache using two python dictionaries with dirty bit implementation and LRU flushing technique on cache full.

Ans.

Simulate Write-Back Cache using two python dictionaries with dirty bit and LRU flushing technique.

  • Create two dictionaries, one for cache data and one for dirty bit tracking.

  • Implement LRU flushing technique to remove least recently used data when cache is full.

  • Set dirty bit to mark data that has been modified and needs to be written back to main memory.

  • Update dirty bit when data is modified and track which data needs to be written back.

  • Flush dirty data back to main memory when...read more

Q16. How to cab aggregator/food aggregators mask and keeps the phone numbers of user/driver secure at scale.

Ans.

Cab/food aggregators mask phone numbers for user/driver security by using technology like number masking and encryption.

  • Use number masking to replace actual phone numbers with temporary numbers for communication.

  • Implement encryption techniques to secure the transmission and storage of phone numbers.

  • Utilize secure communication protocols to prevent unauthorized access to phone numbers.

  • Regularly update security measures to stay ahead of potential threats.

  • Examples: Uber uses num...read more

Q17. IP packet header and meaning of each field and usage of each field

Ans.

IP packet header fields and their usage

  • Version: indicates the IP version being used (IPv4 or IPv6)

  • Header Length: specifies the length of the IP header

  • Type of Service: used to prioritize packets

  • Total Length: specifies the total length of the IP packet

  • Identification: used to identify fragments of a larger packet

  • Flags: used to control fragmentation

  • Fragment Offset: used to reassemble fragmented packets

  • Time to Live: specifies the maximum number of hops a packet can take

  • Protocol: s...read more

Q18. How do you clock domain cross a signal where source and destination clock can are in the ratio 1:1 , 1:2, 2:1. Same circuit should work for all three.

Ans.

To clock domain cross a signal with different clock ratios, use a synchronizer circuit with multiple stages.

  • Implement a synchronizer circuit with multiple flip-flops to synchronize the signal between different clock domains.

  • Use a gray code or other encoding techniques to handle the different clock ratios.

  • Ensure proper setup and hold times are met for reliable data transfer.

  • Consider using FIFOs or handshaking protocols to handle potential data rate mismatches.

  • Perform thorough ...read more

Q19. TCP packet header and meaning of each field and usage of each field

Ans.

TCP packet header fields and their usage

  • TCP packet header consists of 20 bytes

  • Fields include source and destination ports, sequence and acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, and checksum

  • Source and destination ports identify the endpoints of the connection

  • Sequence and acknowledgement numbers are used for reliable data transfer

  • Flags indicate the purpose of the packet, such as SYN, ACK, FIN, RST

  • Window size is used for flow control

  • Checksum is used for error detection

Q20. How to migrate VMware server to azur, explain complete process?

Ans.

Migrating VMware server to Azure involves planning, preparation, and execution of the migration process.

  • Assess current VMware environment to determine resources and dependencies

  • Create a migration plan outlining steps, timeline, and potential risks

  • Prepare Azure environment by setting up necessary resources and configurations

  • Use Azure Site Recovery or Azure Migrate tool for migration

  • Test the migration process in a non-production environment before executing in production

  • Monitor...read more

Q21. Write a program in javascript to display a pyramid

Ans.

Program in javascript to display a pyramid

  • Use nested loops to print the pyramid

  • The outer loop controls the number of rows

  • The inner loop controls the number of spaces and asterisks to print

  • Use string concatenation to build the pyramid

Q22. System Design Round1: Design a distributed log storage and analysis system

Ans.

Design a distributed log storage and analysis system

  • Use a distributed file system like HDFS or Amazon S3 for storing logs

  • Implement a log aggregation system like Apache Kafka for collecting logs from various sources

  • Utilize a distributed processing framework like Apache Spark for analyzing logs in real-time

  • Consider using a NoSQL database like Cassandra for storing processed log data

Q23. Golang program to perform CRUDD operations on user details

Ans.

Golang program for CRUDD operations on user details

  • Use structs to define user details

  • Implement functions for Create, Read, Update, Delete operations

  • Use a map or slice to store user data

  • Handle errors and input validation

  • Use packages like 'fmt' and 'bufio' for input/output operations

Q24. Develop a Rate limiter that limits the number of http connections for a particular domain to a specific threshold in the last 5 minutes

Ans.

Develop a rate limiter to limit http connections for a domain in the last 5 minutes

  • Use a sliding window algorithm to track the number of connections in the last 5 minutes

  • Maintain a data structure to store timestamps of each connection

  • Increment the count of connections for a domain and remove outdated timestamps

  • Reject connections if the count exceeds the threshold

Q25. Shortest path to reach a word. Modification of edit distance problem

Ans.

Finding shortest path to reach a word using modification of edit distance problem

  • Use dynamic programming approach

  • Create a matrix to store the distances

  • Consider all possible operations - insertion, deletion, substitution

  • Return the minimum distance to reach the target word

Q26. why security is important in a system?

Ans.

Security is important in a system to protect against unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber attacks.

  • Prevents unauthorized access to sensitive data

  • Protects against data breaches and cyber attacks

  • Ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data

  • Compliance with regulations and standards

  • Maintains trust and confidence of customers and stakeholders

Q27. Write a program to sort an array

Ans.

Program to sort an array

  • Choose a sorting algorithm based on the requirements

  • Implement the chosen algorithm in the programming language of choice

  • Test the program with different input sizes and edge cases

Q28. How will you design architecture for the product?

Ans.

I will design a scalable and modular architecture that meets the product requirements.

  • Identify the key components and their interactions

  • Consider scalability and performance requirements

  • Use design patterns like MVC or microservices

  • Ensure security and data privacy measures are in place

  • Document the architecture for future reference

Q29. A file will have special tag call container , list all the k container with max usgae

Ans.

List all containers with max usage of the special tag 'container'.

  • Identify all containers with the special tag 'container'.

  • Calculate the usage of each container.

  • Find the container(s) with the maximum usage.

Q30. Attended for PayPal. Remove duplicates from 2d array of string

Ans.

Remove duplicates from 2D array of strings

  • Use nested loops to compare each element

  • Create a new array to store unique strings

  • Use HashSet to remove duplicates

Q31. System Design Round2: Design a system similar to Zookeeper

Ans.

Design a system similar to Zookeeper for managing distributed systems

  • Use a centralized service for maintaining configuration information, naming, and providing distributed synchronization

  • Implement a hierarchical namespace similar to file system paths for organizing data

  • Utilize a consensus algorithm like Paxos or Raft for ensuring consistency and fault tolerance

Q32. Design a routing table with insert delete and forward functionality. Define its class also

Ans.

Design a routing table with insert, delete, and forward functionality in a defined class.

  • Create a class called RoutingTable with methods for insert, delete, and forward

  • Use a data structure like a hash table or tree to store routing information

  • Implement insert method to add new routes, delete method to remove routes, and forward method to look up and forward packets

Q33. What downtime ? Nd what is mass production ?

Ans.

Downtime refers to the period when a system or machine is not operational. Mass production is the manufacturing of large quantities of a product.

  • Downtime is the time when a system or machine is not working or is undergoing maintenance.

  • Mass production is the process of manufacturing a large number of identical products.

  • Downtime can be caused by various factors such as equipment failure, power outages, or scheduled maintenance.

  • Mass production is often used in industries such as...read more

Q34. implement method which returns total usage

Ans.

Implement a method to return total usage

  • Create a method that calculates the total usage by summing up individual usage values

  • Ensure the method can handle different types of usage data (e.g. integers, floats)

  • Consider implementing error handling for invalid input data

  • Test the method with sample data to verify its accuracy

Q35. What is BMC in CSS

Ans.

BMC stands for Block Formatting Context in CSS, which is a mechanism for controlling the layout of elements.

  • BMC is created when an element is floated, positioned absolutely, or has an overflow value other than visible.

  • BMC prevents margin collapsing between parent and child elements.

  • BMC can be used to create columns of equal height.

  • Example: Using display: inline-block on child elements creates a BMC.

  • Example: Using overflow: hidden on a parent element creates a BMC.

Q36. Performance bottlenecks and ways to improve, Asychronous Programming

Ans.

Identifying and addressing performance bottlenecks through asynchronous programming

  • Identify bottlenecks using profiling tools like Chrome DevTools or Visual Studio Profiler

  • Optimize code by using asynchronous programming techniques like callbacks, promises, or async/await

  • Consider using web workers or service workers for offloading tasks to separate threads

  • Use caching mechanisms to reduce redundant computations and improve response times

Q37. Create a cobol prgram to print Fibonacci series in cobol

Ans.

A COBOL program to print Fibonacci series using recursion.

  • Use recursive function to calculate Fibonacci numbers

  • Initialize variables for storing previous two Fibonacci numbers

  • Print the Fibonacci series as it is calculated

Q38. System Design - Design a component of Messaging service

Ans.

Design a scalable and reliable messaging service component

  • Use a distributed system architecture to handle high volume of messages

  • Implement message queues for asynchronous communication

  • Ensure message delivery with retries and acknowledgements

  • Support message encryption for security

  • Include monitoring and logging for performance tracking

Q39. How to identify the circles collided

Ans.

To identify circles collided, check if the sum of their radii is greater than the distance between their centers.

  • Calculate the distance between the centers of the two circles using the distance formula

  • Add the radii of the two circles

  • If the sum of the radii is greater than or equal to the distance between the centers, the circles have collided

Q40. What are CSS pre-processors

Ans.

CSS pre-processors are tools that extend the functionality of CSS by adding features like variables, nesting, and mixins.

  • CSS pre-processors like Sass, Less, and Stylus allow for more efficient and organized CSS coding

  • They offer features like variables, nesting, and mixins that make CSS code more modular and reusable

  • Pre-processors need to be compiled into regular CSS before being used in a website

  • They can be integrated into build tools like Grunt or Gulp for automated compilat...read more

Q41. What is PPH ? Which type of document ?

Ans.

PPH stands for Pages Per Hour. It is a productivity metric used in document processing.

  • PPH measures the number of pages processed in an hour.

  • It is commonly used in industries like printing, publishing, and data entry.

  • PPH can be used to track individual or team productivity.

  • Higher PPH indicates better efficiency and faster turnaround time.

  • PPH is not a standardized metric and can vary depending on the type of document and processing method.

Q42. What is inventry nd what is planning ?

Ans.

Inventory is a list of goods or materials held in stock by a business. Planning is the process of creating a strategy to achieve a goal.

  • Inventory refers to the stock of goods or materials that a business holds.

  • Planning involves creating a roadmap or strategy to achieve a specific goal or objective.

  • Inventory management involves tracking and controlling the flow of goods or materials in and out of a business.

  • Planning can involve setting goals, identifying resources, and creatin...read more

Q43. Telephone directory implementation program

Ans.

Implement a telephone directory program using an array of strings.

  • Create an array of strings to store the directory

  • Implement functions to add, delete, and search for entries

  • Consider using a hash table for faster search times

  • Include error handling for invalid input

Q44. Implement LRU cache, Explain 5G PFCP headers, standard C++ questions.

Ans.

Implement LRU cache, Explain 5G PFCP headers, standard C++ questions.

  • LRU cache can be implemented using a combination of a doubly linked list and a hashmap.

  • 5G PFCP headers are used for communication between the control and user planes in 5G networks.

  • Standard C++ questions may include topics like polymorphism, templates, and memory management.

Q45. HLD for showing history of web page

Ans.

Design a High Level Diagram (HLD) for displaying the history of a web page.

  • Use a database to store historical data of the web page

  • Implement a version control system to track changes

  • Display historical versions with timestamps on the web page

  • Allow users to revert to previous versions if needed

Q46. Interface between the RF and MAC messages.

Ans.

The interface between RF and MAC messages involves the communication protocol and data exchange between the radio frequency and media access control layers.

  • The RF layer is responsible for transmitting and receiving radio signals, while the MAC layer manages access to the communication medium.

  • The interface between RF and MAC messages includes protocols like IEEE 802.11 for wireless LANs.

  • RF messages typically contain physical layer information, while MAC messages contain data l...read more

Q47. Where do we find distribution of linux

Ans.

Linux distributions can be found on official websites, community forums, and software repositories.

  • Official websites of Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian

  • Community forums like Reddit's r/linux or LinuxQuestions.org

  • Software repositories like apt-get for Debian-based distributions or yum for Red Hat-based distributions

Q48. level printing of a tree program

Ans.

Printing a tree in level order

  • Use a queue to store nodes in level order

  • Enqueue root node and print its value

  • Dequeue the node and enqueue its children

  • Repeat until queue is empty

Q49. Difference between array and slice

Ans.

Arrays have fixed size while slices are dynamic and can grow or shrink.

  • Arrays have a fixed size determined at compile time, while slices are dynamic and can change in size during runtime.

  • Arrays are passed by value, while slices are passed by reference.

  • Arrays use square brackets [] for declaration, while slices use square brackets with a colon [:] to specify a range.

  • Example: var arr [3]int = [1, 2, 3] // Array, var slice []int = []int{1, 2, 3} // Slice

Q50. What is kaizen ?nd what oee?

Ans.

Kaizen is a Japanese term for continuous improvement. OEE stands for Overall Equipment Effectiveness.

  • Kaizen involves making small, incremental improvements to processes and systems over time.

  • OEE is a metric used to measure the efficiency of manufacturing equipment.

  • OEE takes into account factors such as availability, performance, and quality to determine overall effectiveness.

  • Both kaizen and OEE are commonly used in lean manufacturing and Six Sigma methodologies.

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