100+ Software Engineer Trainee Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Inheritance, abstraction, and interfaces are key concepts in object-oriented programming that promote code reusability and design flexibility.

• Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class, promoting code reuse. Example: A 'Dog' class inherits from an 'Animal' class.

• Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object. Example: A car's interface allows you to drive without kno...read more

GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime for executing those queries.

• GraphQL allows clients to request only the data they need.

• It provides a single endpoint for all data fetching.

• GraphQL schemas define the types of data that can be queried.

High order functions are functions that can take other functions as arguments or return functions as results.

• High order functions can accept functions as parameters.

• High order functions can return functions as output.

• Examples include map, filter, and reduce functions in JavaScript.

Yes, I am open to signing a bond.

• Signing a bond shows commitment and dedication to the company.

• It may involve a financial agreement or a commitment to work for a certain period of time.

• Signing a bond can provide opportunities for professional growth and development.

• Examples of bonds include training bonds, service bonds, or employment bonds.

Async wait function code example

• Use async/await keywords in the function declaration

• Use setTimeout to simulate asynchronous operation

• Return a Promise that resolves after a specified time

Understanding a coding question involves analyzing the problem, identifying the requirements, and devising a solution using programming concepts.

• Read the problem statement carefully to understand the input, output, and constraints.

• Identify the key requirements and constraints of the problem.

• Break down the problem into smaller subproblems if necessary.

• Choose appropriate data structures and algorithms to solve the problem efficiently.

• Write clean and readable code to implement t...read more

HTML structures web content, while CSS styles and layouts it for presentation.

• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create the structure of web pages.

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to control the presentation and layout of HTML elements.

• HTML uses tags like <h1>, <p>, and <div> to define content.

• CSS uses selectors and properties like color, font-size, and margin to style HTML elements.

• HTML is responsible for the semantic meaning of the content, while CSS enhances i...read more

Garbage Collection in Java automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused objects, preventing memory leaks.

• Java uses a Garbage Collector (GC) to identify and dispose of objects that are no longer needed.

• The most common GC algorithms are Mark-and-Sweep, Generational GC, and G1 GC.

• Mark-and-Sweep: The GC marks reachable objects and sweeps away unmarked ones.

• Generational GC divides objects into Young, Old, and Permanent generations to optimize memory management.

• Example: In the...read more

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they are of the same class.

• There are two types of polymorphism: compile-time (method overloading) and runtime (method overriding).

• Compile-time polymorphism is achieved through method overloading, where multiple methods have the same name but different parameters.

• Runtime polymorphism is achieved through method overriding, where a subclass provides...read more

Monotype is a typeface design company that creates and licenses fonts for digital and print media.

• Monotype is a leading provider of typeface design and technology solutions.

• It offers a wide range of fonts for various applications, including web, mobile, and desktop.

• Some of the popular typefaces created by Monotype include Helvetica, Times New Roman, and Arial.

• Monotype also provides font management software and services to help customers optimize their typography.

• The company h...read more

Reverse a string using sorting algorithm and perform preorder traversal for a tree.

• To reverse a string using sorting algorithm, we can convert the string to an array of characters, sort the array in descending order, and then join the characters back together to form the reversed string.

• For preorder traversal of a tree, we visit the root node first, then recursively traverse the left subtree and finally the right subtree.

A closure is a function that has access to its own scope, as well as the outer scope in which it was defined.

• A closure allows a function to access variables from an outer function even after the outer function has finished executing.

• Closures are commonly used in JavaScript for data encapsulation and creating private variables.

• Example: function outerFunction() { let outerVar = 'I am outer'; return function innerFunction() { console.log(outerVar); }; }

Databases are organized collections of data that can be accessed, managed, and updated easily.

• Databases store data in tables with rows and columns.

• They allow for efficient data retrieval and manipulation.

• Examples include MySQL, Oracle, MongoDB, and SQLite.

Solve the puzzle of measuring exactly 2 liters using 5L, 4L, and 3L containers.

• Start with all containers empty: 5L, 4L, 3L.

• Fill the 5L container completely.

• Pour from 5L to 4L until 4L is full, leaving 1L in 5L.

• Empty the 4L container.

• Pour the remaining 1L from 5L to 4L.

• Fill the 5L container again.

• Pour from 5L to 4L until 4L is full, leaving exactly 2L in 5L.

WeakMap and WeakSet are specialized collections in JavaScript that allow for weak references to objects.

• WeakMap allows for mapping of objects to values where the object keys are weakly referenced.

• WeakSet is a collection of objects where the objects are weakly referenced.

• Weak references allow for objects to be garbage collected if they are no longer referenced elsewhere.

• WeakMap and WeakSet are useful for scenarios where you want to associate data with an object without prevent...read more

I am proficient in various programming languages, frameworks, and tools essential for software development and engineering.

• Proficient in Python for backend development and data analysis.

• Experienced in JavaScript and frameworks like React for building dynamic web applications.

• Familiar with Java for developing Android applications.

• Knowledgeable in SQL for database management and data retrieval.

• Skilled in using Git for version control and collaboration.

Keys and joins are important concepts in DBMS.

• Keys are used to uniquely identify a record in a table.

• Primary key is a unique identifier for a table.

• Foreign key is a reference to a primary key in another table.

• Joins are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column.

• Inner join returns only the matching records from both tables.

• Left join returns all records from the left table and matching records from the right table.

• Right join returns all records from ...read more

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and methods.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data within one unit (e.g., a class).

• Inheritance: Mechanism to create a new class using properties and methods of an existing class (e.g., a 'Dog' class inheriting from an 'Animal' class).

• Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different underlying data types (e.g., a functi...read more

Java is a versatile, object-oriented programming language used for building applications across platforms.

• Object-Oriented Programming: Java uses classes and objects. Example: class Dog { String name; void bark() { System.out.println('Woof!'); } }

• Syntax: Java has a C-like syntax. Example: public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println('Hello, World!'); }

• Data Types: Java supports various data types like int, float, char, etc. Example: int age = 25;

• Control Structure...read more

Types of machine learning include supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, each with unique use cases.

• Supervised learning: Uses labeled data to train a model to make predictions. Example: spam email detection.

• Unsupervised learning: Finds patterns in unlabeled data. Example: customer segmentation.

• Reinforcement learning: Learns through trial and error to maximize rewards. Example: game playing AI.

These annotations define different components in a Spring application, each serving a specific role.

• @Component: A generic stereotype for any Spring-managed component.

• @Service: A specialization of @Component, used for service layer classes.

• @Repository: A specialization of @Component, used for data access layer classes, with exception translation.

• @Controller: A specialization of @Component, used for handling web requests in MVC applications.

Binary search is a technique used to efficiently locate a target value within a sorted array.

• Start by comparing the target value to the middle element of the array.

• If the target value is less than the middle element, search the left half of the array.

• If the target value is greater than the middle element, search the right half of the array.

• Repeat the process until the target value is found or the subarray is empty.

ArrayList is a resizable array implementation while HashSet is a collection of unique elements with no duplicate values.

• ArrayList allows duplicate elements and maintains insertion order.

• HashSet does not allow duplicate elements and does not maintain insertion order.

• ArrayList uses indexes to access elements while HashSet uses hashing for fast retrieval.

• Example: ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); HashSet<String> set = new HashSet<>();

Find the maximum sum of a submatrix in a 2D array using dynamic programming.

• Define the 2D array, e.g., [[1, 2, -1], [4, -8, 0], [-3, 4, 5]].

• Use Kadane's algorithm to find the maximum sum of subarrays in each row.

• Iterate through all pairs of rows to calculate the sum of columns between them.

• Keep track of the maximum sum found during the iterations.

Designing an OOP model involves defining classes, objects, and relationships to represent real-world entities effectively.

• Identify key entities: For example, in a library system, entities could be Book, Member, and Loan.

• Define classes: Create classes for each entity, e.g., class Book { title; author; ISBN; }.

• Establish relationships: Use associations, e.g., a Member can have multiple Loans, and a Loan is associated with one Book.

• Implement encapsulation: Keep data private and p...read more

Yes, I have prior knowledge of SQL.

• I have studied SQL as part of my computer science curriculum.

• I have also worked on projects where I used SQL to query and manipulate databases.

• I am familiar with writing SQL statements to retrieve data, create tables, and perform various database operations.

• I have experience with popular database management systems like MySQL and PostgreSQL.

Final keyword restricts modification while static keyword is used for class-level variables and methods.

• Final keyword is used to make a variable constant and cannot be modified once initialized.

• Final keyword can also be used to make a method un-overridable in a subclass.

• Static keyword is used to declare class-level variables and methods.

• Static variables are shared among all instances of a class.

• Static methods can be called without creating an instance of the class.