10+ R&D Engineer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Answering questions related to ideal characteristics of opamp, CMRR, input impedance, impedance matching, MPTT, and significance of opamp in D-A and A-D convertors.

• Ideal characteristics of opamp include high gain, high input impedance, low output impedance, and low noise.

• CMRR stands for Common Mode Rejection Ratio and it measures the ability of an opamp to reject common mode signals.

• The practical significance of CMRR is that it helps in reducing noise and interference in the ...read more

Explanation of full wave bridge rectifier, transformer losses, filter usage, and Zener diode as regulator.

• Full wave bridge rectifier converts AC to DC using four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration

• Transformer losses occur due to core saturation and resistance in the windings

• Filters are used to smooth out the DC output and reduce ripple

• Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown region and maintains a constant voltage output

• Zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator in...read more

Comparison of 8086 with present processors and why PC processors can't be used in mobiles

• 8086 had a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, while modern processors have 64-bit data bus and 48-bit address bus

• 8086 had a clock speed of 5-10 MHz, while modern processors have clock speeds in GHz

• Mobile processors are designed to be power-efficient and have lower clock speeds compared to PC processors

• Mobile devices use different storage technologies like eMMC, UFS, and NVMe SSDs

• Mobi...read more

You can turn on one switch for a few minutes, turn it off and turn on another switch. The remaining switch will be for the third bulb.

• Turn on switch 1 and leave it on for a few minutes

• Turn off switch 1 and turn on switch 2

• Leave switch 2 on for a few minutes

• Turn off switch 2 and turn on switch 3

• The bulb that is off and warm to the touch is connected to switch 1

• The bulb that is on is connected to switch 2

• The bulb that is off and cold to the touch is connected to switch 3

Cake can be cut into 8 equal pieces by making 3 cuts.

• Make two cuts to divide the cake into quarters, then make a third cut through all quarters to get 8 equal pieces.

• Each cut should be made perpendicular to the previous cut.

• The size of the cake does not matter as long as it is a cylindrical or rectangular shape.

A linked list is a data structure where each element points to the next element. Operations include insertion, deletion, and traversal.

• To insert a new element, create a new node and update the pointers of the previous and next nodes.

• To delete an element, update the pointers of the previous and next nodes to skip the node to be deleted.

• Traversal involves starting at the head node and following the pointers to each subsequent node.

Sort a list of alphanumeric values.

• Use a sorting algorithm to sort the array of strings.

• If the values are case-insensitive, convert them to lowercase before sorting.

• If the values contain numbers, use a natural sorting algorithm to sort them.

• If the values contain special characters, consider their ASCII values while sorting.

Python is a high-level programming language known for its simplicity and readability.

• Python is widely used for web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.

• It has a large standard library and supports multiple programming paradigms.

• Python uses indentation to define code blocks, making it easy to read and write.

• Popular frameworks and libraries in Python include Django, Flask, NumPy, and pandas.

Electronics involves the study and application of electrical circuits and devices.

• Electronics deals with the flow of electrons in circuits

• It includes components like resistors, capacitors, transistors, and integrated circuits

• Knowledge of electronic principles is essential for designing and troubleshooting electronic systems

• Examples of electronic devices include smartphones, computers, and televisions

Circuits are arrangements of electronic components that allow the flow of electric current.

• Circuits can be classified as series, parallel, or a combination of both.

• They can be configured using resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transistors.

• Circuits can be designed for specific functions such as amplification, filtering, and oscillation.

• Examples of circuits include power supplies, audio amplifiers, and radio receivers.

Reverse a linked list

• Iteratively swap the next and previous pointers of each node

• Recursively swap the next and previous pointers of each node

• Use a stack to push each node and then pop them to create the reversed list

An immutable class is a class whose instances cannot be modified after creation.

• Make all fields private and final

• Do not provide any setters

• Make the class final so that it cannot be subclassed

• If any mutable object is used as a field, return a copy of it instead of the original object

Symbols of electronic components are used to represent various electrical and electronic devices in circuit diagrams.

• Resistor: zigzag line

• Capacitor: two parallel lines

• Diode: triangle with a line

• Transistor: three arrows

• LED: two arrows pointing away from each other

GD&T is a symbolic language used to communicate design intent and tolerances on engineering drawings.

• GD&T stands for Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

• It uses symbols and annotations to specify the allowable variation in form, orientation, and location of features on a part

• It ensures that parts are manufactured to the correct dimensions and fit together properly

• Examples of GD&T symbols include concentricity, perpendicularity, and position

• GD&T is widely used in industries ...read more

A transistor can act as a switch by controlling the flow of current between its collector and emitter terminals.

• Transistor operates in two states: cutoff (off) and saturation (on)

• Base current controls the flow of current between collector and emitter

• Used in digital circuits to control the flow of electricity