Junior Software Engineer

70+ Junior Software Engineer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Updated 16 Nov 2024

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Q1. If there are 10 ball 2 red, 5 blue ,3 orange and one ball is picked randomly what is probability that the ball picked is red?

Ans.

What is the probability of picking a red ball out of 10 balls with 2 red, 5 blue, and 3 orange?

  • There are 2 red balls out of 10 total balls

  • The probability of picking a red ball is 2/10 or 1/5

  • The probability can also be expressed as 20%

Q2. What is RDBMS and SQL query to retrieve data from database.

Ans.

RDBMS is a relational database management system. SQL query to retrieve data is SELECT * FROM table_name;

  • RDBMS is a software system used to manage relational databases.

  • SQL is a programming language used to manage RDBMS.

  • SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a table.

  • The * symbol retrieves all columns from the specified table.

  • table_name is the name of the table from which data is to be retrieved.

Q3. What's difference between stack memory and heap memory

Ans.

Stack memory is used for static memory allocation while heap memory is used for dynamic memory allocation.

  • Stack memory is allocated at compile-time while heap memory is allocated at runtime.

  • Stack memory is limited in size while heap memory can grow dynamically.

  • Stack memory is automatically managed by the system while heap memory must be manually managed.

  • Examples of stack memory include function call stack and local variables while examples of heap memory include objects creat...read more

Q4. 1. Introduce yourself 2. what is OOP and what are different types 3. HTML tag and null tag (because they saw HTML in my resume) 4. What is SDLC? What are they? 5. Program for printing Pattern in C++ if u can't ...

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Ans.

Interview questions for Junior Software Engineer position covering OOP, HTML, SDLC, and programming logic.

  • OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming, with types including classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.

  • HTML tags are used to structure web pages, while null tag is not a valid HTML tag.

  • SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle, with stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.

  • Example of printing a pattern...read more

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Q5. What are active and passive transformations

Ans.

Active and passive transformations are methods used in data integration to transform data from one format to another.

  • Active transformations are used to change the number of rows that pass through the transformation, such as filtering or sorting data.

  • Passive transformations do not change the number of rows that pass through the transformation, such as changing data types or renaming columns.

  • Examples of active transformations include Filter, Sorter, and Router transformations.

  • E...read more

Q6. what was exception handling , is this concept present in C?

Ans.

Exception handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors and prevent program crashes.

  • It allows the program to gracefully handle errors and continue execution.

  • C does have a basic form of exception handling using the setjmp() and longjmp() functions.

  • Examples of exceptions include divide by zero, null pointer dereference, and file not found errors.

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Q7. count no of words in a string taken from a user - techno managerial round

Ans.

Count the number of words in a user input string.

  • Use the split() method to split the string into an array of words.

  • Get the length of the array to get the number of words.

  • Handle edge cases like leading/trailing spaces and multiple spaces between words.

Q8. How do you visualize the things In tableau

Ans.

Visualize data in Tableau using various charts and graphs.

  • Select appropriate chart type based on data and analysis goal

  • Use color, size, and shape to encode additional information

  • Create interactive dashboards for exploration and analysis

  • Utilize Tableau's built-in features such as filters and parameters

  • Consider audience and design for effective communication

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Q9. 2. Are you ok with the package (which is very very low compared to market standards)

Ans.

I am open to discussing the package and would like to know more about the benefits and growth opportunities.

  • I am willing to negotiate based on the overall package, including benefits and growth opportunities.

  • I would like to know more about the company culture and values.

  • I am open to discussing the possibility of performance-based incentives.

  • I am interested in opportunities for professional development and advancement.

  • I would like to know more about the specific responsibiliti...read more

Q10. Methods in collections and their uses.

Ans.

Methods in collections are used to manipulate and retrieve data from collections in programming.

  • Some common methods include add(), remove(), contains(), size(), and clear().

  • For example, the add() method is used to add an element to a collection, while remove() is used to remove an element.

  • The contains() method is used to check if a collection contains a specific element, while size() returns the number of elements in the collection.

  • Finally, the clear() method is used to remov...read more

Q11. Find 3 index where sum of that index's value= 0.

Ans.

Find 3 indices whose values sum up to 0.

  • Use nested loops to compare each index with every other index.

  • Store the sum of each pair of indices in a hash table.

  • Check if any three indices have a sum of 0.

Q12. What did you use tableau instaed of power bi

Ans.

Tableau was preferred due to its ease of use and better visualization capabilities.

  • Tableau has a more user-friendly interface compared to Power BI.

  • Tableau offers better visualization options and allows for more customization.

  • Tableau has a larger community and more resources available for support.

  • Power BI is more suitable for data modeling and analysis.

  • The decision to use Tableau over Power BI was based on the specific needs of the project.

Q13. What is informatica why we use that tool

Ans.

Informatica is a data integration tool used for ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes.

  • Used for data integration and ETL processes

  • Can connect to various data sources and targets

  • Provides a graphical interface for designing and managing workflows

  • Supports scheduling and monitoring of workflows

  • Can handle large volumes of data

  • Examples of use cases include data warehousing, data migration, and data synchronization

Q14. What is Delegates and advantages in c#.

Ans.

Delegates are reference types that hold a reference to a method. They provide flexibility and extensibility in C#.

  • Delegates allow methods to be passed as parameters to other methods.

  • They can be used to implement callbacks and event handlers.

  • Delegates can be chained together to create a pipeline of methods to be executed.

  • They provide a way to decouple the caller from the implementation of a method.

  • Delegates can be used to implement the observer pattern.

  • Examples of delegates in...read more

Q15. How to bind model to controller in MVC ?

Ans.

Model is bound to controller in MVC through data binding techniques.

  • Use data binding frameworks or libraries provided by the MVC framework.

  • Define the model class and its properties in the controller.

  • Map the model properties to the corresponding view elements.

  • Update the model data in the controller based on user input or other events.

  • Ensure proper synchronization between the model and the view.

Q16. What happens when we use new keyword ?

Ans.

The new keyword is used in object-oriented programming to create a new instance of a class or struct.

  • Used to allocate memory for a new object

  • Invokes the constructor of the class or struct

  • Returns a reference to the newly created object

Q17. Deep dive in Exceptional Handling

Ans.

Exceptional handling is the process of identifying, catching, and responding to errors in software applications.

  • Exception handling is used to prevent application crashes and provide a graceful way to handle errors.

  • It involves using try-catch blocks to catch exceptions and handle them appropriately.

  • Logging and reporting exceptions is also important for debugging and improving application performance.

  • Best practices include using specific exception types, avoiding catching gener...read more

Q18. what is oops concepts and explain each one of theme

Ans.

Object-oriented programming concepts focus on data and methods, including inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction.

  • Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and behavior from another class.

  • Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

  • Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different data types.

  • Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features.

Q19. What is the use of super keyword ?

Ans.

The super keyword is used in Java to refer to the immediate parent class object.

  • Used to access methods and variables of the parent class

  • Helps in achieving method overriding in inheritance

  • Can be used to call the constructor of the parent class

  • Example: super.methodName();

Q20. Different between let , const,var. Closure in javascript

Ans.

let, const, and var are used to declare variables in JavaScript. Closures are functions that have access to their outer scope even after the outer function has finished executing.

  • let: block-scoped variable declaration, can be reassigned

  • const: block-scoped variable declaration, cannot be reassigned, but its properties can be modified

  • var: function-scoped variable declaration, can be reassigned

  • Closure: inner function has access to outer function's variables even after outer func...read more

Q21. What are Joins used in SQL

Ans.

Joins are used in SQL to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column.

  • Joins are used to retrieve data from multiple tables in a single query

  • There are different types of joins such as inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join

  • Joins are based on a related column between the tables

  • Example: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column

Q22. What are the things present in design

Ans.

Design includes elements such as layout, color, typography, and functionality.

  • Layout

  • Color

  • Typography

  • Functionality

Q23. Difference between abstract class & functional interface

Ans.

Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods, while functional interface can have only one abstract method.

  • Abstract class can have constructors, fields, and methods, while functional interface can only have one abstract method.

  • Abstract class can have abstract and non-abstract methods, while functional interface can only have one abstract method.

  • Abstract class can provide default implementations for methods, while functional interface cannot.

  • Example: Abstract...read more

Q24. What is dynamic method dispatch ?

Ans.

Dynamic method dispatch is a mechanism by which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than compile time.

  • In dynamic method dispatch, the actual method called is determined by the type of object at runtime.

  • It allows for polymorphism in object-oriented programming languages.

  • Example: Animal class with a method 'makeSound', and subclasses Dog and Cat that override 'makeSound'. Calling 'makeSound' on an Animal reference will execute the appropriate method bas...read more

Q25. Write a function to convert a roman numeral to integer.

Ans.

Function to convert Roman numeral to integer

  • Create a dictionary mapping Roman numerals to their integer values

  • Iterate through the input Roman numeral string from right to left

  • If current numeral value is less than the next numeral value, subtract it from the total

  • Otherwise, add it to the total

  • Return the total integer value

Q26. What are advantages of tableau

Ans.

Tableau is a powerful data visualization tool that helps in analyzing and presenting complex data in an easy-to-understand format.

  • Allows creation of interactive dashboards and reports

  • Enables quick and easy data exploration

  • Provides real-time collaboration and sharing of insights

  • Supports integration with various data sources

  • Offers advanced analytics and predictive modeling capabilities

Q27. How to reverse an array of numbers?

Ans.

To reverse an array of numbers, iterate through the array and swap elements from start to end.

  • Iterate through the array using two pointers, one starting from the beginning and the other from the end.

  • Swap elements at the two pointers and move the pointers towards the center until they meet.

  • Example: Input array [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], after reversing becomes [5, 4, 3, 2, 1].

Q28. Explain oops concepts in detail. Difference between Abstraction and interface.

Ans.

OOPs concepts include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. Abstraction is a concept where only relevant information is shown to the user, while interface is a blueprint for classes.

  • OOPs concepts: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction

  • Abstraction: showing only relevant information to the user

  • Interface: blueprint for classes, defines methods without implementation

  • Example: Abstraction - Car dashboard displaying speed without showing internal ...read more

Q29. What is encapsulation.

Ans.

Encapsulation is the process of hiding implementation details and providing access to only necessary information.

  • Encapsulation is achieved through access modifiers like public, private, and protected.

  • It helps in maintaining data integrity and security.

  • Example: A class with private variables and public methods to access them.

  • Encapsulation also enables abstraction, which allows for easier maintenance and modification of code.

Frequently asked in, ,

Q30. What is IP address and it's types

Ans.

An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices on a network. There are two types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6.

  • IP stands for Internet Protocol

  • IPv4 addresses are 32-bit and represented in dotted decimal notation (e.g. 192.168.0.1)

  • IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and represented in hexadecimal notation (e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

  • IP addresses are used to identify devices on a network and enable communication between them

Q31. What do you know about opps concept

Ans.

OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data in the form of fields and code in the form of procedures.

  • OOPs focuses on creating objects that interact with each other to solve problems.

  • Key principles of OOPs include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

  • Encapsulation involves bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit.

  • Inheritance allows a class to inherit prope...read more

Q32. How to do Email validation in javascript

Ans.

Email validation in JavaScript involves checking if the input follows the correct email format.

  • Use a regular expression to check if the email follows the correct format

  • Check for the presence of '@' symbol and at least one '.' after it

  • Validate the email using built-in JavaScript functions or libraries like 'validator.js'

Q33. What is SQL & DDL

Ans.

SQL is a programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. DDL is a subset of SQL used to define database schema.

  • SQL stands for Structured Query Language

  • It is used to create, modify, and query databases

  • DDL stands for Data Definition Language

  • It is used to define the structure of the database

  • DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, and DROP

  • Example: CREATE TABLE students (id INT, name VARCHAR(50), age INT)

  • Example: ALTER TABLE students ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(5...read more

Q34. What are joins in sql

Ans.

Joins in SQL are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column.

  • Joins are used to retrieve data from multiple tables in a single query

  • There are different types of joins such as inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join

  • The join condition is specified using the ON keyword followed by the column(s) to join on

  • Example: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column

Frequently asked in,

Q35. What are the transformations

Ans.

Transformations are changes made to data to convert it from one form to another.

  • Transformations are used in data processing and analysis.

  • They can involve changing the format, structure, or content of data.

  • Examples include converting data from one file type to another, normalizing data, and aggregating data.

  • Transformations can be performed using programming languages, tools, or software.

  • They are important for data integration, data cleaning, and data analysis.

Q36. What are the worlflow monitor

Ans.

Workflow monitors are tools used to track and manage the progress of tasks in a workflow.

  • Workflow monitors provide real-time visibility into the status of tasks in a workflow.

  • They can be used to identify bottlenecks and optimize workflow efficiency.

  • Examples of workflow monitors include Apache Airflow, Jenkins, and AWS Step Functions.

Q37. What is data warehouse

Ans.

A data warehouse is a large, centralized repository of data that is used for analysis and reporting.

  • Data is extracted from various sources and transformed into a common format

  • Data is organized into dimensions and facts for efficient querying

  • Used for business intelligence and decision-making

  • Examples include Amazon Redshift, Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics

Q38. Write a program for Prime number

Ans.

Program to check if a number is prime or not

  • A prime number is only divisible by 1 and itself

  • Start checking from 2 up to the square root of the number

  • If the number is divisible by any number in the range, it's not prime

Q39. String reverse program Factorial program

Ans.

String reverse and factorial programs in array of strings.

  • For string reverse program, iterate through the string from end to beginning and append each character to a new string.

  • For factorial program, use a loop to multiply numbers from 1 to n.

  • Example for string reverse: Input 'hello' -> Output 'olleh'

  • Example for factorial: Input 5 -> Output 120 (5*4*3*2*1)

Q40. What is TCL in SQL

Ans.

TCL is not related to SQL. It stands for Tool Command Language and is used for scripting and automation.

  • TCL is a scripting language used for automation and testing

  • It is not related to SQL, which is a language used for managing relational databases

  • TCL can be used to write scripts for various applications, including database management systems

  • Example: TCL can be used to automate tasks in Oracle database management system

Q41. Addition of two array and array reverse

Ans.

Add two arrays element-wise and reverse the resulting array of strings.

  • Iterate through both arrays and add corresponding elements together.

  • Reverse the resulting array of strings.

  • Handle edge cases like arrays of different lengths.

  • Example: ['1', '2', '3'] + ['4', '5', '6'] = ['5', '7', '9'] -> reverse -> ['9', '7', '5']

Q42. String method with explanation any 5

Ans.

String methods are used to manipulate and work with strings in programming languages.

  • toUpperCase(): Converts a string to uppercase

  • toLowerCase(): Converts a string to lowercase

  • charAt(index): Returns the character at the specified index

  • indexOf(substring): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a substring

  • split(delimiter): Splits a string into an array of substrings based on a delimiter

Q43. What is error handling

Ans.

Error handling is the process of identifying, catching, and resolving errors in software programs.

  • Errors can occur due to various reasons such as incorrect input, network issues, hardware failure, etc.

  • Error handling involves using try-catch blocks, exception handling, and logging to handle errors.

  • Proper error handling improves the reliability and usability of software programs.

  • Examples of error handling include displaying error messages to users, retrying failed operations, a...read more

Q44. What is hoisting in javascript

Ans.

Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variable and function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope during compilation.

  • Variable declarations are hoisted to the top of their scope, but not their initializations.

  • Function declarations are fully hoisted, including their definitions.

  • Hoisting can lead to unexpected behavior if not understood properly.

Q45. What is tableau

Ans.

Tableau is a data visualization tool used for creating interactive dashboards and reports.

  • Tableau allows users to connect to various data sources and create visualizations using drag-and-drop functionality.

  • It offers a wide range of chart types, including bar charts, line charts, scatter plots, and maps.

  • Tableau also has features for data blending, filtering, and forecasting.

  • It is commonly used in business intelligence, data analytics, and data science.

  • Examples of companies usi...read more

Q46. Define OOPs. Define polymorphism.

Ans.

OOPs is a programming paradigm that focuses on objects and their interactions. Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

  • OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming.

  • It emphasizes on objects and their interactions.

  • It includes concepts like inheritance, encapsulation, and abstraction.

  • Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as if they were of the same class.

  • It can be achieved through method overloading or method overriding.

  • For example,...read more

Q47. Oops concept using JAVA

Ans.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects.

  • OOP allows for the creation of objects that have properties and behaviors.

  • Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are key principles of OOP.

  • In Java, classes and objects are used to implement OOP concepts.

  • Example: Creating a class 'Car' with properties like 'color' and behaviors like 'drive'.

Q48. What is datamart

Ans.

Datamart is a subset of a data warehouse that is designed for a specific business unit or department.

  • Datamarts are smaller than data warehouses and are designed for a specific purpose.

  • They contain a subset of data from the larger data warehouse.

  • They are often used by business analysts to analyze data specific to their department.

  • Examples include sales datamarts, marketing datamarts, and finance datamarts.

Q49. Four Pillars of OOPs concept

Ans.

The four pillars of OOPs concept are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

  • Encapsulation: Bundling of data and methods into a single unit.

  • Inheritance: Ability to create new classes from existing classes.

  • Polymorphism: Ability to use a single interface to represent different types of objects.

  • Abstraction: Hiding unnecessary details and exposing only essential information.

Q50. Reverse number for a given number

Ans.

Reverse a given number by converting it to a string and reversing the characters.

  • Convert the number to a string

  • Reverse the characters of the string

  • Convert the reversed string back to a number

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