X-Ciencia Technologies India Junior DevOps Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. What is n-tier architecture
Ans. 
n-tier architecture is a software design pattern that divides an application into logical layers.
• It separates presentation, application processing, and data management functions.

• Each layer can be developed and maintained independently.

• Examples include 3-tier and 4-tier architectures.

• It improves scalability, maintainability, and flexibility of the application.
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Round duration - 60 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round had 1 question of Basic Programming and Maths and then I was asked some questions related to DBMS and basic C++ concepts.

Q1. 
Find Terms of Series Problem
Ayush is tasked with determining the first 'X' terms of the series defined by 3 * N + 2, ensuring that no term is a multiple of 4.
Input:
The first line contains a single in...read more
Ans. 
Generate the first 'X' terms of a series 3 * N + 2, excluding multiples of 4.
• Iterate through numbers starting from 1 and check if 3 * N + 2 is not a multiple of 4.

• Keep track of the count of terms generated and stop when 'X' terms are found.

• Return the list of terms that meet the criteria for each test case.
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Q2. Why is normalization needed in a database?
Ans. 
Normalization is needed in a database to reduce redundancy, improve data integrity, and optimize database performance.
• Eliminates data redundancy by breaking down data into smaller, more manageable tables

• Prevents update anomalies by ensuring data consistency

• Improves data integrity by enforcing relationships between tables

• Optimizes database performance by reducing storage space and improving query efficiency
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Q3. Explain the difference between intension and extension in a database.
Ans. 
Intension refers to the attributes or properties of a concept, while extension refers to the instances or examples of that concept in a database.
• Intension describes the characteristics or properties of a concept.

• Extension refers to the actual instances or examples of that concept.

• For example, in a database of fruits, intension would include attributes like color, taste, and size, while extension would list specific fru
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Q4. What is the difference between new() and malloc() in C++?
Ans. 
new() is used to allocate memory for an object and call its constructor, while malloc() is used to allocate memory without calling any constructor.
• new() is a C++ operator, while malloc() is a function in C.

• new() returns a pointer to the allocated memory, while malloc() returns a void pointer.

• new() automatically calls the constructor of the object, while malloc() does not initialize the allocated memory.

• Example: int* ...read more
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Q5. What distinguishes a structure from a class in C++?
Ans. 
In C++, a structure is a user-defined data type that can hold both data and functions, while a class can also have access specifiers and inheritance.
• Structures in C++ are primarily used for grouping data members together, while classes can have additional features like access specifiers (public, private, protected) and inheritance.

• Structures default to public access for their members, while classes default to private a...read more
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Round duration - 60 Minutes
Round difficulty - Medium

This round was preety much mixed and contained questions from Operating Systems, Unix, Java and more importantly Selenium.

Q1. Can you explain piping in Unix/Linux?
Ans. 
Piping in Unix/Linux allows the output of one command to be used as the input for another command.
• Piping is done using the '|' symbol.

• It helps in connecting multiple commands together to perform complex operations.

• Example: ls -l | grep 'txt' - This command lists all files in long format and then filters for files with 'txt' in their name.
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Q2. What is memory protection in operating systems?
Ans. 
Memory protection in operating systems is a feature that prevents a process from accessing memory that has not been allocated to it.
• Memory protection helps prevent one process from interfering with the memory of another process.

• It ensures that each process can only access memory that has been allocated to it.

• Examples of memory protection mechanisms include read-only memory segments and memory segmentation.

• Memory protec...read more
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Q3. What happens if the static modifier is not included in the main method signature in Java?
Ans. 
The main method in Java must include the static modifier to be able to run the program.
• Without the static modifier, the main method cannot be called by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

• The program will not be able to start and will throw a NoSuchMethodError.

• Adding the static modifier allows the main method to be called without creating an instance of the class.
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Q4. Can you tell us something about the JIT compiler?
Ans. 
JIT compiler stands for Just-In-Time compiler, which compiles code during runtime for improved performance.
• JIT compiler translates bytecode into machine code on-the-fly

• It helps in optimizing performance by compiling frequently executed code paths

• Examples include Java HotSpot VM's JIT compiler and .NET's JIT compiler
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Q5. What is XPath?
Ans. 
XPath is a query language used for selecting nodes from an XML document.
• XPath stands for XML Path Language

• It is used to navigate through elements and attributes in an XML document

• XPath uses path expressions to select nodes or content in an XML document

• Example: //book[@category='fiction'] selects all book elements with category attribute equal to 'fiction'
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Q6. Can you explain the pause feature in Selenium IDE?
Ans. 
The pause feature in Selenium IDE allows users to pause the execution of a test case for a specified amount of time.
• The pause command is used to introduce a delay in the test execution.

• It takes a parameter specifying the time to pause in milliseconds.

• For example, 'pause 3000' will pause the test execution for 3 seconds.
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Q7. What are the four parameters that you need to pass in Selenium?
Ans. 
The four parameters needed to pass in Selenium are URL, Port Number, Browser Driver, and Desired Capabilities.
• URL: The URL of the website you want to automate testing on.

• Port Number: The port number where the Selenium server is running.

• Browser Driver: The specific browser driver (e.g. ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver) to use for testing.

• Desired Capabilities: Additional settings and preferences for the browser driver.
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Round duration - 30 Minutes
Round difficulty - Easy

This was a typical HR round with some standard Behavioral questions.