50+ Interview Questions and Answers

I am proficient in Python and Java.

• I have experience in developing web applications using Django framework in Python.

• I have also worked on Java projects using Spring framework.

• I am familiar with object-oriented programming concepts and data structures.

• I have worked on projects involving database management using SQL.

• I am constantly learning and improving my skills in these languages.

Hashing is a technique to convert data of arbitrary size to a fixed size. Hash table is a data structure that uses hashing to store data.

• Hashing is used to index and retrieve items in a database because it is faster than other methods.

• Hash table is a data structure that uses a hash function to map keys to array indices.

• Hashing key is the input to the hash function that produces a hash value.

• Hashing is used in password storage, checksum generation, and data encryption.

SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle. It is a process followed by software development teams to design, develop and test high-quality software.

• The phases of SDLC are Planning, Analysis, Design, Development, Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance.

• Planning involves defining the project scope, goals, and objectives.

• Analysis involves gathering and analyzing requirements.

• Design involves creating a detailed design of the software.

• Development involves coding and building th...read more

Inner join, outer join, and left outer join are types of SQL joins used to combine data from multiple tables.

• Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables

• Outer join returns all rows from both tables, with null values for non-matching rows

• Left outer join returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table

• Example: Inner join - SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id

• Example: Outer join - SELECT * FROM table1 FULL OUTER...read more

Yes, we can implement circular queues using two stacks.

• We can use two stacks to implement a circular queue.

• One stack will be used for enqueue operation and the other for dequeue operation.

• When the enqueue stack is full, we can transfer all elements to the dequeue stack and vice versa.

• This way, we can maintain the circular nature of the queue.

• Example: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/queue-using-stacks/

Yes, we can implement queues using two stacks.

• We can use two stacks, one for enqueue operation and another for dequeue operation.

• To enqueue an element, push it onto the first stack.

• To dequeue an element, pop all elements from the first stack and push them onto the second stack, then pop the top element from the second stack.

• This ensures that the first element that was enqueued is the first one to be dequeued.

• Time complexity for enqueue and dequeue operations is O(1).

Derivatives are financial contracts that derive their value from an underlying asset or security.

• Interest rate swaps involve exchanging fixed and floating interest rate payments between two parties.

• Forward contracts are agreements to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price on a future date.

• Futures contracts are similar to forward contracts but are traded on exchanges and have standardized terms.

• Options give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an...read more

Stacks and queues are data structures used to store and manipulate collections of elements.

• Stacks follow the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle, where the last element added is the first one to be removed.

• Queues follow the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle, where the first element added is the first one to be removed.

• Examples of stacks include the call stack in programming and the undo/redo feature in text editors.

• Examples of queues include waiting in line at a store and pr...read more

Yes, I know several sorting algorithms.

• One of the most popular is QuickSort, which uses a pivot element to divide the array into smaller sub-arrays and recursively sorts them.

• Another common algorithm is MergeSort, which divides the array into smaller sub-arrays and then merges them back together in sorted order.

• InsertionSort is a simple algorithm that iterates through the array and inserts each element into its correct position in a sorted sub-array.

• BubbleSort compares adjace...read more

Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm that uses a binary heap data structure.

• It divides the input into a sorted and an unsorted region.

• It repeatedly extracts the maximum element from the unsorted region and inserts it into the sorted region.

• It has a worst-case time complexity of O(n log n).

I would rate myself 8 in Java and 7 in database.

• I have extensive experience in Java programming and have worked on multiple projects using Java.

• I am proficient in database management and have worked with various database systems like MySQL and Oracle.

• I am constantly learning and improving my skills in both Java and database management.

• I have also completed relevant courses and certifications in Java and database management.

• I am confident in my ability to handle complex progra...read more

Solving Monty Hall problem using Bayesian probability

• Assign prior probabilities to each door

• Update probabilities based on host's action

• Calculate posterior probabilities and choose the door with highest probability

• Example: If prior probability of winning behind each door is 1/3, and host opens a door with a goat, the posterior probability of winning behind the remaining door is 2/3

• Example: Bayes' theorem can be used to calculate the posterior probability

Var is a measure of the potential loss on an investment due to market risk.

• Var stands for Value at Risk

• Types of var include historical var, parametric var, and Monte Carlo var

• Var helps in assessing the potential risk of loss in an investment portfolio

Journal entries in trading are used to record financial transactions and events.

• Journal entries are used to record transactions such as purchases, sales, and expenses.

• They are used to keep track of the financial health of a company.

• Examples of journal entries in trading include recording the purchase of inventory, recording the sale of goods, and recording expenses such as rent and utilities.

• Journal entries are typically recorded in a general ledger.

• They are important for fin...read more

Writing Gmail on paper is not practical.

• Writing emails on paper defeats the purpose of using email as a digital communication tool.

• It is time-consuming and inefficient to write out emails by hand.

• Gmail is designed to be used on a computer or mobile device, not on paper.

Nomura analyst advises against investing in Indian cement industry despite high demand.

• Possible oversupply in the market

• High competition leading to lower profit margins

• Environmental concerns and regulations

• Potential impact of government policies and infrastructure projects

• Company-specific issues such as debt levels or management concerns

The probability of a stick cut twice forming a triangle is 1/4.

• The stick must be cut into three pieces to form a triangle.

• The length of the longest piece must be less than the sum of the other two.

• The probability is 1/4 because there are four possible outcomes.

• The outcomes are: no triangle, acute triangle, right triangle, or obtuse triangle.

The growth rate of number of subscribers can be found by calculating the percentage change in the number of subscribers over a period of time.

• Calculate the difference between the number of subscribers at the beginning and end of the period.

• Divide the difference by the number of subscribers at the beginning of the period.

• Multiply the result by 100 to get the percentage growth rate.

• Consider any external factors that may have affected the growth rate, such as marketing campaigns...read more

Revenue prediction for a telecom company over the next five years.

• Analyze historical revenue data and industry trends

• Consider the impact of new technologies and competitors

• Evaluate the company's marketing and pricing strategies

• Factor in macroeconomic conditions and regulatory changes

• Use forecasting models such as time series analysis and regression analysis

Selling inventory will increase current ratio as it reduces current assets and current liabilities remain the same.

• Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities

• Selling inventory reduces current assets

• Current liabilities remain the same

• Therefore, current ratio increases

• Example: If current assets were $100 and current liabilities were $50, the current ratio would be 2. If inventory worth $20 is sold, current assets would reduce to $80 and current ratio would increase to ...read more

Futures and forwards are financial contracts that allow parties to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price and date in the future.

• Futures are standardized contracts traded on exchanges, while forwards are customized contracts traded over-the-counter.

• Both futures and forwards are used for hedging or speculation.

• Example: A farmer can use a futures contract to lock in a price for their crops before harvest.

• Example: An investor can use a forward contract to buy a foreign cu...read more

Solve for X in the given equation involving modulus function.

• Use the properties of modulus function to simplify the equation.

• Solve for X by considering different cases based on the sign of X.

• Check the solution by substituting it back into the original equation.

IB stands for Investment Banking which has different segments such as M&A, Equity Capital Markets, Debt Capital Markets, Sales & Trading, and Research.

• M&A (Merger and Acquisition) - deals with the buying, selling, and merging of companies

• Equity Capital Markets - deals with the issuance of stocks and other equity-related securities

• Debt Capital Markets - deals with the issuance of bonds and other debt-related securities

• Sales & Trading - deals with the buying and selling of secu...read more

Credit default swaps are financial contracts that allow investors to protect themselves against the risk of default on a debt instrument.

• Credit default swaps are essentially insurance policies on debt instruments.

• They allow investors to transfer the risk of default to another party.

• The buyer of a credit default swap pays a premium to the seller, who agrees to pay out in the event of a default.

• Credit default swaps played a major role in the 2008 financial crisis.

Options are financial contracts that give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price.

• Call option: gives the buyer the right to buy an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time period

• Put option: gives the buyer the right to sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time period

• American option: can be exercised at any time before the expiration date

• European option: ca...read more

Different types of joins are Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, and Full Outer Join.

• Inner Join returns only the matching rows from both tables.

• Left Join returns all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.

• Right Join returns all the rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.

• Full Outer Join returns all the rows from both tables.

• Examples: Inner Join - SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column

• Left Joi...read more

Bond market is a financial market where investors buy and sell debt securities issued by corporations or governments.

• Bonds are essentially loans made by investors to issuers

• The bond market is important for companies and governments to raise capital

• Bond prices and yields are inversely related

• The bond market can be segmented by issuer, credit rating, maturity, and type of bond

• Examples of bonds include Treasury bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and high-yield bonds

LIBOR and MIBOR are benchmark interest rates used in financial markets.

• LIBOR stands for London Interbank Offered Rate and is the average interest rate at which major banks in London lend to each other.

• MIBOR stands for Mumbai Interbank Offered Rate and is the interest rate at which banks in Mumbai lend to each other.

• Both rates are used as benchmarks for various financial products such as loans, mortgages, and derivatives.

• LIBOR is widely used in international markets while MIBO...read more

VLOOKUP searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a corresponding value in the same row. HLOOKUP does the same horizontally.

• VLOOKUP: =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

• HLOOKUP: =HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])

• lookup_value: the value to search for in the first row or column of the table

• table_array: the range of cells that contains the data to be searched

• col_index_num/row_index_num: the colum...read more

I faced some personal challenges during my studies, but I have learned from them and have improved my skills through internships and extracurricular activities.

• Faced personal challenges during studies

• Learned from challenges and improved skills

• Participated in internships and extracurricular activities to enhance knowledge

• CGPA does not reflect overall potential or work ethic

Packet switching involves breaking data into packets for transmission, while store and forward switching involves receiving the entire message before forwarding.

• Packet switching breaks data into small packets for transmission, allowing for more efficient use of network resources.

• Store and forward switching receives the entire message before forwarding it to the next destination, which can lead to delays.

• Packet switching is commonly used in modern computer networks, such as th...read more

A pivot table is a data summarization tool used in spreadsheet programs.

• It allows users to group and summarize large amounts of data in a concise, tabular format.

• Users can easily manipulate the data by dragging and dropping fields into different areas of the table.

• Pivot tables are commonly used in data analysis and business intelligence to identify trends and patterns.

• For example, a sales team might use a pivot table to analyze sales data by region, product, and time period.

To create an IPSec Tunnel with CSR, you need to configure the necessary settings on both devices.

• Configure the IPSec settings on the CSR device, including encryption algorithms, authentication methods, and pre-shared keys

• Ensure that the CSR device has a public IP address and is reachable from the remote device

• Configure the remote device with matching IPSec settings and establish the tunnel with the CSR device

Spanning Tree Protocol is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for Ethernet networks.

• Prevents loops in Ethernet networks by blocking redundant paths

• Designated switches are elected to forward traffic on each segment

• Uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to communicate and determine the topology

• Common implementations include IEEE 802.1D (STP), 802.1w (RSTP), and 802.1s (MSTP)

Packet transfer in TCP involves segmenting data, adding headers, sending packets, acknowledging receipt, and retransmitting if necessary.

• Data is segmented into packets with headers added for source and destination information

• Packets are sent over the network to the destination

• The receiver acknowledges receipt of packets and requests retransmission if needed

• TCP ensures reliable delivery by reordering packets and handling congestion control

• Example: Sending an email involves bre...read more

Exposures include credit, market, operational, and liquidity. CSA is a Credit Support Annex. Product types include derivatives, bonds, and loans.

• Exposures can be credit, market, operational, or liquidity related

• CSA stands for Credit Support Annex and is a legal document that regulates collateral for derivatives transactions

• Product types can include derivatives, bonds, and loans

Option chain is a list of all available options for a particular stock or index, showing their strike prices and expiration dates.

• Option chain helps traders to analyze and compare different options available for a stock or index.

• It includes information such as the option's strike price, expiration date, and implied volatility.

• Option chain can be used to identify potential trading opportunities and to manage risk.

• For example, a trader can use option chain to find the most prof...read more

Option swap is a financial derivative that involves exchanging one set of options for another.

• Option swap is also known as a cross-option swap.

• It involves two parties exchanging options on the same underlying asset.

• The options being exchanged can have different strike prices, expiration dates, or other terms.

• Option swaps are often used to manage risk or to take advantage of market conditions.

• For example, an investor might swap a call option with a high strike price for a call...read more

The ppt was well-organized and visually appealing.

• The content was presented in a clear and concise manner.

• The use of graphics and charts helped to illustrate key points.

• The color scheme and design were visually appealing.

• The overall structure of the ppt was easy to follow.

Repo is a financial transaction where one party sells securities to another party with an agreement to buy them back at a later date.

• Repo stands for repurchase agreement.

• It is a short-term borrowing mechanism used by banks and other financial institutions.

• The party selling the securities is known as the 'seller' or 'borrower', while the party buying the securities is known as the 'buyer' or 'lender'.

• The interest rate on a repo transaction is known as the 'repo rate'.

• Example: ...read more

Yes, I have experience using BGP in managing network routing.

• I have configured BGP peering between routers to exchange routing information.

• I have troubleshooted BGP routing issues to optimize network performance.

• I have implemented BGP route filtering and policy-based routing.

• I have worked with BGP communities for traffic engineering purposes.

Output errors are errors that occur when data is being sent out of a system or device.

• Output errors can occur when there is a problem with the transmission of data from a device or system.

• These errors can result in corrupted or incomplete data being sent to the intended recipient.

• Examples of output errors include dropped packets in network communication or garbled text in printed documents.

Derivatives are financial contracts that derive their value from an underlying asset or security.

• Derivatives can be used for hedging or speculation.

• Common types of derivatives include options, futures, and swaps.

• Derivatives can be traded on exchanges or over-the-counter.

• Derivatives played a role in the 2008 financial crisis.

• Derivatives can be complex and carry significant risk.

Trading comparables are a valuation method used to determine the value of a company by comparing it to similar publicly traded companies.

• Trading comparables involve analyzing financial metrics such as revenue, EBITDA, and P/E ratios of similar companies in the same industry.

• This method assumes that the market values similar companies similarly, and can be used to determine a fair valuation for the company being analyzed.

• For example, if a company is in the retail industry, tra...read more

An option is a contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specific price on or before a certain date.

• Options are commonly used in the stock market as a form of derivative trading.

• There are two types of options: call options and put options.

• Call options give the buyer the right to buy an underlying asset at a specific price, while put options give the buyer the right to sell an underlying asset at a specific price.

• O...read more

Put call parity is a principle that establishes a relationship between the prices of European call and put options.

• Put call parity states that the price of a European call option and a European put option with the same strike price and expiration date should be equal.

• The formula for put call parity is C + PV(K) = P + S, where C is the price of the call option, PV(K) is the present value of the strike price, P is the price of the put option, and S is the current stock price.

• Pu...read more

Sort an array of numbers in ascending or descending order.

• Use built-in sorting functions like sort() or sorted() in Python.

• For descending order, pass reverse=True as an argument.

• For custom sorting, use a lambda function as a key argument.

• In JavaScript, use the sort() method with a compare function.

• In Java, use Arrays.sort() method.

• In C++, use the sort() function from the algorithm library.

Schema design for a University

• Entities: Student, Professor, Course, Department, University

• Relationships: Student enrolls in Course, Professor teaches Course, Department offers Courses, University has Departments

• Attributes: Student (ID, Name, GPA), Professor (ID, Name, Department), Course (ID, Name, Department, Credits), Department (ID, Name, Head), University (Name, Location)

A program to validate a date input by the user

• Check if the input date follows the format MM/DD/YYYY

• Validate if the month is between 1 and 12

• Validate if the day is within the range based on the month and year (taking leap years into account)

• Ensure the year is a valid 4-digit number

A blocking queue is a data structure that allows insertion and removal of elements in a FIFO (First In First Out) manner. If the queue is empty, the removal operation will block until an element is available.

• Use a circular buffer to implement the queue

• Use a mutex to synchronize access to the queue

• Use a condition variable to block the removal operation if the queue is empty

• Implement methods for adding and removing elements from the queue

Cloudformation is a service provided by AWS for infrastructure as code, allowing users to create and manage AWS resources using templates.

• Automate the creation and management of AWS resources

• Define infrastructure in a template file using JSON or YAML

• Easily replicate and scale infrastructure

• Maintain consistency and reduce human error

• Rollback changes if needed