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Abstract classes can have both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces can only have abstract methods.
Abstract classes can have state (fields), while interfaces cannot.
A class can inherit from only one abstract class but can implement multiple interfaces.
Abstract classes can provide default behavior, whereas interfaces cannot.
Example: An abstract class 'Animal' can have a method 'makeSound()', while an int...
To find the second highest value in an array of strings, convert to integers and sort or use a linear scan approach.
Convert Strings to Integers: Use int.Parse() or int.TryParse() to convert string elements to integers for comparison.
Sorting Method: Sort the array and select the second last element for the second highest value.
Linear Scan Method: Iterate through the array, keeping track of the highest and second hi...
Retrieve the second highest salary for each department using SQL with a subquery or window functions.
Using Subquery: SELECT department, MAX(salary) FROM employees WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees WHERE department = e.department) GROUP BY department.
Using Window Functions: SELECT department, salary FROM (SELECT department, salary, DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) ...
As a Senior PL/SQL Developer, I have extensive experience in database design, optimization, and complex query development.
Database Design: Designed and implemented normalized database schemas for various applications, ensuring data integrity and efficiency.
Performance Tuning: Optimized PL/SQL code and SQL queries, reducing execution time by up to 50% through indexing and query restructuring.
Stored Procedures and F...
DELETE removes specific rows, TRUNCATE removes all rows quickly, and DROP deletes the entire table structure.
DELETE: Removes specific rows based on a condition. Example: DELETE FROM employees WHERE id = 1;
TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table but keeps the structure. Example: TRUNCATE TABLE employees;
DROP: Deletes the entire table and its structure from the database. Example: DROP TABLE employees;
DELETE is slowe...
Semantic tags in HTML are specific tags that provide meaning to the content they enclose.
Semantic tags help search engines and screen readers understand the structure of a webpage.
Examples of semantic tags include <header>, <footer>, <nav>, <article>, <section>, <aside>, <main>, <figure>, <figcaption>.
Using semantic tags improves SEO and accessibility of a webs...
Currying is a technique in functional programming where a function with multiple arguments is transformed into a sequence of nested functions, each taking a single argument.
Currying helps in creating reusable functions and partial application.
It allows you to create new functions by fixing some parameters of an existing function.
Example: const add = (a) => (b) => a + b; add(2)(3) will return 5.
Local storage persists even after the browser is closed, while session storage is cleared when the browser is closed.
Local storage has no expiration date, while session storage expires when the browser is closed.
Local storage stores data with no limit, while session storage has a limit of around 5MB.
Local storage data is available across all windows/tabs for that domain, while session storage data is only availabl...
Authentication verifies the identity of a user, while authorization determines the user's access rights.
Authentication confirms the user's identity through credentials like username and password.
Authorization determines what actions the authenticated user is allowed to perform.
Authentication precedes authorization in the security process.
Example: Logging into a website (authentication) and then accessing specific ...
Map creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element, while forEach executes a provided function once for each array element.
Map returns a new array with the same length as the original array, while forEach does not return anything.
Map does not mutate the original array, while forEach can mutate the original array.
Map is more suitable for transforming data and creating a new arr...
I appeared for an interview in Jan 2025.
Semantic tags in HTML are specific tags that provide meaning to the content they enclose.
Semantic tags help search engines and screen readers understand the structure of a webpage.
Examples of semantic tags include <header>, <footer>, <nav>, <article>, <section>, <aside>, <main>, <figure>, <figcaption>.
Using semantic tags improves SEO and accessibility of a website.
Currying is a technique in functional programming where a function with multiple arguments is transformed into a sequence of nested functions, each taking a single argument.
Currying helps in creating reusable functions and partial application.
It allows you to create new functions by fixing some parameters of an existing function.
Example: const add = (a) => (b) => a + b; add(2)(3) will return 5.
Map is used to transform each element of an array, while Filter is used to select elements based on a condition.
Map returns a new array with the same length as the original array, but with each element transformed based on a provided function.
Filter returns a new array with only the elements that pass a provided condition function.
Example for Map: [1, 2, 3].map(num => num * 2) will result in [2, 4, 6].
Example for Fi...
Map creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element, while forEach executes a provided function once for each array element.
Map returns a new array with the same length as the original array, while forEach does not return anything.
Map does not mutate the original array, while forEach can mutate the original array.
Map is more suitable for transforming data and creating a new array, w...
Authentication verifies the identity of a user, while authorization determines the user's access rights.
Authentication confirms the user's identity through credentials like username and password.
Authorization determines what actions the authenticated user is allowed to perform.
Authentication precedes authorization in the security process.
Example: Logging into a website (authentication) and then accessing specific pages...
Local storage persists even after the browser is closed, while session storage is cleared when the browser is closed.
Local storage has no expiration date, while session storage expires when the browser is closed.
Local storage stores data with no limit, while session storage has a limit of around 5MB.
Local storage data is available across all windows/tabs for that domain, while session storage data is only available wit...
A Countdown Timer app built with React to track time remaining for a specified duration.
Use React's useState to manage timer state.
Implement useEffect to handle countdown logic.
Provide input for users to set the countdown duration.
Display the remaining time in a user-friendly format.
Add start, pause, and reset functionality.
I applied via Naukri.com and was interviewed in Nov 2024. There was 1 interview round.
get props is used to retrieve the value of a property in React components, while set props is used to update the value of a property.
get props is used to access the value of a property passed down from a parent component
set props is used to update the value of a property in the current component
Example: get props - accessing the 'name' prop in a child component: this.props.name
Example: set props - updating the 'count' ...
get forEach is used to iterate over elements in an array without returning a new array, while map creates a new array by applying a function to each element.
forEach does not return a new array, while map returns a new array with the results of applying a function to each element
forEach is used for side effects, while map is used for transforming data
forEach does not return anything, while map returns a new array
Example...
PUT is used to update or replace an entire resource, while PATCH is used to update or modify part of a resource.
PUT is idempotent, meaning multiple identical requests will have the same effect as a single request.
PATCH is not necessarily idempotent, as multiple identical requests may have different effects.
PUT requires the client to send the entire updated resource, while PATCH only requires the client to send the spec...
Local storage is persistent and stays until manually cleared, while session storage is temporary and cleared when the browser is closed.
Local storage data persists even after closing the browser
Session storage data is cleared when the browser is closed
Both store data as key-value pairs similar to cookies
I applied via LinkedIn and was interviewed in Oct 2024. There was 1 interview round.
One question of recursion. Then pillars of angular. Type script interfaces
Angular is a popular front-end framework for building dynamic web applications.
Angular is developed and maintained by Google.
It uses TypeScript for building applications.
Angular provides features like two-way data binding, dependency injection, and routing.
Components, services, modules, and directives are key building blocks in Angular.
Example: Angular allows for the creation of single-page applications (SPAs) with smo...
I applied via Naukri.com and was interviewed in May 2024. There were 2 interview rounds.
I applied via Naukri.com and was interviewed in Jul 2024. There were 2 interview rounds.
Dependency injection is a design pattern where components are given their dependencies rather than creating them.
Dependency injection helps in making components loosely coupled, making it easier to test and maintain code.
There are three main lifetimes for dependencies: transient, scoped, and singleton.
Transient dependencies are created each time they are requested.
Scoped dependencies are created once per request.
Single...
Filters in .NET are used to perform logic before or after an action method is executed.
Filters can be used for authorization, logging, exception handling, etc.
Examples include AuthorizeFilter, ActionFilter, ExceptionFilter, ResultFilter.
Filters can be applied globally, at controller level, or at action level.
CORS stands for Cross-Origin Resource Sharing, a security feature that allows servers to specify who can access their resources.
CORS is used to prevent web pages from making requests to a different domain than the one that served the original page.
It is implemented using HTTP headers like Access-Control-Allow-Origin.
CORS is commonly used in web development to enable secure cross-origin requests in browsers.
Example: If ...
Reverse String Code by using C Sharp
OOPS stands for Object-Oriented Programming System. It is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects.
OOPS focuses on creating objects that contain data and methods to manipulate that data.
It allows for encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Examples of OOPS languages include Java, C++, and Python.
Dependency Injection is a design pattern where components are given their dependencies rather than creating them internally.
Allows for easier testing by mocking dependencies
Promotes loose coupling between components
Improves code reusability and maintainability
Example: Constructor injection, Setter injection
Normalization in SQL is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.
Normalization involves breaking down a table into smaller tables and defining relationships between them.
It helps in reducing data redundancy by storing data in a structured manner.
There are different normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF that define the level of normalization.
Example: If we have a t...
List is a built-in Python data structure that can hold elements of different data types, while Array is a data structure from the NumPy library that can hold elements of the same data type.
List is a dynamic array that can grow or shrink in size, while Array has a fixed size.
List can hold elements of different data types, while Array can only hold elements of the same data type.
List is a part of Python's standard librar...
DRF provides JSON, BrowsableAPI, TemplateHTML, and AdminRenderer classes for rendering responses.
JSONRenderer: Renders data in JSON format.
BrowsableAPIRenderer: Renders data in a browsable HTML format with forms for interacting with the API.
TemplateHTMLRenderer: Renders data using a specified template in HTML format.
AdminRenderer: Renders data in a format suitable for Django admin interface.
Method Resolution Order (MRO) is the order in which classes are searched for a method or attribute in Python.
MRO is determined by the C3 linearization algorithm in Python.
It follows a depth-first left-to-right traversal of the class hierarchy.
MRO is important in multiple inheritance scenarios to resolve method conflicts.
Example: class A: pass class B(A): pass class C(A): pass class D(B, C)...
Class method is bound to the class itself, while static method is not bound to any specific instance or class.
Class method takes 'cls' as the first parameter, allowing access to class variables and methods.
Static method does not take any special parameters and does not have access to class or instance variables.
Class method can be called on both the class and instances of the class.
Static method is mainly used for util...
Transactions in SQL are a way to ensure data integrity by grouping multiple SQL statements into a single unit of work.
Transactions help maintain the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) of a database.
They allow multiple SQL statements to be executed as a single unit, either all succeeding or all failing.
Transactions can be started with BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT to save changes, or ROLLBACK to...
I appeared for an interview in Mar 2025, where I was asked the following questions.
Controlled components manage form data via React state, while uncontrolled components handle data through the DOM.
Controlled components use React state to manage form inputs, e.g., <input value={this.state.value} onChange={this.handleChange} />.
Uncontrolled components store their own state internally, e.g., <input defaultValue='initial' ref={input => this.input = input} />.
Controlled components provide a...
useMemo caches computed values, while useCallback caches functions to prevent unnecessary re-renders in React.
useMemo is used to memoize a computed value, while useCallback is used to memoize a function.
useMemo: const memoizedValue = useMemo(() => computeExpensiveValue(a, b), [a, b]);
useCallback: const memoizedCallback = useCallback(() => { doSomething(a, b); }, [a, b]);
useMemo returns a value, whereas useCallbac...
I appeared for an interview before Mar 2024.
DELETE removes specific rows, TRUNCATE removes all rows quickly, and DROP deletes the entire table structure.
DELETE: Removes specific rows based on a condition. Example: DELETE FROM employees WHERE id = 1;
TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table but keeps the structure. Example: TRUNCATE TABLE employees;
DROP: Deletes the entire table and its structure from the database. Example: DROP TABLE employees;
DELETE is slower as ...
As a Senior PL/SQL Developer, I have extensive experience in database design, optimization, and complex query development.
Database Design: Designed and implemented normalized database schemas for various applications, ensuring data integrity and efficiency.
Performance Tuning: Optimized PL/SQL code and SQL queries, reducing execution time by up to 50% through indexing and query restructuring.
Stored Procedures and Functi...
Cursors in PL/SQL manage query results; SYS_REFCURSOR allows dynamic result sets in procedures and functions.
Cursors are pointers to context areas for SQL statements.
Types of cursors: Explicit (defined by the programmer) and Implicit (automatically created by Oracle).
SYS_REFCURSOR is a predefined cursor type that can hold a result set dynamically.
Syntax for declaring SYS_REFCURSOR: 'TYPE ref_cursor IS REF CURSOR;'.
Exam...
Materialized views store query results for faster access, improving performance in data retrieval and reporting.
Materialized views are precomputed query results stored on disk, reducing the need for complex joins during runtime.
They are useful in data warehousing for summarizing large datasets, e.g., sales data aggregated by month.
Materialized views can be refreshed periodically or on-demand, ensuring data is up-to-dat...
Triggers in PL/SQL automate actions in the database, while audit tables track changes for compliance and data integrity.
Types of Triggers: There are three main types of triggers - BEFORE, AFTER, and INSTEAD OF, which determine when the trigger action occurs.
Example of a BEFORE Trigger: A trigger that validates data before an insert operation, ensuring no null values are entered.
Audit Tables: These are special tables de...
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The duration of NeoSOFT interview process can vary, but typically it takes about less than 2 weeks to complete.
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