700+ Microsoft Corporation Interview Questions and Answers

Find all nodes at distance K from a given node in a binary tree.

• Perform a depth-first search starting from the target node to find nodes at distance K.

• Use a recursive function to traverse the tree and keep track of the distance from the target node.

• Maintain a set to store visited nodes to avoid revisiting them.

• Return the list of nodes found at distance K from the target node.

• Example: If the target node is 5 and K is 2 in the given tree, the output should be [7, 4, 0, 8].

Given N events with start and end times, determine if each event can be added to the calendar without causing a triple booking.

• Iterate through each event and check if adding it causes a triple booking by comparing its interval with previous events

• Use a data structure like a list or dictionary to keep track of booked intervals

• Return 'True' if the event can be added without causing a triple booking, 'False' otherwise

Deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to proceed due to a circular dependency on resources.

• Deadlock occurs when two or more processes are waiting for resources held by each other.

• Conditions for deadlock are mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait.

• Methods to prevent deadlock include resource allocation graph, banker's algorithm, and deadlock avoidance.

• To prevent deadlock in OS, use resource allocation graph and banker's algori...read more

Given a non-negative integer as a string and an integer k, find the smallest possible integer after removing k digits.

• Use a stack to keep track of the digits in non-decreasing order from left to right.

• Pop elements from the stack if the current digit is smaller than the top of the stack and k is greater than 0.

• Handle edge cases like leading zeros and ensuring the final result is not an empty string.

• Example: For num = "1432219" and k = 3, the smallest possible integer after rem...read more

Determine minimum operations to make all array elements equal using addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division.

• Iterate through array to find the maximum and minimum elements.

• Calculate the difference between maximum and minimum elements.

• The minimum number of operations needed is the difference between the maximum and minimum elements.

Print the left view of a binary tree given in level order form.

• Traverse the tree level by level and print the first node of each level (leftmost node).

• Use a queue to keep track of nodes at each level.

• Time complexity should be O(n) where n is the number of nodes in the tree.

Determining worst case time complexity of a code snippet with given time complexity of a function and array

• The time complexity of the given code snippet is O(n)

• The function f(m) is called only when a 0 is encountered in the array

• The worst case time complexity is O(n)

• The code snippet iterates through the entire array once

Find pairs of elements in an array that sum up to a given value, sorted in a specific order.

• Iterate through the array and for each element, check if the complement (S - current element) exists in a set.

• If the complement exists, add the pair to the result list.

• Sort the result list based on the criteria mentioned in the problem statement.

Find the median of two sorted arrays by merging them and calculating the middle element(s).

• Merge the two sorted arrays into one sorted array.

• Calculate the median based on the total number of elements in the merged array.

• If the total number of elements is even, take the mean of the two middle elements as the median.

The task is to determine the number of islands in a grid of 0s and 1s connected horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

• Iterate through the grid and perform depth-first search (DFS) to find connected 1s forming islands

• Mark visited cells to avoid counting the same island multiple times

• Count the number of islands found during DFS traversal

Determine if a given string is identical to its reflection in the mirror.

• Iterate through the string and compare characters from start and end simultaneously.

• If characters are not equal, return 'NO'.

• If all characters match, return 'YES'.

Find the contiguous subarray with the maximum product of elements in an array.

• Iterate through the array and keep track of the maximum and minimum product ending at each index.

• Update the maximum product by taking the maximum of current element, current element * previous maximum, and current element * previous minimum.

• Update the minimum product by taking the minimum of current element, current element * previous maximum, and current element * previous minimum.

• Return the maximu...read more

Given coefficients of a quadratic equation, find the real roots or return -1 if no real roots exist.

• Calculate the discriminant (B^2 - 4AC) to determine the nature of roots.

• If discriminant is positive, roots are real and distinct. If zero, roots are real and repeated. If negative, roots are imaginary.

• Use the quadratic formula to find the roots: (-B ± sqrt(discriminant)) / 2A.

• Return the roots as integers, rounding down if necessary.

Calculate the total amount of rainwater that can be trapped between given elevations in an array.

• Iterate through the array and calculate the maximum height on the left and right of each bar.

• Calculate the amount of water that can be trapped at each bar by taking the minimum of the maximum heights on the left and right.

• Sum up the trapped water at each bar to get the total trapped water for the entire array.

Implement a function to find the shortest route visiting each city exactly once and returning to the starting city.

• Use backtracking to explore all possible routes and find the minimum distance.

• Keep track of visited cities to ensure each city is visited exactly once.

• Consider pruning techniques like dynamic programming to optimize the solution.

• Example: Start at city 0, visit cities 1 and 2 in any order, and return to city 0 for the first test case.

• Example: Start at city 0, visi...read more

Determine the minimum number of platforms needed at a railway station so that no train has to wait.

• Sort the arrival and departure times arrays in ascending order.

• Use two pointers to iterate through the arrays and keep track of the number of platforms needed.

• Increment the number of platforms needed when a train arrives and decrement when a train departs.

• Return the maximum number of platforms needed at any point.

Pseudo code to find the unique number in an array with duplicates.

• Create an empty dictionary

• Loop through the array and add each element as a key in the dictionary with value 1

• If the key already exists, increment its value by 1

• Loop through the dictionary and return the key with value 1

Calculate and print the median after each new integer is added to the stream.

• Use two heaps - a max heap to store the smaller half of the numbers and a min heap to store the larger half.

• Keep the sizes of the two heaps balanced to efficiently calculate the median.

• If the total number of elements is odd, the median will be the top element of the max heap.

• If the total number of elements is even, the median will be the average of the top elements of the max and min heaps.

Find element in 2D array which is max in column and min in row with minimum comparisons

• Iterate over rows and columns to find max and min elements respectively

• Compare the max element of a column with the min element of its row

• Return the element if it satisfies the condition

• Consider edge cases like multiple elements satisfying the condition

Find the Lowest Common Ancestor of two nodes in a binary tree.

• Traverse the binary tree to find the paths from the root to nodes X and Y.

• Compare the paths to find the last common node, which is the LCA.

• Handle cases where one node is an ancestor of the other.

• Consider using recursion to solve the problem efficiently.

Given a string of digits from 2 to 9, determine all possible strings that can be generated using T9 keypad letter mappings.

• Create a mapping of digits to corresponding letters on a T9 keypad

• Use recursion to generate all possible combinations of letters for the input string

• Sort the generated strings lexicographically

• Return the array of generated strings

Find the sum of the subarray with the maximum sum among all subarrays in an array of integers.

• Iterate through the array and keep track of the maximum sum subarray seen so far.

• Use Kadane's algorithm to efficiently find the maximum subarray sum.

• Consider the case where all elements in the array are negative.

• Handle the case where the array contains only one element.

Calculate the total area covered by two overlapping rectangles on a 2-D coordinate plane.

• Parse input coordinates for two rectangles

• Calculate the area of each rectangle

• Find the overlapping area by determining the intersection of the rectangles

• Calculate the total area by adding the areas of both rectangles and subtracting the overlapping area

Find the largest common ancestor of two nodes in a binary search tree.

• Implement a function to find the largest common ancestor of two nodes in a binary search tree.

• Use level order traversal input to construct the tree.

• Ensure both nodes are present in the tree.

• Return the value of the largest common ancestor.

The task is to find the total number of ways to make change for a specified value using given denominations.

• Use dynamic programming to solve this problem efficiently.

• Create a 2D array to store the number of ways to make change for each value up to the specified value.

• Iterate through each denomination and update the array accordingly.

• The final answer will be the value at the last index of the array.

Validate if a given binary tree is a Binary Search Tree (BST) or not.

• Check if the left subtree of a node contains only nodes with data less than the node's data.

• Check if the right subtree of a node contains only nodes with data greater than the node's data.

• Ensure that both the left and right subtrees are also binary search trees.

Find the number of distinct pairs of participants with a given difference in their chosen numbers.

• Iterate through the list of numbers and check for pairs with the required difference 'K'.

• Use a hash set to keep track of unique pairs to avoid counting duplicates.

• Return the size of the hash set as the number of distinct pairs.

The task is to return the spiral path of elements in a given matrix.

• Iterate through the matrix in a spiral path by keeping track of boundaries.

• Print elements in the order of top, right, bottom, and left sides of the matrix.

• Handle cases where the matrix is not a square (N != M) separately.

• Consider edge cases like single row, single column, and empty matrix.

Swap two numbers without using a temporary variable.

• Use bitwise XOR operation to swap the values of X and Y without using a temporary variable.

• The XOR operation works by flipping the bits of the numbers.

• After swapping, X = X XOR Y and Y = X XOR Y.

• Finally, X = X XOR Y to get the original value of Y in X.

Calculate minimum steps for a Knight to reach target position on a chessboard.

• Use BFS algorithm to find shortest path from Knight's starting position to target position.

• Consider all possible moves of the Knight on the chessboard.

• Track visited positions to avoid revisiting them during traversal.

Given a string, find the longest palindromic substring, prioritizing the one with the smallest start index.

• Iterate through the string and expand around each character to find palindromes

• Keep track of the longest palindrome found and its starting index

• Return the longest palindromic substring with the smallest start index

Find the smallest substring in a given string that contains all characters from another given string.

• Use a sliding window approach to find the smallest window in S that contains all characters in X.

• Maintain a frequency map for characters in X and a window map for characters in the current window.

• Slide the window to the right, updating the window map and shrinking the window from the left if all characters in X are present.

• Keep track of the smallest window found so far.

• Return ...read more

Convert infix expression to postfix expression.

• Use a stack to keep track of operators and operands.

• Follow the rules of precedence for operators.

• Handle parentheses to ensure correct order of operations.

Find the most frequent and lexicographically smallest word in string 'A' that is not present in string 'B'.

• Split strings 'A' and 'B' into words

• Count frequency of each word in 'A'

• Check if word is not in 'B' and is the most frequent and lexicographically smallest

• Return the word or -1 if no such word exists

Code a run length encoding algorithm to compress a text string in place.

• Use a loop to iterate through the string and count consecutive characters

• Create a new string to store the compressed version of the original string

• Add the character and its count to the new string

• Compare the length of the new string to the original string to determine if compression was successful

The function ring() calculates the number of blocks of both types based on sensor state changes.

• Create a variable to keep track of the number of 49 cm blocks

• Create another variable to keep track of the number of 50 cm blocks

• Initialize both variables to 0

• Whenever the sensor changes state, increment the corresponding block variable

• Return the count of both block types as an array of strings

Given an integer array, find all (a,b,c) such that a^2 + b^2 = c^2. Solution is O(n^2). Write code and testcases.

• Use nested loops to iterate through all possible pairs of integers in the array

• Check if the sum of squares of the two integers is a perfect square

• If yes, add the triplet to the result list

• Return the result list

Find the minimum number of dice throws required to reach the last cell on a Snake and Ladder board.

• Use Breadth First Search (BFS) to explore all possible paths with minimum dice throws.

• Keep track of visited cells and the number of dice throws needed to reach each cell.

• Consider the effect of snakes and ladders on the next position.

• Return the minimum number of dice throws needed to reach the last cell.

• If it is impossible to reach the last cell, return -1.

Given a 2D array of alphabets and a function to check valid English words, find all possible valid words adjacent to each other.

• Create a recursive function to traverse the 2D array and check for valid words

• Use memoization to avoid redundant checks

• Consider edge cases such as words with repeating letters

• Optimize the algorithm for time and space complexity

Design a Least Recently Used (LRU) cache data structure that supports get and put operations with capacity constraint.

• Implement a doubly linked list to maintain the order of keys based on their recent usage.

• Use a hashmap to store key-value pairs for quick access and update.

• When capacity is reached, evict the least recently used item before inserting a new item.

• Update the order of keys in the linked list whenever a key is accessed or updated.

• Handle get and put operations effic...read more

Reverse a given stack of integers using recursion without using extra space or loops.

• Use recursion to pop all elements from the original stack and store them in function call stack.

• Once the stack is empty, push the elements back in reverse order using recursion.

• Make use of the top(), pop(), and push() stack methods provided.

• Example: If the input stack is [1, 2, 3], after reversal it should be [3, 2, 1].

Detect if a singly linked list forms a cycle by checking if a node's next pointer points back to a previous node.

• Use Floyd's Cycle Detection Algorithm to determine if there is a cycle in the linked list.

• Maintain two pointers, one moving at twice the speed of the other.

• If the two pointers meet at any point, there is a cycle in the linked list.

Return the boundary nodes of a binary tree in Anti-Clockwise direction starting from the root node.

• Traverse the left boundary nodes in a top-down manner

• Traverse the leaf nodes in a left-right manner

• Traverse the right boundary nodes in a bottom-up manner

• Avoid duplicates in boundary nodes

Find the minimum length subarray with sum greater than X in a given array.

• Iterate through the array while maintaining a sliding window to find the subarray with sum greater than X.

• Keep track of the minimum length subarray found so far.

• Return the subarray with the minimum length and sum greater than X.

Given a string, partition it into palindromic substrings and return all possible partitions.

• Use backtracking to generate all possible partitions by checking if each substring is a palindrome.

• Keep track of the current partition and add it to the result when the entire string is processed.

• Optimize by using memoization to store the results of subproblems to avoid redundant calculations.

Flatten a multi-level linked list into a single-level linked list and return the head of the singly linked list.

• Traverse the multi-level linked list using depth-first search (DFS).

• Maintain a stack to keep track of nodes with child pointers.

• Connect the child nodes to the current node's next pointer and update the current node.

• Continue this process until all nodes are flattened into a single-level linked list.

Sort an array of 0s, 1s, and 2s in increasing order.

• Use a three-pointer approach to partition the array into sections for 0s, 1s, and 2s.

• Iterate through the array and swap elements based on their values and the pointers.

• After sorting, the array will have 0s at the beginning, followed by 1s, and then 2s.

Sort an array of 0s, 1s, and 2s in linear time complexity.

• Use three pointers to keep track of the positions of 0s, 1s, and 2s in the array.

• Iterate through the array and swap elements based on the values encountered.

• This approach sorts the array in a single scan without using any extra space.

Calculate the smallest angle between the hour and minute hands of a clock given a specific time.

• Calculate the angle formed by the hour hand with respect to 12 o'clock position

• Calculate the angle formed by the minute hand with respect to 12 o'clock position

• Find the absolute difference between the two angles and take the minimum of the two possible angles

• Return the floor value of the calculated angle

Determine the minimum number of operations needed to transform one string into another by moving characters to the end.

• Iterate through each character in str1 and check if it matches the first character in str2.

• If a match is found, calculate the number of operations needed to move the characters to the end.

• Return the minimum number of operations needed for each test case, or -1 if transformation is not possible.

Implement a function to find diagonal paths in a binary tree.

• Traverse the binary tree in a diagonal manner, starting from the rightmost path and moving downwards.

• Use a hashmap to store nodes at each diagonal level and then traverse the hashmap to get the diagonal paths.

• Handle the case where nodes without left or right children are present by using -1.

• Return the diagonal traversal as a single line with nodes arranged by their diagonal paths.

Find the number of BSTs possible with each element of an array as the root node.

• Iterate through each element of the array and calculate the number of BSTs possible with that element as the root node.

• Use dynamic programming to calculate the number of BSTs for each element efficiently.

• Output the results modulo (10^9 + 7) to handle large numbers.

Insert a new node with a given value into a binary search tree while maintaining the properties of a BST.

• Traverse the BST starting from the root node to find the correct position for insertion.

• Compare the value to be inserted with the current node's value to determine whether to go left or right.

• Create a new node with the given value and insert it at the appropriate position in the BST.

• Ensure that the resulting tree maintains the binary search tree properties after insertion.

Compute the division of two integers and output the result formatted to contain exactly N decimal places.

• Read the input values for X, Y, and N

• Perform the division X / Y

• Format the result to contain exactly N decimal places

• Output the result as a string with N decimal places

Given a string with wildcard characters, determine if it can be transformed to match another string.

• Iterate through both strings simultaneously, handling wildcard characters '?' and '*' accordingly.

• Use dynamic programming to keep track of matching characters.

• Handle cases where '*' can match an empty sequence or multiple characters.

• Return true if at the end both strings match, false otherwise.

Given a phone number string, generate all possible words by mapping digits to letters on a T9 keypad.

• Create a mapping of digits to corresponding letters on a T9 keypad

• Use recursion to generate all possible combinations of letters for the input phone number

• Sort the generated strings in lexicographical order

Create a deep copy of a linked list with random pointers.

• Iterate through the original linked list and create a new node for each node in the list.

• Store the mapping of original nodes to their corresponding new nodes.

• Update the next and random pointers of the new nodes based on the mapping.

• Return the head of the newly created deep copied linked list.

Connect adjacent nodes at the same level in a binary tree by populating each node's 'next' pointer.

• Traverse the tree level by level using a queue.

• For each node, connect it to the next node in the queue.

• Set the 'next' pointer of the last node in each level to NULL.

• Use constant extra space and do not alter the node structure.

Reverse a singly linked list of integers and return the head of the reversed linked list.

• Iterate through the linked list and reverse the pointers to point to the previous node instead of the next node.

• Keep track of the previous, current, and next nodes while reversing the linked list.

• Update the head of the reversed linked list to be the last node encountered.

• Ensure to handle edge cases like an empty linked list or a linked list with only one node.

The task is to determine if a given string consisting of parentheses is balanced or not.

• Use a stack data structure to keep track of opening parentheses.

• Iterate through the string and push opening parentheses onto the stack.

• When encountering a closing parenthesis, pop the top element from the stack and check if it matches the corresponding opening parenthesis.

• If the stack is empty at the end of the iteration and all parentheses have been matched, the string is balanced.

• If the ...read more

Given a binary search tree, print the path with sum k and minimum hops.

• Traverse the tree using DFS and keep track of the current path and its sum.

• If the current sum equals k, compare the current path with the minimum path found so far.

• If the current sum is greater than k, backtrack to the previous node and continue traversal.

• If the current sum is less than k, continue traversal.

• Return the minimum path found.

• Time complexity: O(nlogn) for balanced tree, O(n^2) for skewed tree.

Compress a string by replacing consecutive characters with their count.

• Iterate through the string and count consecutive characters.

• Append the character and its count to a new string.

• Handle edge cases like single characters.

Find the Next Greater Element for each element in a list of integers.

• Iterate through the list of integers from right to left.

• Use a stack to keep track of elements for which the Next Greater Element is not yet found.

• Pop elements from the stack until a greater element is found or the stack is empty.

• Assign the Next Greater Element as the top element of the stack or -1 if the stack is empty.

To test the rand(n) function, generate a large number of random outputs and check if they fall within the range of 1 to n.

• Generate a large number of random outputs using rand(n)

• Check if each output falls within the range of 1 to n

• Repeat the process multiple times to ensure consistency

• Use statistical tests like chi-squared test to analyze the randomness

The question asks to add two numbers represented as linked lists and return the sum as a linked list.

• Traverse both linked lists simultaneously, adding the corresponding digits and carrying over the carry.

• Create a new linked list to store the sum digits.

• Handle cases where one linked list is longer than the other.

• Consider cases where the sum has an additional carry digit at the end.

Increasing RAM improves CPU efficiency due to virtual memory and reduced page faults.

• Increasing RAM allows for more data to be stored in memory, reducing the need for frequent access to slower storage devices.

• Virtual memory allows the operating system to use hard disk space as if it were RAM, increasing the effective amount of memory available to the CPU.

• Reducing page faults, which occur when the CPU needs to access data that is not currently in memory, improves CPU efficienc...read more

Design a system similar to Red Bus for handling bookings and onboarding vendors and customers.

• Implement a user-friendly interface for customers to search and book tickets

• Create a vendor portal for vendors to manage their offerings and availability

• Include payment gateway integration for secure transactions

• Develop a robust backend system for managing bookings, cancellations, and refunds

• Utilize a database to store user information, booking details, and vendor listings

Insert a node at its correct position in a circular linked list containing sorted elements.

• Traverse the linked list until the correct position is found

• Handle the case where the value to be inserted is smaller than the smallest element or larger than the largest element

• Update the pointers of the neighboring nodes to insert the new node

• Consider the case where the linked list has only one node

Remove duplicate characters from a string while preserving order.

• Create an empty string to hold the result.

• Iterate through each character in the input string.

• If the character is not already in the result string, add it.

• Return the result string.

The routine should output the elements of the inorder traversal of a binary tree one by one in each call.

• Implement an inorder traversal algorithm recursively

• Use a global variable or pass a reference to keep track of the current element

• Call the routine repeatedly to get the next element in each call

The code inserts a given string at the specified position in a compact data structure that stores strings sequentially.

• To insert the string at the ith place, we need to shift all the strings after the ith position by the length of the new string.

• We can use a loop to iterate through the data structure and find the ith position.

• After finding the ith position, we can calculate the new length of the data structure and allocate memory accordingly.

• We then shift all the strings afte...read more

Merge 'n' identical linked lists from 'n' salespersons to handle insertions, deletions, and updates.

• Iterate through each linked list and merge them into a single linked list

• Handle insertions, deletions, and updates by traversing the merged list and making necessary changes

• Repeat the process for the next day by resetting the merged list

Design considerations for an elevator system with 5 elevators and 50 floors.

• Traffic patterns and peak hours should be analyzed to determine the optimal number of elevators to be in operation at any given time.

• Elevators should be programmed to prioritize stops based on the direction of travel and the proximity of the requested floor to the elevator's current location.

• The system should be designed to minimize wait times and maximize efficiency.

• Safety features such as emergency ...read more

To test if every left child's value is less than the right child's value in a binary tree.

• Traverse the binary tree using any traversal algorithm (e.g., in-order, pre-order, post-order)

• Compare the value of each left child with its right child

• If any left child's value is greater than or equal to its right child's value, return false

• If all left child's values are less than their right child's values, return true

I would follow the escalation process and involve higher-level support and management to find a solution.

• Review all available documentation and resources

• Collaborate with colleagues and subject matter experts

• Communicate regularly with the customer to provide updates and manage expectations

• Escalate to higher-level support and management as necessary

• Continue to troubleshoot and test potential solutions

• Document all steps taken and findings for future reference

printf() is used to print formatted output to the screen, while scanf() is used to read formatted input from the user.

• printf() is used to display output on the screen in a formatted way.

• scanf() is used to read input from the user in a formatted way.

• Example: printf("Hello, World!"); will display 'Hello, World!' on the screen.

• Example: scanf("%d", &num); will read an integer input from the user and store it in 'num'.

Find the closest palindromic number to a given integer represented by a string.

• Convert the string to an integer and iterate to find the closest palindromic number.

• Check for palindromic numbers by reversing the digits and comparing with the original number.

• Handle cases where multiple closest palindromic numbers exist by choosing the smaller one.

Optimal strategy to minimize number of drops to find highest floor an egg can be dropped without breaking.

• Start by dropping the first egg from a lower floor and incrementally increase the floor until it breaks.

• Once the first egg breaks, use the second egg to perform a binary search between the last successful drop and the floor below the breaking point.

• This strategy ensures the minimum number of drops required to find the highest floor.

The question is about finding the last number in a circular queue that has the highest number of digits.

• Implement a circular queue data structure

• Iterate through the circular queue to find the last number with the highest number of digits

• Compare the number of digits of each number in the circular queue

• Keep track of the last number with the highest number of digits

Burning time of magnesium strips and matchbox given, calculate 45 min.

• Calculate the total burning time of both magnesium strips and matchbox

• Divide the total burning time by 4 to get the burning time of 1/4th of the material

• Subtract the burning time of 1/4th of the material from the total burning time to get the remaining burning time

• Divide the remaining burning time by 3 to get the burning time of 1/3rd of the remaining material

• Add the burning time of 1/4th of the material an...read more

Given a binary tree, check if left and right subtrees are mirror images of each other.

• Traverse the tree and compare left and right subtrees recursively.

• Use a stack or queue to traverse the tree iteratively.

• Check if the left subtree is a mirror image of the right subtree by comparing their values and structures.

• Consider an empty tree as a mirror image of itself.

Spell checker routine in Word and PowerPoint is shared in memory to avoid duplication.

• Spell checker routine is typically shared in memory to avoid duplication of code.

• Both Word and PowerPoint can access the same spell checker routine in memory.

• If they are different processes, the spell checker routine is loaded into memory once and shared.

• If they are threads within the same process, they can directly access the shared spell checker routine.

Factors, data sources, and market segment for launching Bing in France

• Factors to consider: language, culture, competition, user behavior

• Data sources: market research, user surveys, competitor analysis

• Pre-existing data: user demographics, search trends, market share

• New data required: local user preferences, language nuances

• Market segment: choose based on target audience, competition, growth potential

ACID properties in DBMS ensure data integrity and consistency.

• Atomicity: All transactions are either fully completed or fully aborted. For example, transferring money from one account to another should be completed in its entirety.

• Consistency: The database remains in a consistent state before and after the transaction. For example, if a constraint is violated during a transaction, the transaction will be rolled back.

• Isolation: Transactions are isolated from each other until t...read more

There can be multiple such elements in the matrix.

• Multiple elements can be max in their row and min in their col

• The function should return all such elements

• The elements can be in different rows and columns

Connect each node to its immediate right node on the same level in a binary tree.

• Use level order traversal to connect nodes on the same level.

• Use a queue to keep track of nodes at each level.

• Update the 'next' pointer of each node to point to the next node in the queue.

I would like to develop a mobile application that helps people track their daily water intake.

• The app would allow users to set daily water intake goals and track their progress throughout the day.

• It could also provide reminders to drink water and offer tips for staying hydrated.

• The app could integrate with wearable devices to automatically track water intake.

• Users could also log the type of water they are drinking, such as tap water or bottled water.

• The app could provide insi...read more

I will listen to their concerns, empathize with them, and offer a solution to their problem.

• Acknowledge their frustration and apologize for any inconvenience caused

• Listen actively to their concerns and let them vent their frustrations

• Empathize with them and show that you understand their perspective

• Offer a solution to their problem and assure them that you will do everything possible to resolve the issue

• Follow up with them to ensure that the issue has been resolved to their s...read more

Design an attendance feature for WhatsApp for SME business

• Identify problems with using a register for attendance

• Design a feature that allows employees to mark attendance on WhatsApp

• Include features like location tracking and time stamping

• Ensure data privacy and security

• Provide analytics and reporting options for employers

Demonstrate communication between two processes using inter-process communication (IPC) methods.

• Use sockets for communication between two processes running on the same or different machines.

• Implement message passing using shared memory or message queues.

• Utilize pipes for communication between parent and child processes.

Memory management in operating systems involves allocation, deallocation, and optimization of memory usage.

• Memory allocation: OS allocates memory to processes based on their requirements.

• Memory deallocation: OS frees up memory when it is no longer needed by a process.

• Memory optimization: OS optimizes memory usage through techniques like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory.

• Examples: Paging in which memory is divided into fixed-size blocks and virtual memory which allows p...read more

Program to store and reconstruct a tree from a file with efficient techniques.

• Use a recursive approach to traverse the tree and write each node to the file

• Include information about the node's parent and children in the file

• Use a unique identifier for each node to reconstruct the tree from the file

• Use a data structure like a hash table to store the nodes and their identifiers for efficient reconstruction

To satisfy the condition 1, only one operation is needed - either delfirst() or dellast().

• To satisfy the condition 1, you can either use delfirst() or dellast() operation once.

• For example, if the array is ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], you can use delfirst() operation to get ['b', 'c', 'd'] or dellast() operation to get ['a', 'b', 'c'].

Find and display all anagrams within an array of strings.

• Iterate through each string in the array

• Sort the characters of each string alphabetically

• Use a hash table to group anagrams together

• Display the groups of anagrams found

Constructing parse tree for ((a+b)*c)/d using data structures.

• Use stack data structure to keep track of operators and operands.

• Start with the innermost parentheses and work outwards.

• Create a node for each operator and operand and link them together.

• The root node will be the final result of the expression.

• Example: ((a+b)*c)/d can be represented as / -> * -> + -> a, b, c, d.

The problem is to find the minimum cost to paint n houses with 3 colors, ensuring no adjacent houses have the same color.

• Use dynamic programming to solve this problem efficiently

• Create a 2D array to store the minimum cost of painting each house with each color

• Iterate through the houses and colors, updating the minimum cost based on the previous adjacent house's color

• Return the minimum cost from the last row of the 2D array