200+ Interview Questions and Answers

Pre-operative care includes preparing the patient physically and mentally for the upcoming procedure.

• Assessing the patient's medical history and current health status

• Ensuring the patient has fasted for the appropriate amount of time

• Administering pre-operative medications as ordered by the physician

• Explaining the procedure and answering any questions the patient may have

• Ensuring the patient has signed the necessary consent forms

• Preparing the surgical site by cleaning and steri...read more

Medicine management in hospitals involves various steps to ensure safe and effective administration of medications.

• The medication order should be verified by a licensed healthcare provider.

• The medication should be properly labeled and stored in a secure location.

• The medication should be administered by a licensed healthcare provider following the five rights of medication administration: right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time.

• Documentation of...read more

BLS and ACLS are important in hospitals for emergency situations and to ensure patient safety.

• BLS (Basic Life Support) is important for providing immediate care to patients experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or other life-threatening emergencies.

• ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support) is important for managing more complex cardiac emergencies, such as arrhythmias, heart attacks, and strokes.

• Having staff trained in BLS and ACLS can improve patient outcomes and red...read more

There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Five molecules of diabetes medicine are Metformin, Insulin, Glipizide, Pioglitazone, and Acarbose.

• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the pancreas and stops it from producing insulin.

• Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin.

• Metformin is a commonly prescribed medication for Type 2 diabetes that helps lower blood sugar leve...read more

NABH accreditation ensures quality healthcare services and patient safety in hospitals.

• NABH (National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers) is a quality assurance program for hospitals.

• It ensures that hospitals follow standard protocols and guidelines for patient care and safety.

• NABH accreditation also helps hospitals to improve their processes and systems, leading to better patient outcomes.

• It is important for hospitals to have NABH accreditation as it bu...read more

If the patient's blood sugar level is 50 mg/dl, immediate action should be taken to raise the blood sugar level.

• Administer a fast-acting source of glucose, such as oral glucose gel or intravenous dextrose

• Monitor the patient's blood sugar levels closely

• Assess the patient for symptoms of hypoglycemia, such as confusion, dizziness, or sweating

• Recheck blood sugar levels after treatment to ensure they have returned to a safe range

Perform a complete blood count (CBC) to check for abnormalities in other blood components.

• Perform a CBC to check for abnormalities in other blood components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and hemoglobin.

• Other tests that may be done include a blood smear to examine the shape and size of blood cells, and a coagulation test to check for clotting disorders.

• Platelet count may also be repeated to confirm the initial result and rule out any errors or fluctuations.

• Exampl...read more

CPR should not be given in certain cases

• CPR should not be given in cases of irreversible death

• CPR should not be given in cases where a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order is in place

• CPR should not be given in cases where the patient has a terminal illness and has expressed a wish to die peacefully

• CPR should not be given in cases where the patient has a poor quality of life and the benefits of resuscitation are unlikely to outweigh the harms

Hyperglycemia symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fatigue, and headaches.

• Increased thirst

• Frequent urination

• Blurred vision

• Fatigue

• Headaches

I would recommend a HbA1c test to check for long-term blood sugar control.

• HbA1c test measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months

• It is useful in diagnosing and monitoring diabetes

• Other tests that may be recommended include lipid profile, kidney function tests, and liver function tests

Cross selling is offering related products to customers while upselling is offering higher-end products or upgrades.

• Cross selling involves suggesting complementary products to the customer's purchase, such as offering batteries with a flashlight.

• Upselling involves suggesting a higher-end version of the product the customer is interested in, such as offering a more expensive brand of pain reliever.

• Both techniques aim to increase sales and customer satisfaction by providing add...read more

High lymphocyte count

• Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell

• High lymphocyte count can indicate infection, autoimmune disease, or cancer

• Further testing may be needed to determine the cause

The daily fluid requirements of a newborn child vary depending on their weight and age.

• A newborn weighing 2.5 kg requires approximately 60-70 ml/kg/day of fluids.

• For the first 3 days of life, a newborn requires around 60 ml/kg/day of fluids.

• From day 4 to day 7, the fluid requirement increases to around 80 ml/kg/day.

• After the first week of life, the fluid requirement decreases to around 150 ml/kg/day.

• Breast milk or formula milk is the primary source of fluids for newborns.

The tube used to hold the solution in colorimeter is called cuvette.

• Cuvette is a small, transparent tube made of glass or plastic.

• It is designed to hold a small amount of liquid sample for analysis in a colorimeter.

• The cuvette is placed in the colorimeter and the light passes through it to measure the absorbance or transmission of the sample.

• Different types of cuvettes are available for different types of samples, such as UV-Vis cuvettes for UV-Vis spectrophotometers.

If a patient has increased intracranial pressure (ICP), the nursing officer should take immediate action to reduce the pressure and prevent further complications.

• Assess the patient's vital signs, level of consciousness, and neurological status

• Elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees to promote venous drainage

• Administer prescribed medications to reduce ICP, such as osmotic diuretics or corticosteroids

• Ensure a quiet and calm environment to minimize stimulation

• Monitor and maint...read more

Inj. Adrenaline is a medication that acts as a powerful stimulant for the sympathetic nervous system.

• Inj. Adrenaline is commonly used in emergency situations to treat severe allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, and asthma attacks.

• It works by stimulating alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation.

• Adrenaline also constricts blood vessels, reducing swelling and improving blood flow.

• It can be administered intravenously...read more

A pharmacy is a healthcare facility where medications are dispensed and pharmaceutical care is provided.

• Pharmacies are responsible for dispensing prescription medications to patients.

• They also provide over-the-counter medications, health advice, and counseling.

• Pharmacies may offer additional services like medication therapy management and immunizations.

• Pharmacists play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and effective use of medications.

• Examples of pharmacies include communit...read more

The anticoagulant in liquid form is heparin.

• Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant in medical laboratories.

• It is used to prevent blood clots and is available in liquid form.

• Heparin is often used in blood tests to prevent clotting of the sample.

• Other anticoagulants like EDTA and citrate are available in liquid form as well.

Electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium. Normal range of WBC is 4,500-11,000 cells/mcL.

• Electrolytes are ions that carry an electrical charge and are essential for various bodily functions.

• Sodium and potassium are important for nerve and muscle function.

• Chloride helps maintain fluid balance and acid-base balance.

• Bicarbonate helps regulate pH levels in the body.

• Calcium and magnesium are important for bone health and muscle function....read more

Lipid profile includes tests for cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL.

• Cholesterol test measures total cholesterol in the blood.

• Triglycerides test measures the amount of fat in the blood.

• HDL test measures the good cholesterol in the blood.

• LDL test measures the bad cholesterol in the blood.

• VLDL test measures the very low-density lipoprotein in the blood.

• Lipid profile is used to assess the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Here are five common antibiotic tablets used in medical practice.

• Amoxicillin

• Ciprofloxacin

• Doxycycline

• Azithromycin

• Clarithromycin

The 3 main symptoms of hyperglycemia are increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

• Increased thirst

• Frequent urination

• Fatigue

Normal range of haemoglobin and best method for estimation

• Normal range of haemoglobin in adult males is 13.5-17.5 g/dL and in adult females is 12.0-15.5 g/dL

• The best method for estimation of haemoglobin is the cyanmethemoglobin method

• Other methods include the Sahli's method, Hemiglobincyanide method, and Hemoglobin electrophoresis

Post operative care is the care given to a patient after a surgical procedure.

• Monitoring vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

• Administering pain medication as needed

• Ensuring the patient is comfortable and has adequate rest

• Monitoring for signs of infection or complications

• Providing wound care and changing dressings as needed

• Encouraging mobility and activity as appropriate

• Providing education on post-operative care and follow-up appointments

The human body has 206 bones.

• Adults have 206 bones while infants have around 300 bones which fuse together as they grow.

• The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes bone in the ear.

• The largest bone in the human body is the femur or thigh bone.

• Bones provide support, protect organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells.

Samples can be collected from various sites in neonates.

• Umbilical cord blood

• Heel stick

• Venipuncture

• Nasopharyngeal swab

• Urine sample

To ensure patients remain calm throughout the dialysis technician, it is important to create a comfortable and reassuring environment.

• Maintain open communication with patients and address any concerns or fears they may have.

• Provide clear explanations of the dialysis procedure and what to expect during the treatment.

• Offer distractions such as music, television, or reading materials to help patients relax.

• Ensure the dialysis equipment is functioning properly and comfortably for...read more

Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.

• Antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections and not viral infections.

• They work by targeting specific components of bacterial cells, such as cell walls or protein synthesis.

• Common examples of antibiotics include penicillin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin.

CPR stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

• CPR is an emergency procedure performed to manually preserve brain function until further medical assistance is available.

• It involves a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain blood circulation and oxygenation.

• CPR is commonly used in cases of cardiac arrest, drowning, or any situation where a person's heart has stopped beating.

• The goal of CPR is to restore blood flow to vital organs and increase the chances...read more

ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It is a blood test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle in a test tube.

• ESR is a non-specific test that helps to detect inflammation in the body.

• It is used to diagnose and monitor the progress of conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

• The test involves taking a sample of blood and measuring the distance that the red blood cells settle in a tube over a period of time.

• A higher ESR value indi...read more

The most important quality in a dialysis technician is attention to detail.

• Attention to detail is crucial in ensuring accurate measurements and monitoring of patients' vital signs.

• A dialysis technician must carefully follow protocols and procedures to prevent infections and complications.

• They need to be meticulous in documenting patient information and treatment records.

• Being observant and noticing any changes in patients' condition is essential for timely intervention.

• Attent...read more

ADR stands for Adverse Drug Reaction. It refers to any harmful or unintended reaction to a medication or drug.

• ADR can range from mild side effects like nausea or dizziness to severe reactions like anaphylaxis or organ damage.

• It is important for nurses to be aware of ADRs and report them promptly to the healthcare team.

• Examples of medications that commonly cause ADRs include antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and opioids.

• Preventing ADRs involves careful medication management, pa...read more

Toxicity, pharmacology, and drug usage in chronic and acute diseases.

• Toxicity refers to the harmful effects of a drug or substance on the body.

• Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with the body and their effects.

• Drug usage involves understanding the appropriate administration, dosage, and duration of medications.

• In chronic diseases, medications are often used for long-term management, requiring careful monitoring for potential toxicity.

• In acute diseases, medication...read more

ABG stands for Arterial Blood Gas. It is a test that measures the acidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

• ABG is a diagnostic test used to assess the respiratory and metabolic status of a patient.

• It involves drawing blood from an artery, usually the radial artery in the wrist.

• The test measures the pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), and oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels in the blood.

• ABG results c...read more

The 12 cranial nerves are a set of nerves that emerge directly from the brain and control various functions of the head and neck.

• The 12 cranial nerves are: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal.

• Each nerve has a specific function, such as the olfactory nerve for sense of smell, the optic nerve for vision, and the facial nerve for facial expressions.

• Damage to these nerves can...read more

LFT tests are performed to assess liver function and diagnose liver diseases.

• LFT stands for Liver Function Test.

• It is a blood test that measures the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and substances in the blood to evaluate liver health.

• LFT helps in diagnosing liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease.

• It is also used to monitor the effectiveness of certain medications and treatments for liver conditions.

• LFT includes tests for liver enzymes (AST, A...read more

Antibiotics are classified into several categories based on their mechanism of action and spectrum of activity.

• Classification of antibiotics includes beta-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides.

• Examples of beta-lactams include penicillin and cephalosporins.

• Macrolides include erythromycin and azithromycin.

• Tetracyclines include doxycycline and tetracycline.

• Aminoglycosides include gentamicin and amikacin.

• Fluoroquinolones include c...read more

Anti-cancer medicine is a medication used to treat cancer by inhibiting or killing cancer cells.

• Anti-cancer medicine can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically.

• Chemotherapy drugs are a common type of anti-cancer medicine.

• Targeted therapy drugs are another type of anti-cancer medicine that work by targeting specific molecules in cancer cells.

• Immunotherapy drugs are a newer type of anti-cancer medicine that help the immune system fight cancer cells.

• Anti-cancer medi...read more

Managing an 8-month pregnant patient in a remote area without access to hospital or nursing home.

• Assess the patient's condition and vital signs

• Provide basic prenatal care and monitoring

• Educate the patient on warning signs and when to seek medical attention

• Arrange for transportation to the nearest hospital or nursing home in case of emergency

• Consider telemedicine consultation with a specialist

• Ensure availability of emergency supplies and equipment

• Stay in communication with the...read more

ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

• ESR is a blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube.

• It is a non-specific test used to detect inflammation in the body.

• ESR is often used to monitor conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and infections.

• The normal range for ESR varies depending on age and gender.

• High ESR levels can indicate the presence of an underlying medical condition.

The position to give for a breathing difficulty patient is the high Fowler's position.

• The high Fowler's position is a sitting position with the head of the bed elevated to 90 degrees.

• This position helps to maximize lung expansion and improve breathing.

• It allows the diaphragm to descend and the chest to expand fully.

• Examples of patients who may benefit from the high Fowler's position include those with respiratory distress, pneumonia, or congestive heart failure.

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by excessive protein loss in urine, resulting in edema and other symptoms.

• Nephrotic syndrome is caused by damage to the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys.

• Common symptoms include swelling (edema), especially in the legs and around the eyes, foamy urine, fatigue, and weight gain.

• It can be caused by various underlying conditions such as minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy.

• Tr...read more

Common diagnostic investigations for a patient with three days of fever include blood tests, imaging studies, and cultures.

• Complete blood count (CBC) to check for signs of infection

• Blood cultures to identify the specific bacteria causing the fever

• Urinalysis to rule out urinary tract infections

• Chest X-ray to look for signs of pneumonia or other respiratory infections

• Throat swab for strep throat

• Malaria test if the patient has traveled to an endemic area

• Dengue fever test in regi...read more

Hypertension is high blood pressure. Normal blood pressure level is typically around 120/80 mmHg.

• Hypertension is a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is too high.

• It is often referred to as the 'silent killer' as it usually has no symptoms but can lead to serious health problems.

• Normal blood pressure is generally considered to be around 120/80 mmHg.

• The first number (systolic pressure) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, and th...read more

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight against foreign substances, while antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections.

• Antibodies are part of the body's immune response and help to identify and neutralize harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

• Antibiotics are medications that specifically target and kill bacteria or inhibit their growth.

• Examples of antibodies include immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgM, and IgA.

• Examples ...read more

Hypoxia is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen supply to the body's tissues and organs.

• Hypoxia occurs when there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen reaching the body's cells.

• It can be caused by various factors such as respiratory disorders, heart conditions, high altitudes, or carbon monoxide poisoning.

• Symptoms of hypoxia include shortness of breath, confusion, rapid heart rate, and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin).

• Treatment for hypoxia involves addres...read more

There are various sizes and colors of cannulas used in medical settings.

• Cannula sizes typically range from 14G (largest) to 24G (smallest)

• Colors of cannulas can vary depending on the manufacturer, but common colors include green, pink, blue, and yellow

• Different sizes and colors are used for specific purposes such as blood transfusions, IV therapy, and medication administration

Five emergency drugs commonly used in medical emergencies.

• Epinephrine: used for severe allergic reactions or cardiac arrest

• Atropine: used for bradycardia or to reverse certain drug effects

• Naloxone: used to reverse opioid overdose

• Adenosine: used for supraventricular tachycardia

• Diazepam: used for seizures or anxiety

Anti-epileptic drugs are medications used to treat seizures and epilepsy by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain.

• Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are also known as anticonvulsants.

• They work by reducing the excessive electrical activity in the brain that causes seizures.

• Examples of AEDs include phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, levetiracetam, and lamotrigine.

Yes, I have experience in handling ICU setups in a hospital.

• I have received specialized training in ICU physiotherapy.

• I am familiar with the equipment and protocols used in ICU settings.

• I have worked in ICU departments during my clinical placements.

• I have experience in providing physiotherapy interventions to critically ill patients.

• I understand the importance of monitoring vital signs and adjusting treatment plans accordingly in an ICU environment.

Dehydration in neonates can be assessed through physical examination and laboratory tests.

• Physical examination includes checking for dry mucous membranes, sunken fontanelles, decreased skin turgor, and reduced urine output.

• Laboratory tests such as serum electrolyte levels, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine can also help in assessing dehydration.

• Neonates are at a higher risk of dehydration due to their small size and immature kidneys, so it is important to monitor their flui...read more

Acidosis is a condition where the blood pH is too low and alkalosis is a condition where the blood pH is too high.

• Acidosis occurs when there is an excess of acid in the blood or a loss of bicarbonate.

• Alkalosis occurs when there is an excess of base in the blood or a loss of acid.

• Examples of acidosis include diabetic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis.

• Examples of alkalosis include hyperventilation and vomiting.

• Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious health consequences if l...read more

COPD stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

• COPD is a progressive lung disease that obstructs airflow and makes breathing difficult.

• It is commonly caused by smoking, but can also be caused by exposure to pollutants or genetic factors.

• Symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness.

• Treatment for COPD includes medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lifestyle changes.

• Examples of COPD medications include bronchodilators, cortico...read more

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

• Pharmacokinetics involves the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination in the body.

• It helps in understanding how drugs are processed by the body and how they affect different organs and tissues.

• Factors such as age, gender, genetics, and disease can affect pharmacokinetics.

• Examples of pharmacokinetic parameters include bioavailability, half-l...read more

Frozen shoulder can be cured through a combination of physiotherapy exercises, pain management techniques, and sometimes surgical intervention.

• Physiotherapy exercises to improve range of motion and strengthen the shoulder muscles

• Pain management techniques such as hot/cold therapy, medication, and ultrasound

• Surgical intervention in severe cases where other treatments have not been effective

• Examples of physiotherapy exercises: pendulum exercises, shoulder stretches, and rotator...read more

The expected date of delivery can be calculated using the Naegele's rule, which involves adding 7 days to the first day of the last menstrual period and counting back 3 months.

• Calculate the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP)

• Add 7 days to the LMP

• Count back 3 months from the result to get the expected due date

• Consider using ultrasound measurements for more accurate estimation

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries.

• Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

• It consists of two numbers - systolic pressure (top number) and diastolic pressure (bottom number)

• Normal blood pressure is considered to be around 120/80 mmHg

• High blood pressure (hypertension) can lead to serious health problems like heart attack and stroke

• Low blood pressure (hypotension) can cause dizziness and fainting

IM injections are typically given at a 90 degree angle.

• IM injections are usually administered at a 90 degree angle to the skin.

• This angle helps ensure that the medication is delivered into the muscle tissue.

• Examples of medications given via IM injection include vaccines like the flu shot or medications like antibiotics.

Five molecules of antifungal medicine

• Fluconazole

• Terbinafine

• Itraconazole

• Ketoconazole

• Amphotericin B

Complications of chronic renal failure in dialysis

• Fluid overload leading to edema and hypertension

• Electrolyte imbalances such as hyperkalemia and hyponatremia

• Anemia due to decreased production of erythropoietin

• Bone and mineral disorders like renal osteodystrophy

• Cardiovascular complications including heart failure and arrhythmias

• Infection risk due to compromised immune system

• Access site complications like infection or thrombosis

• Dialysis-related complications like hypotension o...read more

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a drug or substance that enters the bloodstream when introduced into the body, and is therefore able to have an active effect.

• Bioavailability is the measure of the rate and extent to which a drug reaches systemic circulation.

• It is influenced by factors such as route of administration, metabolism, and drug formulation.

• For example, intravenous administration typically has 100% bioavailability, while oral administration may have lower ...read more

The sites of pulse are locations on the body where the pulse can be felt.

• Common sites of pulse include the radial artery in the wrist, the carotid artery in the neck, the brachial artery in the elbow, the femoral artery in the groin, and the dorsalis pedis artery in the foot.

• Pulse can also be felt at other locations such as the temporal artery in the temple, the popliteal artery behind the knee, and the posterior tibial artery behind the ankle.

• The strength and rhythm of the p...read more

Types of postnatal exercise include pelvic floor exercises, gentle yoga, walking, swimming, and postnatal Pilates.

• Pelvic floor exercises help strengthen the muscles that support the pelvic organs.

• Gentle yoga can help improve flexibility and reduce stress.

• Walking is a low-impact exercise that can be easily incorporated into a postnatal routine.

• Swimming is a great way to exercise the whole body without putting too much strain on joints.

• Postnatal Pilates focuses on core strength...read more

RBS stands for Random Blood Sugar. It is a test to measure the level of glucose in the blood at any given time.

• RBS is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.

• The normal value for RBS is typically between 70-140 mg/dL.

• RBS is often performed without fasting, unlike FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar) and PLBS (Postprandial Blood Sugar).

• FBS measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast.

• PLBS measures blood glucose levels after a meal.

• Abnormal RBS values may indicate diabetes, hypogly...read more

The minimum time required for histopathology varies depending on the specific test or procedure being performed.

• Histopathology is a branch of pathology that involves the examination of tissue samples under a microscope.

• The minimum time required for histopathology can range from a few hours to several days, depending on factors such as sample preparation, staining, and analysis.

• For routine histopathology tests, the minimum turnaround time is typically around 24-48 hours.

• Howeve...read more

Hypokalaemia is a medical condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood.

• It can cause muscle weakness, cramping, and irregular heartbeat.

• It can be caused by certain medications, kidney disease, or excessive sweating.

• Treatment may involve potassium supplements or addressing the underlying cause.

• Severe cases may require hospitalization and intravenous potassium.

• Regular monitoring of potassium levels is important for those at risk.

Calcium gluconate is the antidote for magnesium sulfate.

• Calcium gluconate is the preferred antidote for magnesium sulfate toxicity.

• It works by antagonizing the effects of magnesium on the neuromuscular junction and cardiac conduction.

• Calcium gluconate can be administered intravenously in cases of severe magnesium sulfate overdose.

• It is important to monitor the patient's calcium levels and cardiac function during administration.

Normal blood sugar level is typically between 70-99 mg/dL.

• Normal blood sugar level is important for maintaining overall health.

• The range for normal blood sugar level is typically between 70-99 mg/dL.

• Blood sugar levels can vary throughout the day and can be affected by factors such as food intake, exercise, and medication.

• Abnormal blood sugar levels can indicate conditions such as diabetes.

• Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is crucial for individuals with diabetes.

Nurse's responsibility while administering KCL through IV route.

• Verify the order and dosage of KCL with the physician

• Check the patient's medical history for any contraindications or allergies

• Ensure proper dilution of KCL solution before administration

• Monitor the patient's vital signs during and after administration

• Assess the patient for any signs of adverse reactions or complications

• Document the administration of KCL accurately in the patient's medical record

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system.

• Lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.

• There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.

• B cells produce antibodies that can neutralize or destroy pathogens.

• T cells can directly attack infected cells or coordinate the immune response.

• Lymphocytes also play a role in immunological memory, allowing the body to quickly re...read more

ABG stands for Arterial Blood Gas and VBG stands for Venous Blood Gas.

• ABG is a test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood.

• VBG is a test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the venous blood.

• ABG is considered more accurate than VBG in assessing respiratory function.

• ABG is commonly used to diagnose and monitor respiratory and metabolic disorders.

• VBG is often used as an alternative to ABG when arterial blood sampling is d...read more

My intention is to provide excellent pharmaceutical care to patients and contribute to the overall well-being of the community.

• To ensure the safe and effective use of medications

• To educate patients on proper medication usage and potential side effects

• To collaborate with healthcare professionals to optimize patient outcomes

• To stay updated with the latest advancements in pharmaceutical research and technology

• To maintain accurate records and adhere to legal and ethical standards

Hypoglycemia is a condition where blood sugar levels drop below normal range.

• It is commonly seen in people with diabetes who take insulin or other medications to lower blood sugar levels.

• Symptoms include shakiness, sweating, confusion, dizziness, and in severe cases, seizures or loss of consciousness.

• Treatment involves consuming foods or drinks high in sugar, such as fruit juice or candy, to raise blood sugar levels.

• Prevention includes regular monitoring of blood sugar levels...read more

Pharmacodynamic refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the body.

• Pharmacodynamic is the study of how drugs interact with the body to produce a therapeutic effect.

• It involves understanding the mechanism of action of drugs and how they affect different organs and systems in the body.

• Pharmacodynamic studies are important in determining the optimal dose and duration of treatment for a particular drug.

• Examples of pharmacodynamic studies include measuring the effect of a dru...read more

Tachycardia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate.

• Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults.

• It can be caused by various factors such as stress, exercise, fever, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions.

• Symptoms of tachycardia may include palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, or fainting.

• There are different types of tachycardia, including sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrilla...read more

Insulin is commonly prescribed for diabetic patients to help regulate blood sugar levels.

• Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.

• Oral medications such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and DPP-4 inhibitors may also be prescribed.

• The specific medication prescribed will depend on the type of diabetes, severity of the condition, and individual patient factors.

A body system is a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body.

• The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

• It is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and removing waste products.

• The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, which include arteries, veins, and capillaries.

• Examples of circulatory system disorders...read more

RTA stands for Road Traffic Accident.

• RTA stands for Road Traffic Accident.

• It refers to accidents that occur on the road involving vehicles.

• RTA can result in injuries or fatalities.

• Examples of RTA include car collisions, motorcycle accidents, and pedestrian incidents.

In RFT, I will perform various tests to assess the functioning of the respiratory system. Normal values vary depending on the specific test.

• In RFT (Respiratory Function Test), I will conduct tests to evaluate lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders.

• Some common RFT tests include spirometry, lung volume measurement, and diffusion capacity measurement.

• During spirometry, I will measure the volume and flow of air during inhalation and exhalation.

• Normal spirometry values i...read more

Problem solving is more important as it leads to effective decision making and meeting outcomes.

• Problem solving helps in identifying the root cause of the issue and finding a solution.

• Effective problem solving leads to better decision making in meetings.

• Attending a meeting without problem solving may result in ineffective outcomes.

• Problem solving skills are essential for a Senior Executive Operations role.

Alkalosis is a condition where the pH of blood is higher than normal.

• It can be caused by hyperventilation, vomiting, or excessive intake of alkaline substances.

• Symptoms include confusion, muscle twitching, and tingling sensations.

• Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and restoring the acid-base balance.

• Types of alkalosis include respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis.

Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin.

• Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver.

• Warfarin is an anticoagulant that inhibits the action of vitamin K.

• Administering vitamin K can reverse the effects of warfarin and promote clotting.

• Other anticoagulants like heparin and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) do not have a specific antidote.

Dispensing is the process of preparing and providing medication to patients.

• Dispensing involves interpreting and verifying prescriptions

• Dispensing includes selecting and measuring the appropriate medication

• Dispensing may involve labeling and packaging the medication

• Dispensing requires providing appropriate instructions to the patient

• Dispensing also involves maintaining accurate records of dispensed medications

Preventing anemia involves ensuring adequate iron intake, consuming foods rich in iron, and managing underlying health conditions.

• Encourage a diet rich in iron, such as red meat, poultry, fish, beans, and dark leafy greens.

• Consider iron supplements if necessary, under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

• Treat underlying conditions that may contribute to anemia, such as gastrointestinal bleeding or chronic kidney disease.

• Educate patients on the importance of regular blood te...read more

The sites of intradermal injections are typically on the inner forearm or upper back.

• Common sites for intradermal injections include the inner forearm and upper back

• The inner forearm is often used for TB skin tests

• The upper back is commonly used for allergy testing

The number of visits during pregnancy varies depending on the individual's health and pregnancy status.

• The standard number of visits is around 10-14 for a healthy pregnancy

• High-risk pregnancies may require more frequent visits

• The first visit usually occurs around 8-12 weeks of pregnancy

• Subsequent visits are scheduled every 4-6 weeks until the third trimester

• In the third trimester, visits are scheduled every 2-3 weeks until delivery

• The number of visits may also depend on the h...read more

A radial angio procedure typically uses a radial catheter.

• Radial catheter is specifically designed for radial artery access

• It is smaller in size compared to femoral catheters

• Radial catheter allows for better patient comfort and quicker recovery

• Examples of radial catheters include Glidesheath Slender, PreludeEASE, etc.

The principal of dialysis is to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so.

• Dialysis is a medical procedure used to treat patients with kidney failure.

• It involves the use of a machine to filter the blood and remove waste products and excess fluid.

• The two main types of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

• Hemodialysis uses a dialyzer to filter the blood outside the body, while peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of th...read more

CPR involves several steps to revive a person in cardiac arrest.

• Check for responsiveness

• Call for help

• Open the airway

• Check for breathing

• Start chest compressions

• Give rescue breaths

• Continue CPR until help arrives

Sites of pulse are locations on the body where the pulse can be felt.

• Common sites include the radial artery in the wrist, the carotid artery in the neck, the brachial artery in the elbow, the femoral artery in the groin, and the dorsalis pedis artery in the foot.

• Pulse can also be felt at the temporal artery in the temple, the popliteal artery behind the knee, and the posterior tibial artery behind the medial malleolus.

• Different sites may be used depending on the patient's age...read more

Hematuria is the presence of blood in urine.

• Hematuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of red blood cells in the urine.

• It can be caused by various factors such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, trauma, or certain medications.

• Hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (gross hematuria) or only detectable under a microscope (microscopic hematuria).

• It may or may not be accompanied by other symptoms like pain, urgency, or...read more

MI stands for Myocardial Infarction, commonly known as a heart attack.

• MI is a condition where there is a blockage in the blood flow to the heart muscle.

• It is usually caused by a blood clot forming in one of the coronary arteries.

• Symptoms of MI include chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating.

• Immediate medical attention is required for MI to prevent further damage to the heart.

• Treatment for MI may include medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery.

Emergency drugs are medications used to treat life-threatening conditions or symptoms.

• Epinephrine for anaphylaxis

• Aspirin for heart attack

• Naloxone for opioid overdose

• Albuterol for asthma attack

• Nitroglycerin for chest pain

• Glucose for hypoglycemia

• Atropine for bradycardia

• Diazepam for seizures

• Amiodarone for cardiac arrest

• Morphine for severe pain

Complete blood count (CBC) is another test that can be done if platelets are abnormal.

• Complete blood count (CBC) measures the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood.

• If platelets are abnormal, a CBC can help determine if there are any other abnormalities in the blood.

• For example, if platelet count is low, a CBC can reveal if there is also a decrease in red blood cells or white blood cells.

• If platelet count is high, a CBC can indicate if there ...read more

Wound care principles and surgical dressing procedure are important aspects of nursing practice.

• Wound care principles include assessing the wound, cleaning the wound, and applying appropriate dressings.

• Surgical dressing procedure involves removing the old dressing, cleaning the wound, and applying a new dressing.

• Sterile technique must be used during surgical dressing changes to prevent infection.

• The type of dressing used depends on the type of wound and the stage of healing.

• D...read more

Pharmacokinetics refers to the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.

• Pharmacokinetics involves the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body.

• It helps in understanding how drugs interact with the body and how they are processed by different organs.

• Factors like age, gender, genetics, and disease can affect pharmacokinetics.

• Examples of pharmacokinetic parameters include bioavailability, half-life...read more

Various analysis types are used in medicines to ensure safety and efficacy.

• Pharmacokinetic analysis

• Pharmacodynamic analysis

• Toxicology analysis

• Bioavailability analysis

• Bioequivalence analysis

• Pharmacogenomic analysis

• Clinical trial analysis

A prescription is a written order from a healthcare provider for the dispensing of medication. Handling of prescription involves various steps.

• Prescription is a legal document that includes the patient's name, medication name, dosage instructions, and prescriber's information.

• Pharmacists receive prescriptions from patients or healthcare providers.

• They verify the prescription for accuracy and legality.

• Pharmacists interpret the prescription to determine the appropriate medicati...read more