20+ Specialist Programmer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Find the first occurrence of target value in a sorted array with duplicates.

• Use binary search to find the target value.

• If found, check if the previous element is also the target value.

• If not, return the index of the target value.

• If yes, continue binary search on the left subarray.

Find the maximum subarray sum in an array with positive and negative integers.

• Use Kadane's algorithm to find the maximum subarray sum.

• Initialize two variables, one for current maximum and one for global maximum.

• Iterate through the array and update the variables accordingly.

• Return the global maximum.

• Example: [-2, 1, -3, 4, -1, 2, 1, -5, 4] returns 6 (subarray [4, -1, 2, 1])

Process scheduling algorithms determine the order in which processes are executed by the CPU.

• First Come First Serve (FCFS) - Processes are executed in the order they arrive.

• Shortest Job Next (SJN) - Process with the shortest burst time is executed next.

• Round Robin (RR) - Each process is assigned a fixed time slice for execution.

• Priority Scheduling - Processes are executed based on priority levels assigned to them.

• Multi-Level Queue Scheduling - Processes are divided into diffe...read more

Deadlock in OS occurs when two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release a resource.

• Deadlock happens when processes have acquired resources but are waiting for additional resources that are held by other processes.

• Four conditions must hold for deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait.

• Deadlock can be prevented by using techniques like resource allocation graphs, deadlock detection algori...read more

Joins in DBMS are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

• Inner Join: Returns rows when there is at least one match in both tables.

• Left Join: Returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right table.

• Right Join: Returns all rows from the right table and the matched rows from the left table.

• Full Outer Join: Returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables.

• Self Join: Joining a table with itself to combine r...read more

Late binding and early binding are concepts in programming related to when the binding of a method to its implementation occurs.

• Early binding refers to the process of linking a method call to the method implementation at compile time.

• Late binding refers to the process of linking a method call to the method implementation at runtime.

• Early binding is also known as static binding, while late binding is also known as dynamic binding.

• Late binding allows for more flexibility and ex...read more

Sorting code for given 3 RAMs and data quantity

• Determine the size of each RAM and the quantity of data in them

• Choose a sorting algorithm based on the size of data and available RAM

• Divide the data into chunks that can fit into the available RAM

• Sort each chunk using the chosen algorithm

• Merge the sorted chunks into a single sorted list

Code to convert camel casing to snake casing and vice versa.

• For camel to snake case, iterate through the string and add '_' before every uppercase letter except the first one.

• For snake to camel case, iterate through the string and remove '_' and capitalize the letter after it.

• Handle edge cases like consecutive uppercase letters or underscores in the input string.

• Use built-in string functions like split(), join(), and replace() for efficient implementation.

Program to print frequencies of elements in an array.

• Create a dictionary to store the frequency of each element.

• Iterate through the array and update the frequency in the dictionary.

• Print the dictionary to display the frequency of each element.

To swap two numbers without using third variable, use arithmetic operations.

• Add the two numbers and store the result in the first variable.

• Subtract the second variable from the sum and store the result in the second variable.

• Subtract the second variable from the original sum and store the result in the first variable.

Find the largest increasing subsequence from a list of natural numbers

• Use dynamic programming to keep track of the longest increasing subsequence ending at each index

• Iterate through the list and update the longest increasing subsequence for each element

• Return the maximum length of the increasing subsequence

Immutability in Python refers to the property of objects that cannot be changed after creation.

• Immutable objects cannot be modified once created

• Immutable objects include numbers, strings, and tuples

• Immutable objects are useful for caching and as dictionary keys

Array list has O(1) time complexity for accessing elements but O(n) for insertion/deletion, while linked list has O(n) time complexity for accessing elements but O(1) for insertion/deletion.

• Array list has constant time complexity O(1) for accessing elements by index, but linear time complexity O(n) for insertion/deletion operations due to shifting elements.

• Linked list has linear time complexity O(n) for accessing elements as it requires traversing from the head node, but cons...read more

Stack is a linear data structure that follows Last In First Out (LIFO) principle.

• Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack.

• Push operation adds an element to the top of the stack.

• Pop operation removes the top element from the stack.

• Peek operation returns the top element without removing it.

• Examples: function call stack, undo-redo operations in text editors.

Mutable objects in Python are objects whose value can be changed after creation.

• Lists, dictionaries, and sets are examples of mutable objects in Python.

• Changes made to mutable objects directly affect the original object.

• Mutable objects can be modified in place using methods like append(), update(), and remove().

Design a database for airways ticket booking system

• Create tables for flights, passengers, bookings, and seats

• Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables

• Include attributes like flight number, passenger name, seat number, etc.

• Implement constraints to ensure data integrity

• Consider indexing for faster retrieval of data

Phone directory can be implemented using an array of strings.

• Use an array of strings to store phone numbers with corresponding names

• Implement functions to add, delete, search, and display entries in the phone directory

• Consider using a hash table for faster search operations

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that involves developing algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data.

• Machine learning involves training algorithms to learn patterns from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed.

• It is used in various applications such as image recognition, natural language processing, recommendation systems, and autonomous vehicles.

• Examples o...read more

Use two pointers to remove duplicates from a sorted array of strings.

• Initialize two pointers, one for the current element and one for the next unique element.

• Compare current element with next element, if same, move next pointer until a different element is found.

• Replace duplicate elements with unique elements found by next pointer.