100+ Solution Architect Interview Questions and Answers

Classic folders are traditional file storage structures, while modern folders are enhanced with additional features and capabilities.

• Classic folders follow a hierarchical structure, with subfolders and files organized in a tree-like format.

• Modern folders often include metadata, tags, and other attributes to enhance search and organization.

• Classic folders rely on manual organization and navigation, while modern folders offer automated organization and intelligent search.

• Modern...read more

Pega suggests not having a framework layer in the application stack to avoid unnecessary complexity and maintainability issues.

• Pega recommends a flat application stack to simplify the design and development process.

• Having a framework layer can introduce unnecessary complexity and increase the learning curve for developers.

• A flat application stack allows for easier maintenance and upgrades as there are no dependencies on a separate framework layer.

• Pega provides built-in featur...read more

Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

• Pods are the smallest deployable units in Kubernetes, while VMs are complete virtual machines with their own operating system and hardware resources.

• Types of services in Kubernetes include ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, and ExternalName.

• 4G and 5G are different generations of mobile network technology, with 5G offering faster speeds...read more

To deal with unmotivated stakeholders, use techniques like active listening, identifying their needs, and providing incentives.

• Identify their needs and concerns

• Actively listen to their feedback

• Provide incentives or rewards for participation

• Communicate the benefits of their involvement

• Offer training or support to increase their understanding

• Involve them in decision-making processes

Migration is the process of moving data, applications, or infrastructure from one environment to another.

• Migration can be done for various reasons such as upgrading to a newer version, moving to a different platform, or consolidating resources.

• The process involves planning, testing, and executing the migration with minimal disruption to the business.

• Common migration methods include lift-and-shift, re-platforming, and refactoring.

• Examples of migration include moving data from ...read more

Multithreading enables parallel processing. PHP supports multithreading but not recommended for high-performance parallelism.

• Multithreading allows multiple threads to execute concurrently

• Programming languages like Java, C++, and Python are recommended for high-performance parallelism

• PHP supports multithreading but not recommended for high-performance parallelism

• PHP extensions like pthreads and pcntl can be used for multithreading in PHP

SOA is an architectural style that focuses on services as reusable components, while microservices is an architectural pattern that structures an application as a collection of small, loosely coupled services.

• SOA is a broader architectural style that encompasses various technologies and approaches, while microservices is a specific implementation of SOA.

• SOA emphasizes on reusability, interoperability, and loose coupling of services, while microservices focuses on small, indep...read more

Association represents a relationship between two classes, Aggregation is a type of association with a whole-part relationship.

• Association represents a relationship between two classes without implying any ownership.

• Aggregation is a type of association where one class is a part of another class.

• Composition is a stronger form of aggregation where the part cannot exist without the whole.

• In UML, association is represented by a solid line, aggregation by an empty diamond, and com...read more

Architectural patterns define the overall structure and organization of a system, while design patterns provide solutions to specific design problems within the system.

• Architectural patterns focus on high-level decisions about the system's structure, components, and interactions.

• Design patterns address lower-level design decisions and provide reusable solutions to common design problems.

• Architectural patterns are concerned with system-wide concerns like scalability, security,...read more

Answers to Solution Architect interview questions

• Classical Java web sites use servlets and JSPs, while Node.js uses event-driven, non-blocking I/O model

• JavaScript runs on the client-side in web browsers and on the server-side in Node.js

• Fundamentals of Node.js include event-driven architecture, non-blocking I/O, and the use of modules

• Docker is a containerization platform that allows for easy deployment and scaling of applications

• Ways to build device-agnostic applications inclu...read more

Informatica Cloud and Snowflake, Glue and Redshift, and PySpark and Snowflake are all viable data warehousing solutions with different use cases.

• Informatica Cloud and Snowflake are ideal for organizations that need a cloud-based data warehousing solution with easy integration and scalability.

• Glue and Redshift are suitable for organizations that require a serverless data warehousing solution with automated ETL processes.

• PySpark and Snowflake are a good fit for organizations th...read more

Configure OKTA security for a connect rest method

• Create an OKTA account and configure the security settings

• Generate an API token in OKTA and use it in the REST method

• Add the OKTA authorization header to the REST request

• Test the REST method with OKTA authentication

Yes, I have worked on document understanding.

• I have experience with natural language processing (NLP) techniques to extract information from unstructured documents.

• I have worked on developing algorithms to classify and extract data from documents such as invoices, receipts, and contracts.

• I have also used machine learning models to improve the accuracy of document understanding.

• One example of a project I worked on involved extracting key information from medical records to imp...read more

APN redirection, 3GDT, MME/SGSN pooling, APN configuration, and SBA in 5G are topics related to mobile network architecture.

• APN redirection is the process of redirecting a user's data traffic to a different Access Point Name (APN) than the one originally requested.

• 3GDT stands for 3G Direct Tunneling, which allows for direct communication between the User Equipment (UE) and the Serving Gateway (SGW) without going through the Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW).

• MME/SGSN pooling i...read more

Different types of Exception handling include try-catch, throw, throws, finally, and custom exceptions.

• try-catch block catches and handles exceptions

• throw keyword throws an exception explicitly

• throws keyword declares the exceptions that a method may throw

• finally block executes code after try-catch block

• Custom exceptions are user-defined exceptions

VPC is a virtual network that allows users to launch resources in a logically isolated section of the AWS cloud.

• VPC stands for Virtual Private Cloud

• It allows users to create a private network within the AWS cloud

• Components include subnets, route tables, security groups, and network ACLs

• Users can launch EC2 instances, RDS databases, and other resources within a VPC

• VPC peering allows communication between VPCs in different accounts or regions

N-tier refers to physical separation of components while n-layered refers to logical separation of components.

• N-tier architecture separates components physically into tiers such as presentation, application, and database tiers.

• N-layered architecture separates components logically into layers such as presentation, business, and data access layers.

• N-tier architecture is more suitable for large-scale applications with high scalability and availability requirements.

• N-layered arch...read more

Security in Microservices is maintained through authentication, authorization, encryption, and monitoring.

• Implementing authentication mechanisms like OAuth, JWT, or API keys to verify the identity of clients accessing the microservices.

• Utilizing authorization techniques such as role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (ABAC) to control what actions users can perform.

• Encrypting data in transit using protocols like HTTPS and TLS, and at rest using encr...read more

The share of work among project management, architecting solutions, and handling various aspects of customer management varies depending on the project and organization.

• The share of work can be influenced by the size and complexity of the project

• Project management involves planning, organizing, and overseeing the project

• Architecting solutions involves designing and implementing the technical solutions

• Customer management involves understanding and meeting the customer's needs

• T...read more

Handwritten receipts can be handled from RPA using OCR technology.

• OCR technology can be used to extract text from handwritten receipts.

• The extracted text can be processed and entered into a database or accounting software.

• Machine learning algorithms can be used to improve the accuracy of OCR technology.

• Human validation may be required to ensure accuracy.

• OCR technology can also be used to extract data from other types of documents, such as invoices and forms.

Job scheduler schedules jobs to run at specific times while queue processor processes jobs in a queue.

• Job scheduler is time-based while queue processor is event-based

• Job scheduler is used for scheduling tasks like backups, updates, etc.

• Queue processor is used for processing tasks like sending emails, processing orders, etc.

• Job scheduler can be used to trigger a queue processor to process a job

• Queue processor can handle multiple jobs concurrently while job scheduler handles on...read more

To integrate REST and SOAP for message delivery and result stamping in SFDC.

• Use SOAP for outbound message delivery to third party system.

• Use REST for inbound message delivery to SFDC.

• Implement error handling and retry mechanisms.

• Ensure data security and privacy.

• Test thoroughly before deployment.

No, parallelism is not sequential calls with parallel execution supported by listeners.

• Parallelism is the ability to execute multiple tasks simultaneously.

• It involves dividing a task into smaller sub-tasks that can be executed concurrently.

• Parallelism can be achieved through multi-threading, multi-processing, or distributed computing.

• Listeners are not necessarily involved in parallelism, but can be used to monitor the progress of parallel tasks.

To invoke an AWS Lambda function using Java program.

• Create an AWS Lambda client using AWS SDK for Java

• Invoke the Lambda function using invoke method

• Handle the response from the Lambda function

We are using Spring Boot 2.5.3 and Java 11 in our project.

• Spring Boot version: 2.5.3

• Java version: 11

Best practices for designing product catalogue for Telcos

• Ensure clear categorization of products and services

• Use simple and consistent naming conventions

• Include detailed descriptions and specifications

• Provide easy navigation and search functionality

• Regularly update and maintain the catalogue

• Consider customer feedback and preferences

• Integrate with billing and CRM systems

• Ensure compliance with regulatory requirements

Named user license is assigned to a specific individual while concurrent user license is shared among multiple users.

• Named user license is assigned to a specific individual and cannot be shared with others.

• Concurrent user license is shared among multiple users and can be used by any user at any time, as long as the maximum number of users is not exceeded.

• Named user license is typically more expensive than concurrent user license.

• Examples of named user license include Microsof...read more

Code can be protected through various technical measures.

• Use encryption to protect the code from being read or copied

• Implement access controls to limit who can view or modify the code

• Use digital signatures to verify the authenticity of the code

• Employ obfuscation techniques to make the code difficult to understand

• Consider using a software licensing system to control distribution and usage

• Regularly monitor and audit the code to detect any unauthorized use or distribution

To design scalable and reliable distributed applications, consider factors like load balancing, fault tolerance, and data partitioning.

• Use load balancers to distribute traffic evenly across multiple servers

• Implement fault tolerance by replicating data and services across multiple nodes

• Partition data to distribute it across multiple nodes and avoid bottlenecks

• Use caching to reduce the load on the database

• Implement auto-scaling to handle sudden spikes in traffic

• Use message queu...read more

To implement a secure and highly available cloud environment with database and other services, regional expectations must be considered.

• Choose a cloud provider that offers high availability and security features

• Implement a multi-region architecture to ensure availability in any region

• Use database replication and backups to ensure data availability and durability

• Implement security measures such as encryption, access control, and monitoring

• Consider using load balancers and auto...read more

I have used a variety of AWS services including EC2, S3, RDS, Lambda, and CloudFormation.

• EC2 - Elastic Compute Cloud for scalable virtual servers

• S3 - Simple Storage Service for object storage

• RDS - Relational Database Service for managed databases

• Lambda - Serverless computing service for running code without provisioning servers

• CloudFormation - Infrastructure as Code service for automating resource provisioning

I have worked with design patterns such as Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Strategy.

• Singleton pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.

• Factory pattern creates objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created.

• Observer pattern defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.

• Strategy pattern defines a family...read more

My approach would be to first identify the use case and target audience, then select appropriate AI technologies and design a conversational flow.

• Identify use case and target audience

• Select appropriate AI technologies

• Design conversational flow

• Train and test the chatbot

• Continuously improve and update the AI platform

I have used AWS Lambda for building serverless applications and automating tasks.

• Developed a serverless image processing application using AWS Lambda, S3, and API Gateway

• Implemented a cron job using AWS Lambda to automatically backup DynamoDB tables

• Integrated AWS Lambda with Amazon SNS to send notifications based on certain events

Factory design pattern is a creational pattern that provides an interface for creating objects in a superclass, but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created.

• Factory design pattern is used to create objects without specifying the exact class of object that will be created.

• It provides a way to delegate the instantiation logic to child classes.

• One example is the Factory Method pattern, where a superclass provides an interface for creating objects, but ...read more

Uber's high-level architecture consists of multiple components such as user app, driver app, dispatch system, payment system, and data analytics.

• Uber's user app is built using React Native and communicates with the backend through RESTful APIs.

• The driver app is built using native Android and iOS languages and communicates with the backend through WebSockets.

• The dispatch system is responsible for matching riders with drivers and is built using Node.js and Redis.

• The payment sys...read more

Yes, I have designed architecture solutions for large proposals.

• I have experience designing architecture solutions for large-scale projects that require high availability, scalability, and security.

• I have worked on proposals for enterprise clients where the architecture needed to support thousands of users and handle large amounts of data.

• I have expertise in designing cloud-based solutions using AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud to meet the specific requirements of the proposal.

• I h...read more

Solution architecture focuses on specific projects or systems, while enterprise architecture looks at the overall structure and alignment of an entire organization.

• Solution architecture is concerned with designing solutions for specific projects or systems.

• Enterprise architecture focuses on the overall structure and alignment of an entire organization.

• Solution architecture is more tactical and project-focused, while enterprise architecture is strategic and organization-focuse...read more

Lambda function syntax for filtering data in an array of strings.

• Use the filter() method with a lambda function as the argument.

• The lambda function should return a boolean value based on the condition to filter.

• Syntax: array.filter(lambda_function)

• Example: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'].filter(lambda x: 'a' in x)

Microservice patterns are architectural patterns that help in designing and implementing microservices.

• Service Decomposition

• Database per Service

• Event-Driven Architecture

• API Gateway

• Service Registry

• Circuit Breaker

• Bulkhead

• Saga

• Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS)

• Event Sourcing

Route53 is a scalable and highly available DNS service provided by AWS.

• Route53 can be used to register domain names and route internet traffic to resources like EC2 instances, S3 buckets, and load balancers.

• It can also be used for health checks and failover routing to ensure high availability of resources.

• Route53 supports various routing policies like simple, weighted, latency-based, geolocation-based, and failover routing.

• It can integrate with other AWS services like CloudFr...read more

I have extensive experience in designing complex software solutions for various industries.

• I have designed and implemented a cloud-based solution for a large e-commerce company that involved integrating multiple systems and databases.

• I have also designed a real-time data processing system for a financial services company that involved complex algorithms and machine learning models.

• I have experience in designing scalable and fault-tolerant systems using microservices architect...read more

Best practices for optimizing HTTP API performance

• Use caching to reduce server load and improve response time

• Minimize the number of requests by combining multiple requests into one

• Use compression to reduce the size of data being transferred

• Implement rate limiting to prevent overload and ensure fair usage

• Optimize database queries to reduce response time

• Use a content delivery network (CDN) to reduce latency and improve availability

Singleton pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.

• Create a private static instance of the class

• Provide a public static method to access the instance

• Ensure the constructor is private to prevent instantiation

Lambda functions are small, anonymous functions used in programming. Designing a parking space involves planning and organizing the layout.

• Lambda functions are also known as anonymous functions because they don't have a name.

• They are used to write concise and reusable code.

• Lambda functions are often used in functional programming languages.

• They can be passed as arguments to higher-order functions.

• Designing a parking space involves considering factors like space availability, ...read more

Protect against injection attacks by validating user input and using parameterized queries.

• Validate user input by checking for expected data types and formats

• Use parameterized queries to prevent malicious code from being executed

• Implement input sanitization to remove potentially harmful characters

• Limit user privileges to only necessary actions

• Regularly update and patch software to address known vulnerabilities

AAA and AAAA queries are DNS queries used to retrieve IPv4 and IPv6 addresses respectively.

• AAA query is used to retrieve IPv4 address of a domain name.

• AAAA query is used to retrieve IPv6 address of a domain name.

• AAA and AAAA queries are part of DNS (Domain Name System) protocol.

• AAA and AAAA records are stored in DNS servers.

• Example: AAA query for google.com will return 172.217.166.142.

• Example: AAAA query for google.com will return 2a00:1450:4001:81a::200e.