30+ Senior Software Developer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Implementing an LRU Cache using HashMap and List for efficient key-value storage.

• Use a HashMap to store key-value pairs for O(1) access.

• Maintain a doubly linked list to track the order of usage.

• On access, move the accessed node to the front of the list.

• If the cache exceeds 5 keys, remove the least recently used node.

• Example: For keys 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, accessing key 2 makes it most recent.

M2 request flow involves multiple steps from the browser to the controller in a Magento 2 application, ensuring proper request handling.

• Browser Request: The flow begins when a user interacts with the browser, sending an HTTP request to the server for a specific URL.

• Routing: Magento 2's routing system interprets the URL and determines which controller and action to invoke based on defined routes.

• Controller Initialization: The appropriate controller class is instantiated, and t...read more

I will identify the root cause and optimize code, database, and server configurations.

• Analyze website performance using tools like Google PageSpeed Insights, GTmetrix, etc.

• Identify the root cause of performance issues by analyzing server logs and database queries.

• Optimize code by reducing database queries, using caching, and minimizing HTTP requests.

• Optimize database by indexing tables, optimizing queries, and reducing table joins.

• Optimize server configurations by increasing ...read more

Credit management and pricing are related as creditworthiness affects pricing decisions.

• Creditworthiness of a customer affects the interest rate they are offered for loans or credit cards.

• Higher credit scores may result in lower interest rates and fees.

• Credit risk is also a factor in determining pricing for financial products.

• For example, a lender may charge higher interest rates to customers with lower credit scores to offset the risk of default.

• Credit management practices c...read more

The event loop in Node.js manages asynchronous operations, allowing non-blocking execution of code.

• The event loop continuously checks the call stack and the task queue.

• When the call stack is empty, the event loop takes the first task from the queue and pushes it to the stack.

• Node.js uses a single-threaded model, but it can handle multiple operations concurrently through callbacks, promises, and async/await.

• Example: A file read operation is non-blocking; the event loop continu...read more

Interfaces define contracts for behavior while abstract classes provide partial implementation.

• Interfaces cannot have implementation while abstract classes can have partial implementation

• A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only inherit from one abstract class

• Interfaces are used for loose coupling while abstract classes are used for code reuse

• Example of interface: Comparable interface in Java

• Example of abstract class: Animal class with abstract method 'makeSound'

Improving core web vitals involves optimizing page speed, interactivity, and visual stability.

• Optimize images and videos to reduce page load time

• Minimize HTTP requests by combining files and using caching

• Use lazy loading to defer loading of non-critical resources

• Eliminate render-blocking resources

• Reduce server response time by optimizing code and database queries

• Use a content delivery network (CDN) to reduce latency

• Prioritize above-the-fold content to improve interactivity

• Avo...read more

Auto wiring in Spring Boot is a feature that allows Spring to automatically inject dependencies into a bean.

• Auto wiring eliminates the need for manual configuration of dependencies in Spring beans

• It can be achieved by using @Autowired annotation

• There are different types of auto wiring modes like 'byType', 'byName', 'constructor', and 'autodetect'

I developed a web-based project management tool to streamline team collaboration and enhance productivity across various departments.

• Utilized React for the front-end to create a responsive user interface.

• Implemented RESTful APIs using Node.js and Express for seamless data communication.

• Integrated third-party services like Slack for real-time notifications.

• Employed MongoDB for a flexible and scalable database solution.

• Conducted user testing sessions to gather feedback and impr...read more

Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods, while interface can only have abstract methods.

• Abstract class can have constructors, fields, and methods, while interface cannot have any implementation.

• A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only inherit from one abstract class.

• Abstract classes are used to define a common base class for related classes, while interfaces are used to define a contract for classes to implement.

• Example: Abstract class 'Sh...read more

Stored procedures in MySQL are precompiled SQL statements that can be saved and reused.

• Stored procedures are used to improve performance and reduce network traffic.

• They can be used to encapsulate business logic and complex queries.

• They can also be used to enforce security and access control.

• Stored procedures are created using the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

• They can be called using the CALL statement.

Async improves performance by allowing non-blocking execution of tasks.

• Async programming allows multiple tasks to run concurrently, improving overall system throughput.

• By avoiding blocking operations, such as waiting for I/O or network requests, other tasks can continue execution.

• Async programming can utilize resources more efficiently by reducing idle time.

• It enables better responsiveness in user interfaces by not blocking the main thread.

• Examples of async programming in act...read more

Inner join combines rows from two tables based on a related column, while group by aggregates data for analysis.

• Inner join retrieves records with matching values in both tables. Example: SELECT * FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

• Group by is used to aggregate data based on one or more columns. Example: SELECT COUNT(*), Country FROM Customers GROUP BY Country;

• Using inner join with group by allows for aggregated results from related ta...read more

Optimize Angular functions for better performance and maintainability using best practices.

• Use OnPush change detection strategy to minimize unnecessary checks.

• Leverage trackBy in ngFor to optimize rendering of lists.

• Implement lazy loading for feature modules to reduce initial load time.

• Utilize memoization techniques for expensive calculations.

• Avoid using too many subscriptions; use async pipe instead.

Yes, Chennai is a suitable base location for me.

• Chennai has a thriving IT industry with many job opportunities for software developers.

• The city offers a good work-life balance with affordable cost of living.

• Chennai has a rich cultural heritage and diverse cuisine to explore in free time.

Pricing procedure determination is the process of defining how prices are calculated for products or services.

• Pricing procedure determination involves defining condition types, which are used to calculate prices based on various factors such as quantity, discounts, taxes, etc.

• The pricing procedure is determined based on the sales area, customer, and material master data.

• Examples of condition types include discounts, surcharges, freight charges, taxes, etc.

• The pricing procedur...read more

CRUD operations on a users table involve creating, reading, updating, and deleting user records in a database.

• Create: Use SQL INSERT statement to add a new user. Example: INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('John Doe', 'john@example.com');

• Read: Use SQL SELECT statement to retrieve user data. Example: SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;

• Update: Use SQL UPDATE statement to modify existing user information. Example: UPDATE users SET email = 'john.doe@example.com' WHERE id = 1;

• D...read more

Developing software services involves designing, implementing, testing, and deploying services that meet user requirements.

• Identify user requirements and design the service architecture accordingly

• Implement the service using appropriate programming languages and frameworks

• Test the service thoroughly to ensure it meets user requirements and is reliable

• Deploy the service to a production environment and monitor its performance

• Continuously improve the service based on user feedba...read more

Item Category Determination is the process of assigning a category to a product based on its attributes.

• Consider the product's features such as size, weight, material, and intended use

• Use a classification system such as UNSPSC or NAICS

• Automate the process using machine learning algorithms

• Ensure accuracy by regularly reviewing and updating categories

Developed a project using the concept of operating systems to optimize resource allocation and improve performance.

• Implemented process scheduling algorithms like Round Robin and Priority Scheduling.

• Utilized memory management techniques such as paging and segmentation.

• Used synchronization mechanisms like semaphores and mutexes to prevent race conditions.

Validation rules ensure data integrity by defining acceptable formats and constraints for input data in software applications.

• Ensure data meets specific criteria before processing (e.g., email format must be valid).

• Prevent incorrect data entry (e.g., age must be a positive integer).

• Enhance user experience by providing immediate feedback (e.g., password strength requirements).

• Examples include: required fields, data type checks, and value ranges (e.g., date must be in the futur...read more

Yes, I have experience with both MERN and SERN stacks.

• Proficient in MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node.js

• Experience building full stack applications using MERN/SERN stack

• Knowledge of RESTful APIs and GraphQL for data fetching and manipulation

List, Tuple, Dict, and Array are data structures in Python with different characteristics and use cases.

• List: Mutable, ordered collection of items. Example: [1, 2, 3]

• Tuple: Immutable, ordered collection of items. Example: (1, 2, 3)

• Dict: Unordered collection of key-value pairs. Example: {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

• Array: Homogeneous collection of items with fixed size. Example: [1, 2, 3]

The chmod command in Linux changes file permissions for users, groups, and others.

• chmod 755 filename: Sets read, write, execute for owner; read, execute for group and others.

• chmod u+x filename: Adds execute permission for the file owner.

• chmod g-w filename: Removes write permission from the group.

• chmod 644 filename: Sets read/write for owner; read for group and others.

Find the median of two sorted arrays efficiently using binary search.

• Combine both arrays and sort them, then find the median. Example: [1, 3] and [2] -> [1, 2, 3] -> median is 2.

• Use binary search to partition both arrays. This reduces time complexity to O(log(min(n, m))).

• Handle even and odd lengths separately. For even, average the two middle values; for odd, take the middle value.

C++ programming concepts include OOP, templates, exception handling, and more, enabling efficient and organized code development.

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism help in organizing code. Example: Class and object creation.

• Templates: Allow writing generic and reusable code. Example: Function templates for sorting arrays.

• Exception Handling: Mechanism to handle runtime errors using try, catch, and throw. Example: Catching division b...read more

A sandbox is a testing environment that isolates code execution to prevent unintended interactions with the main system.

• Used in software development to test new features without affecting the live environment.

• Commonly employed in web development to test scripts and applications safely.

• In cybersecurity, sandboxes are used to analyze suspicious files or software in isolation.

• Examples include virtual machines or containerized environments like Docker.