500+ Lead Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Active agents initiate actions while passive agents respond to actions.

• Active agents are proactive while passive agents are reactive.

• Active agents initiate change while passive agents undergo change.

• Examples of active agents include enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters while examples of passive agents include water, air, and salt.

• Active agents are often associated with living organisms while passive agents are associated with non-living things.

Ultrasonic level transmitter uses sound waves to measure the level of liquid or solid in a container.

• The transmitter sends high-frequency sound waves towards the surface of the liquid or solid.

• The waves bounce back and are received by the transmitter.

• The time taken for the waves to return is measured and used to calculate the distance to the surface.

• The distance is then converted into a level measurement and transmitted to a control system.

• Ultrasonic level transmitters are co...read more

Accelerated ageing process in storage chamber of suture testing lab is a method to simulate long-term storage conditions in a shorter period of time.

• Accelerated ageing involves subjecting the sutures to elevated temperatures and humidity levels to speed up degradation processes.

• This process helps researchers predict the shelf life and performance of sutures under normal storage conditions.

• Common accelerated ageing methods include thermal cycling, UV exposure, and chemical exp...read more

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi performance testing involves various methodologies to ensure reliability, speed, and range in real-world scenarios.

• Conduct throughput tests to measure data transfer rates under different conditions.

• Perform range tests to determine the effective coverage area of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi signals.

• Use packet loss tests to assess the reliability of connections in various environments.

• Simulate interference from other devices to evaluate performance degradation.

• Test l...read more

Linux system process, PKI, Cryptography, and Secure Boot process are all important components of secure computing.

• Linux system process refers to the way in which the operating system manages and executes programs and applications.

• PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) is a system for managing digital certificates and public-private key pairs to ensure secure communication.

• Cryptography involves the use of mathematical algorithms to secure data and communications.

• Secure Boot process i...read more

Yes, I have experience in Windows Server Administration.

• I have experience in managing and maintaining Windows Server 2012 and 2016.

• I am proficient in Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, and Group Policy Management.

• I have experience in configuring and troubleshooting network services and protocols.

• I am familiar with PowerShell scripting for automation and task scheduling.

• I have experience in managing virtualization technologies such as Hyper-V and VMware.

To design a tool like Google Looker, I would start by understanding the user's needs and requirements.

• Conduct user research to understand their needs and pain points

• Identify key features and functionalities required

• Create wireframes and prototypes to test and refine the design

• Collaborate with cross-functional teams to ensure seamless integration with existing systems

• Continuously gather feedback and iterate on the design

• Ensure scalability and security of the tool

A cursor is a database object used to manipulate data in a result set.

• A cursor is used to traverse through a result set one row at a time.

• It can be used to update or delete rows in a result set.

• Attributes of a cursor include its name, type, scrollability, and sensitivity.

• Examples of cursor types include forward-only, static, dynamic, and keyset-driven.

1. Different types of welds and their applications. 2. Stress, strain, torque, buoyancy, etc.

• Different types of welds include butt welds, fillet welds, lap welds, etc.

• Butt welds are used to join two pieces of metal together end-to-end, while fillet welds are used to join two pieces of metal together at right angles.

• Lap welds are used to join two pieces of metal together that overlap each other.

• Stress is the force per unit area that a material is subjected to, while strain is ...read more

Read DTCs service in UDS is used to retrieve diagnostic trouble codes from a vehicle's electronic control unit.

• DTCs are codes that indicate a problem with a vehicle's systems or components

• The read DTCs service allows technicians to identify and diagnose issues with a vehicle

• The service is part of the Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) protocol used in automotive diagnostics

• Examples of DTCs include P0300 (random/multiple cylinder misfire detected) and U0100 (lost communication ...read more

L3 fabric is a network architecture that provides high-speed and low-latency connectivity between devices. COOP is a protocol used for failover and redundancy in networking.

• L3 fabric is a type of network architecture that uses Layer 3 routing to provide high-speed and low-latency connectivity between devices.

• It is designed to be scalable and flexible, allowing for easy expansion and modification of the network.

• COOP (Cluster Over the Wire Protocol) is a protocol used for failo...read more

Monocrystalline panels are made from single crystal structures, while polycrystalline panels consist of multiple crystal fragments.

• Monocrystalline panels are more efficient, typically around 15-22% efficiency.

• Polycrystalline panels are less expensive but have lower efficiency, around 13-16%.

• Monocrystalline panels have a uniform dark color, while polycrystalline panels have a bluish hue.

• Monocrystalline panels perform better in low-light conditions compared to polycrystalline.

• E...read more

Series circuits have components connected end-to-end, while parallel circuits have components connected across common points.

• In a series circuit, the current is the same through all components, e.g., Christmas lights.

• In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across all components, e.g., household wiring.

• If one component fails in a series circuit, the entire circuit stops working.

• In a parallel circuit, if one component fails, the others can still function.

Solar panel output is primarily measured in watts, indicating the power generated under standard test conditions.

• Output is typically measured in watts (W), kilowatts (kW), or megawatts (MW).

• A standard residential solar panel might produce around 250-400 watts.

• Larger solar farms can generate output in megawatts, e.g., a 10 MW solar farm.

• The efficiency of solar panels is often expressed as a percentage of sunlight converted to electricity.

Java 16 and Spring Boot 2.5 are the latest versions with new features and improvements.

• Java 16 introduces Records, Pattern Matching for instanceof, and Vector API among others.

• Spring Boot 2.5 includes support for Java 16, improved startup time, and better error messages.

• Other new features in Spring Boot 2.5 include support for Kotlin 1.5, Micrometer 1.7, and Spring Data 2021.0.

I am proficient in Civil3D and have extensive experience in using it for designing and drafting civil engineering projects.

• Expertise in creating and editing surfaces, alignments, profiles, and corridors

• Ability to generate 3D models and perform earthwork calculations

• Experience in creating plan and profile sheets, cross-sections, and quantity takeoffs

• Familiarity with Civil3D add-ons such as AutoTURN and Hydraflow

• Proficient in using Civil3D for various civil engineering projects...read more

A thread pool is a group of threads that can be reused to execute multiple tasks concurrently.

• Define a task interface that encapsulates the work to be done

• Create a queue to hold tasks

• Create a fixed number of threads in the pool

• Each thread should loop indefinitely, taking tasks from the queue and executing them

• Use synchronization primitives to ensure thread safety

• Consider using a thread-safe data structure for the task queue, such as a concurrent queue

• Consider using a thread-s...read more

CAN bus off is a state where communication between nodes on a CAN bus is lost. It can be recovered by resetting the bus or fixing the underlying issue.

• CAN bus off occurs when a node on the bus detects an error and goes into a fault state.

• This can happen due to issues like a short circuit, open circuit, or excessive noise on the bus.

• To recover from CAN bus off, the bus needs to be reset or the underlying issue needs to be fixed.

• Resetting the bus involves sending a sequence of ...read more

Leaf and spine architecture is a network topology used in Cisco ACI for scalable and efficient data center networking.

• Leaf switches connect to spine switches, which then connect to the core network.

• Leaf switches handle traffic within their own pod, while spine switches handle traffic between pods.

• ACI uses a 2-tier spine-leaf architecture for scalability and flexibility.

• The spine switches act as the routing backbone, while the leaf switches provide access to endpoints.

• ACI allo...read more

Linq expression to fetch desired results

• Use 'Where' to filter data based on conditions

• Use 'Select' to project data into desired format

• Use 'OrderBy' or 'OrderByDescending' to sort data

• Use 'Skip' and 'Take' to implement pagination

Engineering calculations involve analyzing data, applying formulas, and solving problems to design and optimize systems.

• Identifying the problem or goal of the calculation

• Gathering relevant data and information

• Applying appropriate formulas and equations

• Performing calculations accurately

• Interpreting results and making recommendations

• Iterating and refining calculations as needed

A functor is an object that can be treated as a function or a function pointer. It is used to encapsulate a function or a callable object.

• Functors are often used in C++ to implement function objects.

• They can be used as arguments to algorithms or as template parameters.

• Functors provide a way to customize behavior in generic programming.

• They can be used to define custom comparison functions for sorting or searching.

• Examples of functors include function pointers, lambda function...read more

SQL indexes are data structures that improve the speed of data retrieval operations by providing quick access to rows in a table.

• SQL indexes are created on columns in a table to speed up SELECT queries.

• When a query is executed, the SQL engine first checks if there is an index on the columns involved in the query.

• If an index is present, the SQL engine uses it to quickly locate the rows that satisfy the query conditions.

• The SQL execution order typically involves parsing, optimi...read more

Creating sets, lists, and dictionaries from a given list.

• To create a set, use the set() function.

• To create a list, simply use square brackets [] and separate elements with commas.

• To create a dictionary, use curly braces {} and separate key-value pairs with colons and commas.

Kafka is a distributed streaming platform that allows for real-time data processing. Data is not persisted permanently to optimize performance.

• Kafka is designed for real-time data processing and streaming, not for long-term storage.

• Data is stored in Kafka for a configurable amount of time, after which it is automatically deleted.

• Persisting data permanently would require additional storage and slow down performance.

• Kafka's architecture allows for high throughput and low latenc...read more

Roundabout parameters and values vary based on urban and rural settings.

• Urban roundabouts typically have smaller diameters and tighter curves than rural roundabouts.

• Rural roundabouts may have larger diameters and wider curves to accommodate larger vehicles.

• Speed limits, traffic volume, and pedestrian and cyclist activity also influence roundabout design.

• Roundabout parameters may include lane widths, splitter island widths, and apron widths.

• Designers may also consider landscap...read more

Database connection process in CodeIgniter involves configuring database settings in config file and loading database library.

• Configure database settings in config file

• Load database library

• Establish connection using database configuration

• Use database functions to perform CRUD operations