Lead Engineer

400+ Lead Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Updated 27 Feb 2025

Q101. what is a functor and when is it used

Ans.

A functor is an object that can be treated as a function or a function pointer. It is used to encapsulate a function or a callable object.

  • Functors are often used in C++ to implement function objects.

  • They can be used as arguments to algorithms or as template parameters.

  • Functors provide a way to customize behavior in generic programming.

  • They can be used to define custom comparison functions for sorting or searching.

  • Examples of functors include function pointers, lambda function...read more

Q102. How SQL index works internally, SQL execution order

Ans.

SQL indexes are data structures that improve the speed of data retrieval operations by providing quick access to rows in a table.

  • SQL indexes are created on columns in a table to speed up SELECT queries.

  • When a query is executed, the SQL engine first checks if there is an index on the columns involved in the query.

  • If an index is present, the SQL engine uses it to quickly locate the rows that satisfy the query conditions.

  • The SQL execution order typically involves parsing, optimi...read more

Q103. Kafka architecture and why don't we persist data in permanently.

Ans.

Kafka is a distributed streaming platform that allows for real-time data processing. Data is not persisted permanently to optimize performance.

  • Kafka is designed for real-time data processing and streaming, not for long-term storage.

  • Data is stored in Kafka for a configurable amount of time, after which it is automatically deleted.

  • Persisting data permanently would require additional storage and slow down performance.

  • Kafka's architecture allows for high throughput and low latenc...read more

Q104. Prepare sets, list and dictionary from a given list.

Ans.

Creating sets, lists, and dictionaries from a given list.

  • To create a set, use the set() function.

  • To create a list, simply use square brackets [] and separate elements with commas.

  • To create a dictionary, use curly braces {} and separate key-value pairs with colons and commas.

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Q105. Roundabout Parameters and values for urban and rural roundabouts

Ans.

Roundabout parameters and values vary based on urban and rural settings.

  • Urban roundabouts typically have smaller diameters and tighter curves than rural roundabouts.

  • Rural roundabouts may have larger diameters and wider curves to accommodate larger vehicles.

  • Speed limits, traffic volume, and pedestrian and cyclist activity also influence roundabout design.

  • Roundabout parameters may include lane widths, splitter island widths, and apron widths.

  • Designers may also consider landscap...read more

Q106. WHat is database connection process in CI

Ans.

Database connection process in CodeIgniter involves configuring database settings in config file and loading database library.

  • Configure database settings in config file

  • Load database library

  • Establish connection using database configuration

  • Use database functions to perform CRUD operations

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Q107. What is 8D and give example where you handle problem with the help of it

Ans.

8D is a problem-solving methodology used to identify, correct, and prevent recurring problems.

  • 8D stands for Eight Disciplines and is a structured problem-solving approach

  • It involves identifying the problem, forming a team, implementing temporary and permanent solutions, and preventing recurrence

  • An example of using 8D could be when I led a team to address a recurring quality issue in a manufacturing process by following the 8D steps

Q108. Return type of patial view and render partial view?

Ans.

Partial view returns HTML string while render partial view writes directly to response stream.

  • Partial view returns HTML string that can be used in the main view

  • Render partial view writes directly to response stream

  • Partial view can be used to render reusable components

  • Render partial view can be used to render a partial view without a layout

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Q109. What about complaint handling process in BD (Becton Dickinson).

Ans.

BD has a well-defined complaint handling process to address customer concerns efficiently.

  • BD has a dedicated team to handle complaints from customers.

  • Complaints are logged, investigated, and resolved in a timely manner.

  • Root cause analysis is conducted to prevent future occurrences.

  • Customers are kept informed about the progress of their complaints.

  • Continuous improvement initiatives are implemented based on feedback from complaints.

Q110. data design patterns in mongo db with record references.

Ans.

MongoDB supports various data design patterns for record references.

  • MongoDB supports embedding documents within other documents.

  • MongoDB also supports referencing documents from other collections.

  • The choice between embedding and referencing depends on the data access patterns.

  • Embedding is preferred for one-to-one and one-to-many relationships.

  • Referencing is preferred for many-to-many relationships.

  • MongoDB also supports denormalization for performance optimization.

Q111. Do you know Windows Server Administration?

Ans.

Yes, I have experience in Windows Server Administration.

  • I have experience in managing and maintaining Windows Server 2012 and 2016.

  • I am proficient in Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, and Group Policy Management.

  • I have experience in configuring and troubleshooting network services and protocols.

  • I am familiar with PowerShell scripting for automation and task scheduling.

  • I have experience in managing virtualization technologies such as Hyper-V and VMware.

Q112. What are design parameters for heat exchangers ?

Ans.

Design parameters for heat exchangers include heat transfer rate, pressure drop, material selection, and flow arrangement.

  • Heat transfer rate: determines the efficiency of the heat exchanger

  • Pressure drop: affects the flow rate and energy consumption

  • Material selection: depends on the fluid properties and operating conditions

  • Flow arrangement: affects the heat transfer rate and pressure drop

Q113. What is extern? Design parking lot system

Ans.

Extern is a keyword used in C and C++ programming languages to declare a variable or function that is defined in another source file.

  • Extern is used to declare a variable or function that is defined in another source file.

  • It is used to provide a reference to a variable or function that is defined in another file.

  • For example, if we have a variable declared in file1.c and we want to use it in file2.c, we can declare it as extern in file2.c.

  • This keyword is also used in header fil...read more

Q114. How to do upgrade the version of existing project?

Ans.

To upgrade the version of an existing project, you need to follow a systematic process to ensure smooth transition and minimal disruptions.

  • Create a backup of the current project to avoid data loss

  • Review the release notes of the new version to understand changes and requirements

  • Update any dependencies or libraries used in the project

  • Test the upgraded project thoroughly to ensure functionality and performance

  • Communicate with stakeholders about the upgrade process and potential ...read more

Q115. Tell me something about integration patterns? With examples.

Ans.

Integration patterns are design patterns used to integrate different systems and applications.

  • Point-to-Point: Direct communication between two systems.

  • Publish-Subscribe: One-to-many communication where a message is broadcast to multiple recipients.

  • Message Broker: Middleware that facilitates communication between different systems.

  • Shared Database: Systems share a common database to exchange information.

  • File Transfer: Data exchange through files shared between systems.

Q116. GD&T - Symbols and Its usage. Manufacturing process of sheet metal, Casting

Ans.

GD&T symbols are used to specify tolerances in manufacturing processes such as sheet metal and casting.

  • GD&T symbols are used to communicate design intent and specify tolerances for manufacturing processes.

  • Sheet metal manufacturing involves cutting, bending, and forming sheet metal into various shapes and sizes.

  • Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mold to create a specific shape.

  • GD&T symbols commonly used in sheet metal manufacturing include flatness, perpendicularity,...read more

Q117. How Node.js works under the hood?

Ans.

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine.

  • Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model.

  • It has a single-threaded event loop that handles all I/O operations.

  • Node.js modules are cached to improve performance.

  • It supports both synchronous and asynchronous programming.

  • Node.js has a built-in HTTP server module for creating web servers.

  • It can be used for building scalable network applications.

Q118. Hive file formats - differences between row and columnar file format

Ans.

Row and columnar file formats in Hive differ in the way data is stored and accessed.

  • Row format stores data in a row-by-row manner, while columnar format stores data in a column-by-column manner.

  • Row format is suitable for OLTP workloads, while columnar format is suitable for OLAP workloads.

  • Columnar format allows for faster query performance and compression, while row format allows for faster inserts and updates.

  • Examples of row format include TextFile and SequenceFile, while ex...read more

Q119. System Design and Architecture - design a data pipeline to ingest data from streaming sources

Ans.

Design a data pipeline to ingest data from streaming sources.

  • Identify the streaming sources and their data formats

  • Choose a streaming platform like Apache Kafka or AWS Kinesis

  • Design the pipeline architecture with data ingestion, processing, and storage components

  • Ensure scalability, fault-tolerance, and data consistency

  • Monitor and optimize the pipeline performance

Q120. 1.Count number of occurrences from an unsorted array and from linklist.

Ans.

Count occurrences in unsorted array and linked list

  • For unsorted array, use a hash table to store the count of each element

  • For linked list, traverse the list and use a hash table to store the count of each element

  • Alternatively, for linked list, use two nested loops to compare each element with all other elements and count the occurrences

Q121. What do you use abstract classes for?

Ans.

Abstract classes are used to provide a common interface for its subclasses.

  • Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, only extended.

  • They can contain abstract and non-abstract methods.

  • They are useful for creating a hierarchy of classes with shared methods and properties.

  • They can also be used to enforce certain behaviors in subclasses.

  • Example: Animal is an abstract class with abstract methods like eat() and non-abstract methods like sleep().

  • Subclasses like Dog and Cat can extend ...read more

Q122. What is DOE and how you applied DOE in your work

Ans.

DOE stands for Design of Experiments. It is a statistical method used to optimize processes and products.

  • DOE involves creating a plan for conducting experiments to identify the factors that affect a process or product

  • It helps in determining the optimal settings for these factors to achieve the desired outcome

  • I have applied DOE in my work by designing experiments to optimize the performance of a manufacturing process

  • For example, I used DOE to identify the optimal temperature a...read more

Q123. What is security access service in UDS?

Ans.

Security Access Service in UDS is responsible for managing access control and authentication for various UDS services.

  • Security Access Service provides secure authentication and authorization for UDS services.

  • It manages access control policies and enforces them across UDS services.

  • It supports various authentication mechanisms such as username/password, certificates, and tokens.

  • Examples of UDS services that use Security Access Service include User Management Service and Device ...read more

Q124. Working concepts of loops , map , list problem statment.

Ans.

Loops, map, and list are fundamental concepts in programming.

  • Loops are used to repeat a block of code until a certain condition is met.

  • Map is a higher-order function that applies a given function to each element of a list and returns a new list.

  • List is a collection of elements that can be accessed by their index.

  • Example: for loop, map function, list comprehension.

Q125. Different between Hart & Foundation field bus protocol

Ans.

HART is a hybrid analog/digital protocol while Foundation Fieldbus is a fully digital protocol.

  • HART supports two-way communication while Foundation Fieldbus supports multi-drop communication.

  • HART is used for process measurement and control while Foundation Fieldbus is used for process automation.

  • HART has a slower data transfer rate compared to Foundation Fieldbus.

  • HART devices can be powered by the loop current while Foundation Fieldbus devices require external power.

  • HART is w...read more

Q126. What is index and type of indexes?

Ans.

Indexes are data structures that improve the speed of data retrieval operations in a database.

  • Indexes are created on one or more columns of a table.

  • They can be of different types such as B-tree, hash, bitmap, etc.

  • B-tree indexes are the most commonly used type of index.

  • Indexes can be unique or non-unique.

  • They can also be clustered or non-clustered.

  • Clustered indexes determine the physical order of data in a table.

  • Non-clustered indexes have a separate structure that points to th...read more

Q127. Administrative distances value of IGPs?

Ans.

Administrative distances are values used by IGPs to determine the best path for routing.

  • Administrative distances are used to determine the trustworthiness of routing information received from different sources.

  • Lower administrative distances are preferred over higher ones.

  • Examples of IGPs and their default administrative distances include OSPF (110), IS-IS (115), and RIP (120).

Q128. Missing and repeating numbers in O(n) , add two numbers using linked list etc.

Ans.

The question is about finding missing and repeating numbers in an array and adding two numbers using linked lists.

  • To find missing and repeating numbers in an array, use a hash set to track the occurrence of each number.

  • To add two numbers using linked lists, traverse both lists simultaneously and keep track of carry.

  • Remember to handle edge cases like different lengths of linked lists or a carry at the end.

Q129. Write a program for 1st lowest and 2nd lowest program in arrays

Ans.

Program to find 1st and 2nd lowest numbers in an array of strings

  • Convert array of strings to array of integers

  • Sort the array in ascending order

  • Return the first and second elements of the sorted array

Q130. Write a program to convert values (int, float) to string?

Ans.

Program to convert int and float values to string.

  • Use str() function to convert int and float values to string.

  • Pass the value as an argument to the str() function.

  • The output will be a string representation of the input value.

Q131. What are python libraries used as a data engineer?

Ans.

Python libraries commonly used by data engineers include Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, and Scikit-learn.

  • Pandas: Used for data manipulation and analysis.

  • NumPy: Provides support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices.

  • Matplotlib: Used for creating visualizations and plots.

  • Scikit-learn: Offers machine learning algorithms and tools for data analysis.

Q132. what structure Fabrication method statement , WPS etc

Ans.

Fabrication method statement includes details on how a structure will be fabricated, while WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) outlines welding procedures.

  • Fabrication method statement details the step-by-step process of fabricating a structure

  • WPS specifies the welding procedures to be followed during fabrication

  • Both documents are crucial for ensuring quality and safety in the fabrication process

Q133. What are joins? Type of joins?

Ans.

Joins are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column between them.

  • Types of joins include inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join.

  • Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables.

  • Left join returns all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.

  • Right join returns all the rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.

  • Full outer join returns all the rows from both tables, with NULL val...read more

Q134. What sort of bench testing did you perform

Ans.

I performed bench testing on various components to ensure functionality and reliability.

  • Tested electronic components for voltage and current levels

  • Conducted stress tests on mechanical parts to assess durability

  • Analyzed data from bench tests to identify any issues or improvements needed

Q135. Share experience on lab testing methods, material, procedure etc.. of Ethicon Sutures and needle .

Ans.

I have experience in conducting lab testing on Ethicon Sutures and needles, including material selection, testing procedures, and analysis.

  • Performed tensile strength tests on Ethicon Sutures to evaluate the strength and durability of the material

  • Conducted needle sharpness tests to ensure precision and effectiveness in surgical procedures

  • Utilized microscopy and imaging techniques to analyze the structure and composition of the materials

  • Followed ASTM standards and protocols for...read more

Q136. Share your knowledge in writing a protocol and procedure for medical devices.

Ans.

Writing a protocol and procedure for medical devices

  • Identify the purpose of the protocol and procedure

  • Include detailed instructions for device operation and maintenance

  • Outline safety measures and emergency protocols

  • Specify roles and responsibilities of personnel involved

  • Document any regulatory requirements and quality standards

  • Provide clear guidelines for troubleshooting and reporting issues

Q137. Configure the Entity Framewok to connect with database

Ans.

To configure Entity Framework to connect with a database, follow these steps:

  • Install Entity Framework package using NuGet

  • Create a DbContext class that inherits from DbContext

  • Add a connection string to the app.config or web.config file

  • Use the DbContext to query the database

Q138. What is importance of having double bus system

Ans.

Double bus system is important for ensuring redundancy and reliability in power distribution.

  • Enhances reliability by providing backup in case of failure in one bus

  • Allows for maintenance work to be carried out on one bus while the other remains operational

  • Reduces the risk of power outages and downtime

  • Commonly used in critical infrastructure such as hospitals, data centers, and industrial facilities

Q139. Generic UI theme can be set via firebase. Set the theme of UI elements dynamically.

Ans.

Use Firebase to dynamically set the theme of UI elements.

  • Create a collection in Firebase to store UI themes.

  • Retrieve the selected theme from Firebase and apply it to UI elements.

  • Update the UI elements whenever the theme is changed in Firebase.

Q140. What is the difference b/w clock & normal gating?

Ans.

Clock gating is used to disable the clock signal to certain parts of a circuit to save power, while normal gating is used to control the flow of data within the circuit.

  • Clock gating is used for power optimization by disabling the clock signal to unused parts of the circuit.

  • Normal gating is used to control the flow of data within the circuit by enabling or disabling certain paths.

  • Clock gating helps in reducing power consumption by stopping the clock signal to specific parts of...read more

Q141. 2. Difference between local Static and global static

Ans.

Local static is limited to a function or block, while global static is accessible throughout the program.

  • Local static variables are initialized only once and retain their value between function calls.

  • Global static variables are initialized to zero by default and can be accessed by any function in the program.

  • Local static variables are useful for maintaining state between function calls.

  • Global static variables can be used for sharing data between functions or modules.

  • Local sta...read more

Q142. Describe the ceremonies in Agile methodology

Ans.

Agile ceremonies include daily stand-ups, sprint planning, sprint review, and retrospective meetings.

  • Daily stand-ups: brief meetings to discuss progress and plan for the day

  • Sprint planning: meeting to plan the upcoming sprint

  • Sprint review: meeting to review the completed sprint and demo the work

  • Retrospective meetings: meeting to reflect on the sprint and identify areas for improvement

Q143. Validation on how much exposure to the product

Ans.

Exposure to the product can be validated through hands-on experience, user feedback, market research, and data analysis.

  • Hands-on experience with the product through development and testing

  • User feedback from customers or internal stakeholders

  • Market research to understand the competitive landscape and user preferences

  • Data analysis of usage metrics, customer behavior, and product performance

  • Examples: Conducting user interviews, A/B testing features, analyzing sales data

Q144. What is HTTV meter.

Ans.

HTTV meter stands for High Temperature, High Voltage meter used to measure high voltage and temperature in electrical systems.

  • HTTV meter is used to measure high voltage and temperature in electrical systems

  • It is commonly used in power plants and electrical substations

  • The meter can measure voltage up to 1000V and temperature up to 1000°C

  • It is designed to withstand high temperatures and voltages to ensure accurate readings

  • The meter is equipped with safety features to protect th...read more

Q145. How to handle the customized exception

Ans.

Customized exceptions can be handled by creating a custom exception class and handling it using try-catch blocks.

  • Create a custom exception class that extends the Exception class

  • Throw the custom exception using the throw keyword

  • Handle the custom exception using try-catch blocks

  • Provide meaningful error messages in the custom exception class

  • Use logging to track the occurrence of the custom exception

Q146. Are you knowledgeable about 3D modeling in CATIA?

Ans.

Yes, I am knowledgeable about 3D modeling in CATIA.

  • Proficient in creating 3D models, assemblies, and drawings in CATIA

  • Experience with surfacing, sheet metal design, and parametric modeling

  • Ability to analyze and modify existing CAD models for optimization

  • Familiarity with CATIA V5/V6 and PLM software integration

  • Certified in CATIA by Dassault Systèmes

Q147. What is circular dependency in springboot?

Ans.

Circular dependency in Spring Boot occurs when two or more beans depend on each other directly or indirectly.

  • Circular dependency can lead to runtime errors or application startup failures.

  • To resolve circular dependencies, you can use constructor injection, setter injection, or @Lazy annotation.

  • Example: Bean A depends on Bean B, and Bean B depends on Bean A.

Q148. What is valve caviation & flashing.

Ans.

Valve cavitation is the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid due to pressure changes, while flashing is the sudden vaporization of a liquid when pressure is reduced.

  • Cavitation occurs when the pressure in a liquid drops below its vapor pressure, causing bubbles to form and then collapse violently when they reach a higher pressure area.

  • Flashing occurs when a liquid is suddenly exposed to a lower pressure environment, causing it to rapidly vaporize and potentially...read more

Q149. Contribution in improving any technology in the company

Ans.

I led a team in implementing a new automated testing framework which significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of our testing process.

  • Identified the need for a more efficient testing process

  • Researched and evaluated different automated testing tools

  • Led a team in implementing the chosen automated testing framework

  • Provided training and support to team members on using the new framework

  • Monitored and analyzed the results to ensure improvements in testing efficiency and ac...read more

Q150. Pneumatic solenoid valve double and single acting working principle

Ans.

Pneumatic solenoid valves control the flow of air in pneumatic systems using electromagnetic principles.

  • Pneumatic solenoid valves are used to control the flow of air in pneumatic systems by opening and closing the valve based on electrical signals.

  • Double-acting solenoid valves use air pressure to both open and close the valve, while single-acting solenoid valves use air pressure to open the valve and a spring to close it.

  • Double-acting solenoid valves are typically faster in r...read more

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