Lead Engineer
400+ Lead Engineer Interview Questions and Answers
Q101. what is a functor and when is it used
A functor is an object that can be treated as a function or a function pointer. It is used to encapsulate a function or a callable object.
Functors are often used in C++ to implement function objects.
They can be used as arguments to algorithms or as template parameters.
Functors provide a way to customize behavior in generic programming.
They can be used to define custom comparison functions for sorting or searching.
Examples of functors include function pointers, lambda function...read more
Q102. How SQL index works internally, SQL execution order
SQL indexes are data structures that improve the speed of data retrieval operations by providing quick access to rows in a table.
SQL indexes are created on columns in a table to speed up SELECT queries.
When a query is executed, the SQL engine first checks if there is an index on the columns involved in the query.
If an index is present, the SQL engine uses it to quickly locate the rows that satisfy the query conditions.
The SQL execution order typically involves parsing, optimi...read more
Q103. Kafka architecture and why don't we persist data in permanently.
Kafka is a distributed streaming platform that allows for real-time data processing. Data is not persisted permanently to optimize performance.
Kafka is designed for real-time data processing and streaming, not for long-term storage.
Data is stored in Kafka for a configurable amount of time, after which it is automatically deleted.
Persisting data permanently would require additional storage and slow down performance.
Kafka's architecture allows for high throughput and low latenc...read more
Q104. Prepare sets, list and dictionary from a given list.
Creating sets, lists, and dictionaries from a given list.
To create a set, use the set() function.
To create a list, simply use square brackets [] and separate elements with commas.
To create a dictionary, use curly braces {} and separate key-value pairs with colons and commas.
Q105. Roundabout Parameters and values for urban and rural roundabouts
Roundabout parameters and values vary based on urban and rural settings.
Urban roundabouts typically have smaller diameters and tighter curves than rural roundabouts.
Rural roundabouts may have larger diameters and wider curves to accommodate larger vehicles.
Speed limits, traffic volume, and pedestrian and cyclist activity also influence roundabout design.
Roundabout parameters may include lane widths, splitter island widths, and apron widths.
Designers may also consider landscap...read more
Q106. WHat is database connection process in CI
Database connection process in CodeIgniter involves configuring database settings in config file and loading database library.
Configure database settings in config file
Load database library
Establish connection using database configuration
Use database functions to perform CRUD operations
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Q107. What is 8D and give example where you handle problem with the help of it
8D is a problem-solving methodology used to identify, correct, and prevent recurring problems.
8D stands for Eight Disciplines and is a structured problem-solving approach
It involves identifying the problem, forming a team, implementing temporary and permanent solutions, and preventing recurrence
An example of using 8D could be when I led a team to address a recurring quality issue in a manufacturing process by following the 8D steps
Q108. Return type of patial view and render partial view?
Partial view returns HTML string while render partial view writes directly to response stream.
Partial view returns HTML string that can be used in the main view
Render partial view writes directly to response stream
Partial view can be used to render reusable components
Render partial view can be used to render a partial view without a layout
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Q109. What about complaint handling process in BD (Becton Dickinson).
BD has a well-defined complaint handling process to address customer concerns efficiently.
BD has a dedicated team to handle complaints from customers.
Complaints are logged, investigated, and resolved in a timely manner.
Root cause analysis is conducted to prevent future occurrences.
Customers are kept informed about the progress of their complaints.
Continuous improvement initiatives are implemented based on feedback from complaints.
Q110. data design patterns in mongo db with record references.
MongoDB supports various data design patterns for record references.
MongoDB supports embedding documents within other documents.
MongoDB also supports referencing documents from other collections.
The choice between embedding and referencing depends on the data access patterns.
Embedding is preferred for one-to-one and one-to-many relationships.
Referencing is preferred for many-to-many relationships.
MongoDB also supports denormalization for performance optimization.
Q111. Do you know Windows Server Administration?
Yes, I have experience in Windows Server Administration.
I have experience in managing and maintaining Windows Server 2012 and 2016.
I am proficient in Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, and Group Policy Management.
I have experience in configuring and troubleshooting network services and protocols.
I am familiar with PowerShell scripting for automation and task scheduling.
I have experience in managing virtualization technologies such as Hyper-V and VMware.
Q112. What are design parameters for heat exchangers ?
Design parameters for heat exchangers include heat transfer rate, pressure drop, material selection, and flow arrangement.
Heat transfer rate: determines the efficiency of the heat exchanger
Pressure drop: affects the flow rate and energy consumption
Material selection: depends on the fluid properties and operating conditions
Flow arrangement: affects the heat transfer rate and pressure drop
Q113. What is extern? Design parking lot system
Extern is a keyword used in C and C++ programming languages to declare a variable or function that is defined in another source file.
Extern is used to declare a variable or function that is defined in another source file.
It is used to provide a reference to a variable or function that is defined in another file.
For example, if we have a variable declared in file1.c and we want to use it in file2.c, we can declare it as extern in file2.c.
This keyword is also used in header fil...read more
Q114. How to do upgrade the version of existing project?
To upgrade the version of an existing project, you need to follow a systematic process to ensure smooth transition and minimal disruptions.
Create a backup of the current project to avoid data loss
Review the release notes of the new version to understand changes and requirements
Update any dependencies or libraries used in the project
Test the upgraded project thoroughly to ensure functionality and performance
Communicate with stakeholders about the upgrade process and potential ...read more
Q115. Tell me something about integration patterns? With examples.
Integration patterns are design patterns used to integrate different systems and applications.
Point-to-Point: Direct communication between two systems.
Publish-Subscribe: One-to-many communication where a message is broadcast to multiple recipients.
Message Broker: Middleware that facilitates communication between different systems.
Shared Database: Systems share a common database to exchange information.
File Transfer: Data exchange through files shared between systems.
Q116. GD&T - Symbols and Its usage. Manufacturing process of sheet metal, Casting
GD&T symbols are used to specify tolerances in manufacturing processes such as sheet metal and casting.
GD&T symbols are used to communicate design intent and specify tolerances for manufacturing processes.
Sheet metal manufacturing involves cutting, bending, and forming sheet metal into various shapes and sizes.
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mold to create a specific shape.
GD&T symbols commonly used in sheet metal manufacturing include flatness, perpendicularity,...read more
Q117. How Node.js works under the hood?
Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine.
Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model.
It has a single-threaded event loop that handles all I/O operations.
Node.js modules are cached to improve performance.
It supports both synchronous and asynchronous programming.
Node.js has a built-in HTTP server module for creating web servers.
It can be used for building scalable network applications.
Q118. Hive file formats - differences between row and columnar file format
Row and columnar file formats in Hive differ in the way data is stored and accessed.
Row format stores data in a row-by-row manner, while columnar format stores data in a column-by-column manner.
Row format is suitable for OLTP workloads, while columnar format is suitable for OLAP workloads.
Columnar format allows for faster query performance and compression, while row format allows for faster inserts and updates.
Examples of row format include TextFile and SequenceFile, while ex...read more
Q119. System Design and Architecture - design a data pipeline to ingest data from streaming sources
Design a data pipeline to ingest data from streaming sources.
Identify the streaming sources and their data formats
Choose a streaming platform like Apache Kafka or AWS Kinesis
Design the pipeline architecture with data ingestion, processing, and storage components
Ensure scalability, fault-tolerance, and data consistency
Monitor and optimize the pipeline performance
Q120. 1.Count number of occurrences from an unsorted array and from linklist.
Count occurrences in unsorted array and linked list
For unsorted array, use a hash table to store the count of each element
For linked list, traverse the list and use a hash table to store the count of each element
Alternatively, for linked list, use two nested loops to compare each element with all other elements and count the occurrences
Q121. What do you use abstract classes for?
Abstract classes are used to provide a common interface for its subclasses.
Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, only extended.
They can contain abstract and non-abstract methods.
They are useful for creating a hierarchy of classes with shared methods and properties.
They can also be used to enforce certain behaviors in subclasses.
Example: Animal is an abstract class with abstract methods like eat() and non-abstract methods like sleep().
Subclasses like Dog and Cat can extend ...read more
Q122. What is DOE and how you applied DOE in your work
DOE stands for Design of Experiments. It is a statistical method used to optimize processes and products.
DOE involves creating a plan for conducting experiments to identify the factors that affect a process or product
It helps in determining the optimal settings for these factors to achieve the desired outcome
I have applied DOE in my work by designing experiments to optimize the performance of a manufacturing process
For example, I used DOE to identify the optimal temperature a...read more
Q123. What is security access service in UDS?
Security Access Service in UDS is responsible for managing access control and authentication for various UDS services.
Security Access Service provides secure authentication and authorization for UDS services.
It manages access control policies and enforces them across UDS services.
It supports various authentication mechanisms such as username/password, certificates, and tokens.
Examples of UDS services that use Security Access Service include User Management Service and Device ...read more
Q124. Working concepts of loops , map , list problem statment.
Loops, map, and list are fundamental concepts in programming.
Loops are used to repeat a block of code until a certain condition is met.
Map is a higher-order function that applies a given function to each element of a list and returns a new list.
List is a collection of elements that can be accessed by their index.
Example: for loop, map function, list comprehension.
Q125. Different between Hart & Foundation field bus protocol
HART is a hybrid analog/digital protocol while Foundation Fieldbus is a fully digital protocol.
HART supports two-way communication while Foundation Fieldbus supports multi-drop communication.
HART is used for process measurement and control while Foundation Fieldbus is used for process automation.
HART has a slower data transfer rate compared to Foundation Fieldbus.
HART devices can be powered by the loop current while Foundation Fieldbus devices require external power.
HART is w...read more
Q126. What is index and type of indexes?
Indexes are data structures that improve the speed of data retrieval operations in a database.
Indexes are created on one or more columns of a table.
They can be of different types such as B-tree, hash, bitmap, etc.
B-tree indexes are the most commonly used type of index.
Indexes can be unique or non-unique.
They can also be clustered or non-clustered.
Clustered indexes determine the physical order of data in a table.
Non-clustered indexes have a separate structure that points to th...read more
Q127. Administrative distances value of IGPs?
Administrative distances are values used by IGPs to determine the best path for routing.
Administrative distances are used to determine the trustworthiness of routing information received from different sources.
Lower administrative distances are preferred over higher ones.
Examples of IGPs and their default administrative distances include OSPF (110), IS-IS (115), and RIP (120).
Q128. Missing and repeating numbers in O(n) , add two numbers using linked list etc.
The question is about finding missing and repeating numbers in an array and adding two numbers using linked lists.
To find missing and repeating numbers in an array, use a hash set to track the occurrence of each number.
To add two numbers using linked lists, traverse both lists simultaneously and keep track of carry.
Remember to handle edge cases like different lengths of linked lists or a carry at the end.
Q129. Write a program for 1st lowest and 2nd lowest program in arrays
Program to find 1st and 2nd lowest numbers in an array of strings
Convert array of strings to array of integers
Sort the array in ascending order
Return the first and second elements of the sorted array
Q130. Write a program to convert values (int, float) to string?
Program to convert int and float values to string.
Use str() function to convert int and float values to string.
Pass the value as an argument to the str() function.
The output will be a string representation of the input value.
Q131. What are python libraries used as a data engineer?
Python libraries commonly used by data engineers include Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, and Scikit-learn.
Pandas: Used for data manipulation and analysis.
NumPy: Provides support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices.
Matplotlib: Used for creating visualizations and plots.
Scikit-learn: Offers machine learning algorithms and tools for data analysis.
Q132. what structure Fabrication method statement , WPS etc
Fabrication method statement includes details on how a structure will be fabricated, while WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) outlines welding procedures.
Fabrication method statement details the step-by-step process of fabricating a structure
WPS specifies the welding procedures to be followed during fabrication
Both documents are crucial for ensuring quality and safety in the fabrication process
Q133. What are joins? Type of joins?
Joins are used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column between them.
Types of joins include inner join, left join, right join, and full outer join.
Inner join returns only the matching rows from both tables.
Left join returns all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table.
Right join returns all the rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.
Full outer join returns all the rows from both tables, with NULL val...read more
Q134. What sort of bench testing did you perform
I performed bench testing on various components to ensure functionality and reliability.
Tested electronic components for voltage and current levels
Conducted stress tests on mechanical parts to assess durability
Analyzed data from bench tests to identify any issues or improvements needed
Q135. Share experience on lab testing methods, material, procedure etc.. of Ethicon Sutures and needle .
I have experience in conducting lab testing on Ethicon Sutures and needles, including material selection, testing procedures, and analysis.
Performed tensile strength tests on Ethicon Sutures to evaluate the strength and durability of the material
Conducted needle sharpness tests to ensure precision and effectiveness in surgical procedures
Utilized microscopy and imaging techniques to analyze the structure and composition of the materials
Followed ASTM standards and protocols for...read more
Q136. Share your knowledge in writing a protocol and procedure for medical devices.
Writing a protocol and procedure for medical devices
Identify the purpose of the protocol and procedure
Include detailed instructions for device operation and maintenance
Outline safety measures and emergency protocols
Specify roles and responsibilities of personnel involved
Document any regulatory requirements and quality standards
Provide clear guidelines for troubleshooting and reporting issues
Q137. Configure the Entity Framewok to connect with database
To configure Entity Framework to connect with a database, follow these steps:
Install Entity Framework package using NuGet
Create a DbContext class that inherits from DbContext
Add a connection string to the app.config or web.config file
Use the DbContext to query the database
Q138. What is importance of having double bus system
Double bus system is important for ensuring redundancy and reliability in power distribution.
Enhances reliability by providing backup in case of failure in one bus
Allows for maintenance work to be carried out on one bus while the other remains operational
Reduces the risk of power outages and downtime
Commonly used in critical infrastructure such as hospitals, data centers, and industrial facilities
Q139. Generic UI theme can be set via firebase. Set the theme of UI elements dynamically.
Use Firebase to dynamically set the theme of UI elements.
Create a collection in Firebase to store UI themes.
Retrieve the selected theme from Firebase and apply it to UI elements.
Update the UI elements whenever the theme is changed in Firebase.
Q140. What is the difference b/w clock & normal gating?
Clock gating is used to disable the clock signal to certain parts of a circuit to save power, while normal gating is used to control the flow of data within the circuit.
Clock gating is used for power optimization by disabling the clock signal to unused parts of the circuit.
Normal gating is used to control the flow of data within the circuit by enabling or disabling certain paths.
Clock gating helps in reducing power consumption by stopping the clock signal to specific parts of...read more
Q141. 2. Difference between local Static and global static
Local static is limited to a function or block, while global static is accessible throughout the program.
Local static variables are initialized only once and retain their value between function calls.
Global static variables are initialized to zero by default and can be accessed by any function in the program.
Local static variables are useful for maintaining state between function calls.
Global static variables can be used for sharing data between functions or modules.
Local sta...read more
Q142. Describe the ceremonies in Agile methodology
Agile ceremonies include daily stand-ups, sprint planning, sprint review, and retrospective meetings.
Daily stand-ups: brief meetings to discuss progress and plan for the day
Sprint planning: meeting to plan the upcoming sprint
Sprint review: meeting to review the completed sprint and demo the work
Retrospective meetings: meeting to reflect on the sprint and identify areas for improvement
Q143. Validation on how much exposure to the product
Exposure to the product can be validated through hands-on experience, user feedback, market research, and data analysis.
Hands-on experience with the product through development and testing
User feedback from customers or internal stakeholders
Market research to understand the competitive landscape and user preferences
Data analysis of usage metrics, customer behavior, and product performance
Examples: Conducting user interviews, A/B testing features, analyzing sales data
Q144. What is HTTV meter.
HTTV meter stands for High Temperature, High Voltage meter used to measure high voltage and temperature in electrical systems.
HTTV meter is used to measure high voltage and temperature in electrical systems
It is commonly used in power plants and electrical substations
The meter can measure voltage up to 1000V and temperature up to 1000°C
It is designed to withstand high temperatures and voltages to ensure accurate readings
The meter is equipped with safety features to protect th...read more
Q145. How to handle the customized exception
Customized exceptions can be handled by creating a custom exception class and handling it using try-catch blocks.
Create a custom exception class that extends the Exception class
Throw the custom exception using the throw keyword
Handle the custom exception using try-catch blocks
Provide meaningful error messages in the custom exception class
Use logging to track the occurrence of the custom exception
Q146. Are you knowledgeable about 3D modeling in CATIA?
Yes, I am knowledgeable about 3D modeling in CATIA.
Proficient in creating 3D models, assemblies, and drawings in CATIA
Experience with surfacing, sheet metal design, and parametric modeling
Ability to analyze and modify existing CAD models for optimization
Familiarity with CATIA V5/V6 and PLM software integration
Certified in CATIA by Dassault Systèmes
Q147. What is circular dependency in springboot?
Circular dependency in Spring Boot occurs when two or more beans depend on each other directly or indirectly.
Circular dependency can lead to runtime errors or application startup failures.
To resolve circular dependencies, you can use constructor injection, setter injection, or @Lazy annotation.
Example: Bean A depends on Bean B, and Bean B depends on Bean A.
Q148. What is valve caviation & flashing.
Valve cavitation is the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid due to pressure changes, while flashing is the sudden vaporization of a liquid when pressure is reduced.
Cavitation occurs when the pressure in a liquid drops below its vapor pressure, causing bubbles to form and then collapse violently when they reach a higher pressure area.
Flashing occurs when a liquid is suddenly exposed to a lower pressure environment, causing it to rapidly vaporize and potentially...read more
Q149. Contribution in improving any technology in the company
I led a team in implementing a new automated testing framework which significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of our testing process.
Identified the need for a more efficient testing process
Researched and evaluated different automated testing tools
Led a team in implementing the chosen automated testing framework
Provided training and support to team members on using the new framework
Monitored and analyzed the results to ensure improvements in testing efficiency and ac...read more
Q150. Pneumatic solenoid valve double and single acting working principle
Pneumatic solenoid valves control the flow of air in pneumatic systems using electromagnetic principles.
Pneumatic solenoid valves are used to control the flow of air in pneumatic systems by opening and closing the valve based on electrical signals.
Double-acting solenoid valves use air pressure to both open and close the valve, while single-acting solenoid valves use air pressure to open the valve and a spring to close it.
Double-acting solenoid valves are typically faster in r...read more
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