20+ VVDN Technologies Embedded Software Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Conductor, insulator and semiconductor are materials that conduct electricity in different ways.

• Conductors allow electricity to flow through them easily, such as copper and aluminum wires.

• Insulators do not allow electricity to flow through them easily, such as rubber and plastic.

• Semiconductors have properties of both conductors and insulators, such as silicon and germanium.

• The conductivity of a material can be measured by its resistance to the flow of electricity.

• Conductivity...read more

Semiconductors are used in electronics for their ability to control the flow of electricity.

• Semiconductors have a unique property of being able to switch between conducting and insulating states.

• They are used in transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.

• Examples include silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide.

Semiconductor doping is used to make a semiconductor p-type or n-type by introducing impurities with different valence electrons.

• To make a semiconductor p-type, impurities with three valence electrons (e.g., boron) are added.

• To make a semiconductor n-type, impurities with five valence electrons (e.g., phosphorus) are added.

• Doping alters the conductivity and creates majority and minority charge carriers.

• P-type has holes as majority carriers, while n-type has electrons as major...read more

Logic gates are electronic circuits that perform logical operations on one or more inputs to produce an output.

• Logic gates are used in digital electronics to create complex circuits and perform mathematical operations.

• There are several types of logic gates, including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates.

• Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits, and are used in everything from simple calculators to complex computer processors.

Conductor, insulator, and semiconductor are materials that conduct electricity in different ways.

• Conductors allow electricity to flow through them easily, such as copper and aluminum wires.

• Insulators do not allow electricity to flow through them easily, such as rubber and plastic.

• Semiconductors have properties of both conductors and insulators, such as silicon and germanium.

• The conductivity of a material can be determined by its band gap, which is the energy required for an e...read more

The most used semiconductor in electronics is silicon.

• Silicon is abundant and has excellent semiconductor properties.

• It is used in microprocessors, memory chips, and other electronic components.

• Other semiconductors like germanium and gallium arsenide are also used in specialized applications.

• Silicon is preferred due to its low cost, high reliability, and ease of manufacturing.

• Advancements in silicon technology have led to the development of smaller and more powerful electroni...read more

Header files contain declarations of functions, variables, and data structures used in a program.

• Header files are included at the beginning of a source code file using #include directive

• They provide information about the functions and variables used in the program

• They help in avoiding redefinition of functions and variables

• Examples of header files are stdio.h, math.h, string.h, etc.

Program to reverse a string without using string library functions.

• Create a function that takes an input string as an array of characters.

• Use two pointers, one at the beginning and one at the end of the array, swap the characters and move the pointers towards each other until they meet.

• Handle edge cases like empty string or strings with odd number of characters.

Storage classes in C determine the scope, lifetime, and visibility of variables.

• Storage classes include auto, register, static, extern, and typedef.

• Auto variables are stored on the stack and have local scope.

• Register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access.

• Static variables have global scope but limited visibility.

• Extern variables are declared in one file and can be used in another.

• Typedef is used to create new data types for better code readability.

Program to implement linked list using dynamic memory allocation

• Allocate memory for each node using malloc() function

• Use pointers to link nodes together

• Free memory using free() function to avoid memory leaks

Diode is an electronic component that allows current to flow in one direction only.

• Diode has two terminals - anode and cathode.

• It has a forward voltage drop and a reverse breakdown voltage.

• It is commonly used in rectifiers, voltage regulators, and signal demodulators.

Structures are used to store different data types under one name, while unions allow different data types to be stored in the same memory location.

• Structures allocate memory for each member separately, while unions share the same memory location for all members.

• Structures are used when all members need to be accessed independently, while unions are used when only one member needs to be accessed at a time.

• Example: struct Person { char name[20]; int age; }; union Data { int num...read more

A program to find prime numbers

• Start with a loop to iterate through numbers

• Check if each number is divisible by any number less than itself

• If not, add it to a list of prime numbers

Biasing is the process of providing a DC voltage or current to establish a desired operating point for electronic components.

• Biasing is used to ensure that electronic components operate within their specified range.

• It involves setting the appropriate voltage or current levels to achieve the desired performance.

• Biasing is commonly used in transistors, amplifiers, and other electronic circuits.

• There are different types of biasing techniques such as fixed bias, self-bias, and vo...read more

Zener diode is used as a voltage regulator and to protect circuits from overvoltage.

• Zener diode maintains a constant voltage across its terminals when reverse biased

• It is used in voltage regulator circuits to provide a stable output voltage

• Zener diodes are also used to protect circuits from overvoltage by shunting excess voltage to ground

• They are commonly used in power supplies, voltage regulators, and surge protectors

Compilation process of C programming involves preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking.

• Preprocessing: Includes header files, macro expansion, and conditional compilation.

• Compiling: Translates source code into assembly code specific to the target platform.

• Assembling: Converts assembly code into machine code in object files.

• Linking: Combines object files and libraries to generate an executable file.

Memory layout in a C binary refers to how different types of data are stored in memory.

• Memory layout includes sections like text (code), data, bss, heap, and stack.

• Global variables are stored in data section, uninitialized global variables in bss section.

• Dynamic memory allocation using malloc() and calloc() is stored in heap section.

• Local variables and function call information are stored in stack section.

• Example: int x = 5; is stored in data section, int y; is stored in bss ...read more

The static keyword in C is used to declare variables and functions with a local scope that persists throughout the program's execution.

• Static variables retain their value between function calls

• Static functions can only be called within the file they are defined in

• Static variables are initialized only once at the start of the program

• Static keyword can also be used to limit the scope of global variables to the file they are defined in

A diode is an electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction.

• It has two terminals: an anode and a cathode.

• It is commonly used in rectifiers, voltage regulators, and signal limiters.

• Examples include the 1N4148 and 1N4001 diodes.

A functional pointer is a pointer that points to a function instead of a data object.

• Functional pointers are used to call functions indirectly.

• They can be passed as arguments to other functions.

• Example: int (*ptr)(int, int) = &add; where add is a function that takes two integers and returns an integer.

There are three basic logic gates: AND, OR, and NOT.

• AND gate outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1

• OR gate outputs 1 if any input is 1

• NOT gate outputs the opposite of its input

Biasing is the process of providing a DC voltage or current to establish a suitable operating point for an electronic device.

• Types of biasing include fixed bias, self-bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias.

• Fixed bias involves connecting a DC voltage source directly to the base of a transistor.

• Self-bias involves using a resistor to provide negative feedback to stabilize the operating point.

• Voltage divider bias involves using two resistors to create a voltage divider that...read more