Tata Advanced Systems Executive Software Developer Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. How can you swap two variables without using a third variable?
Ans. 
You can swap two variables without a third variable using arithmetic operations or bitwise XOR, maintaining their values.
• Using Arithmetic: a = a + b; b = a - b; a = a - b; // This method uses addition and subtraction to swap values.

• Using Bitwise XOR: a = a ^ b; b = a ^ b; a = a ^ b; // This method uses the XOR operation to swap values without a third variable.

• No Additional Memory: Both methods achieve the swap without ...read more
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Q2. What are the concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), and can you explain each of them?
Ans. 
OOP is a programming paradigm based on objects, encapsulating data and behavior through four main concepts: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.
• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on the data within one unit (class). Example: A 'Car' class with properties like 'speed' and methods like 'accelerate()'.

• Inheritance: Mechanism to create a new class from an existing class, inheriting i...read more
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Q3. What is the Insertion Sort algorithm, and how does it work?
Ans. 
Insertion Sort is a simple sorting algorithm that builds a sorted array one element at a time.
• Works by dividing the array into a sorted and an unsorted part.

• Starts with the second element, compares it to the first, and inserts it in the correct position.

• Repeats this process for each subsequent element until the entire array is sorted.

• Example: For array [5, 2, 9, 1], it sorts as follows: [5], [2, 5], [2, 5, 9], [1, 2, 5...read more
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Questions related to c++ concepts like templates, copy constructor and inheritance. Questions related to pointers.

Q1. What is inheritance and types of inheritance
Ans. 
Inheritance is a concept in object-oriented programming where a class inherits properties and behaviors from another class.
• Inheritance allows code reuse and promotes code organization.

• There are different types of inheritance: single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical, and hybrid.

• Single inheritance involves a class inheriting from a single base class.

• Multiple inheritance involves a class inheriting from multiple base c...read more
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Q2. List sorting and searching algorithms
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Q3. Questions related to previous projects
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Q4. What are constructors and destrutors.
Ans. 
Constructors and destructors are special member functions in object-oriented programming languages.
• Constructors are used to initialize the object's data members when it is created.

• Destructors are used to free up any resources allocated by the object when it is destroyed.

• Constructors have the same name as the class and no return type.

• Destructors have the same name as the class preceded by a tilde (~) and no return type.

• ...read more
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Q5. What is copy constructor and how is it different from regular constructors?
Ans. 
Copy constructor creates a new object by copying an existing object of the same class.
• Copy constructor is used to create a new object with the same values as an existing object.

• It takes an object of the same class as a parameter.

• It is different from regular constructors as it creates a new object by copying an existing object.

• Copy constructor is invoked when an object is passed by value or returned by value.
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Q1. Questions based on projects
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Q2. What is virtual function, abstract class, differences between virtual function and pure virtual function
Ans. 
Virtual functions allow polymorphism, abstract classes cannot be instantiated, pure virtual functions have no implementation.
• Virtual functions are functions in a base class that can be overridden in derived classes

• Abstract classes are classes that have at least one pure virtual function and cannot be instantiated

• Pure virtual functions have no implementation and must be overridden in derived classes

• Virtual functions can...read more
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Q3. Difference between copy constructor and = operator.
Ans. 
Copy constructor creates a new object by copying an existing object, while = operator assigns the value of one object to another.
• Copy constructor is used to create a new object with the same values as an existing object.

• = operator is used to assign the value of one object to another.

• Copy constructor is invoked when a new object is created from an existing object.

• = operator is invoked when an existing object is assigned...read more
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Q4. What are lambda functions.
Ans. 
Lambda functions are anonymous functions that can be passed as arguments or stored in variables.
• Lambda functions are also known as anonymous functions or closures.

• They are commonly used in functional programming languages like Python and JavaScript.

• Lambda functions can be used to create higher-order functions, which take other functions as arguments.

• They are often used for filtering, mapping, and reducing data in colle...read more
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