SAP-Concur Interview Questions and Answers

Return all root to leaf node paths in a binary tree with row, col and value.

• Traverse the binary tree recursively and keep track of the current path.

• When a leaf node is reached, add the path to the result array.

• Include row, col and value of each node in the path.

• Use an array of strings to store the paths.

To get max value from a stack in O(1), maintain a separate stack to keep track of maximum values.

• Create a separate stack to keep track of maximum values

• Push the maximum value onto the stack whenever a new maximum is encountered

• Pop the maximum value stack whenever the top element of the main stack is popped

• Return the top element of the maximum value stack to get the maximum value in O(1)

To get max element from a queue in O(1) time complexity

• Maintain a separate variable to keep track of the maximum element in the queue

• Update the maximum element variable whenever a new element is added or removed from the queue

• Return the maximum element variable when getMax() function is called

Find the Next Greatest Element to the right for each element in an array of strings.

• Iterate through the array from right to left

• Use a stack to keep track of elements

• Pop elements from stack until a greater element is found

• If no greater element is found, assign -1

• Return the result array

To remove unnecessary parenthesis from an expression, we need to apply a set of rules to identify and eliminate them.

• Identify and remove parenthesis around single variables or constants

• Identify and remove parenthesis around expressions with only one operator

• Identify and remove parenthesis around expressions with operators of equal precedence

• Identify and remove parenthesis around expressions with operators of different ...read more

Find the maximum product of three integers in an array.

• Sort the array in descending order.

• Check the product of the first three numbers and the product of the first and last two numbers.

• Return the maximum of the two products.

Find length of longest consecutive sub array forming an AP from given array of integers.

• Sort the array in ascending order

• Iterate through the array and find the longest consecutive sub array forming an AP

• Use a variable to keep track of the length of the current consecutive sub array forming an AP

• Use another variable to keep track of the length of the longest consecutive sub array forming an AP seen so far

Operating on images in parallel involves dividing the image into smaller parts and processing them simultaneously.

• Divide the image into smaller parts using techniques like tiling or splitting

• Use parallel processing techniques like multi-threading or GPU acceleration

• Combine the processed parts to form the final image

• Examples: image segmentation, object detection, image enhancement

Hardware engines support parallelism through multiple cores and threads.

• Hardware engines can have multiple cores and threads to execute tasks simultaneously.

• Parallelism can improve performance and efficiency in hardware-based tasks.

• Examples include GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs that have parallel processing capabilities.

• Hardware parallelism can also be achieved through distributed computing and clustering.

• Programming language...read more

Modern OSes support parallelism through multi-core processors and threading.

• Modern OSes like Windows, macOS, and Linux support parallelism through multi-core processors and threading.

• Parallelism can be achieved through processes or threads.

• Parallelism can improve performance and efficiency of software.

• Examples of parallel programming frameworks include OpenMP and MPI.

Memory protection is a feature of an operating system that prevents unauthorized access to memory locations.

• Memory protection is achieved through the use of memory management units (MMUs) and virtual memory.

• MMUs map virtual addresses to physical addresses and enforce access permissions.

• Virtual memory allows the OS to allocate memory to processes in a way that isolates them from each other.

• Examples of memory protection ...read more

To speed up multiplication of small integers in an array, we can use bitwise operations and parallel processing.

• Use bitwise operations like shifting and ANDing to perform multiplication faster.

• Divide the array into smaller chunks and perform multiplication in parallel using multi-threading or SIMD instructions.

• Use lookup tables for frequently used values to avoid repeated calculations.

• Use compiler optimizations like lo...read more

Design a data structure for excel spreadsheet

• Use a 2D array to store cell values

• Implement formulas using a stack

• Include formatting options for cells

Insertion sort and quicksort are sorting algorithms used to sort arrays of data.

• Insertion sort: iterates through the array and inserts each element into its proper position.

• Quicksort: selects a pivot element and partitions the array into two sub-arrays, one with elements less than the pivot and one with elements greater than the pivot.

• Insertion sort is best for small arrays, while quicksort is best for large arrays.

• Bot...read more

Merge two sorted linked lists using recursion

• Create a recursive function that compares the first nodes of both lists

• Set the smaller node as the head of the merged list and call the function again with the next node of the smaller list

• Base case: if one list is empty, return the other list

• Return the merged list

Given an integer, determine which byte is zero.

• Convert the integer to a byte array using bitwise operations.

• Iterate through the byte array and check for a zero value.

• Return the index of the zero byte.

• Consider endianness when converting to byte array.

To check endianness, create a 4-byte integer with a known value and check the byte order.

• Create a 4-byte integer with a known value

• Check the value of the first byte to determine endianness

• If the first byte is the least significant, the machine is little endian

• If the first byte is the most significant, the machine is big endian

Static objects can be used to print something before main() execution.

• Static objects are initialized before main() execution

• They can be used to print something before main()

• Example: static int x = printf("Hello World!");

• Output: Hello World! will be printed before main() execution

Static variables are allocated memory in the data segment of the program's memory space.

• Static variables have a fixed memory location throughout the program's execution.

• They are initialized to zero by default.

• If initialized explicitly, they are stored in the data segment.

• Static variables can be accessed by any function in the program.

Finding space and time complexity of a recursive function.

• Space complexity is the amount of memory used by the function.

• Time complexity is the amount of time taken by the function to execute.

• Recursive functions have higher space complexity due to the call stack.

• Time complexity can be calculated using Big O notation.

• Examples of recursive functions include factorial and Fibonacci sequence.

Diamond hierarchy problem is a problem in object-oriented programming where a class inherits from multiple classes in a diamond-shaped hierarchy.

• Occurs when a class inherits from two classes that share a common base class

• Can lead to ambiguity in method calls and data members

• Solved using virtual inheritance or by using interfaces

Find median of 2 sorted arrays in O(log N) time complexity and O(1) space complexity

• Use binary search to find the partition point in both arrays

• Calculate the median based on the partition point and array sizes

• Adjust the partition points based on the median value

• Repeat until the partition points are at the median

• Handle edge cases such as empty arrays and uneven array sizes

Anagram of strings in O(1) space complexity

• Use a fixed size array of integers to store the frequency of characters in the first string

• Iterate through the second string and decrement the frequency of each character in the array

• If all the frequencies are zero, then the strings are anagrams

• Return true or false accordingly

Level order traversal of a tree using Queue

• Create a queue and add the root node to it

• While the queue is not empty, remove the front node and print its value

• Add the left and right child nodes of the removed node to the queue

• Repeat until the queue is empty

Reverse level order traversal of a tree using Queue

• Create a queue and push the root node into it

• While the queue is not empty, pop the front node and push its children into the queue

• Add the popped node to a stack

• Once the queue is empty, pop elements from the stack and print them

BFS and DFS are graph traversal algorithms. BFS explores nodes level by level while DFS explores nodes depth by depth.

• BFS uses a queue while DFS uses a stack or recursion.

• BFS is optimal for finding shortest path while DFS is optimal for finding a path between two nodes.

• BFS requires more memory as it stores all the nodes at each level while DFS requires less memory.

• BFS can be used to find connected components while DFS

Find product of each element of an array except that element in O(N) time complexity without using / operation

• Use prefix and suffix products

• Multiply prefix and suffix products for each element to get the final product

• Handle edge cases where array has 0 or 1 element separately

Recursively delete a linked list

• Create a recursive function that takes the head of the linked list as input

• Base case: if the head is null, return

• Recursively call the function with the next node as input

• Delete the current node

Recursively delete a linked list from the end.

• Start from the head and recursively traverse to the end of the list.

• Delete the last node and set the second last node's next pointer to null.

• Repeat until the entire list is deleted.

• Use a recursive function to implement the deletion process.

Recursively delete a tree by deleting all its child nodes and then the parent node.

• Start from the leaf nodes and delete them first.

• Then move up to the parent nodes and delete them.

• Repeat until the root node is deleted.

• Use post-order traversal to ensure child nodes are deleted before parent nodes.

Recursively delete elements from the end of an array.

• Create a recursive function that removes the last element of the array.

• Call the function recursively until the desired number of elements are removed.

• Handle edge cases such as empty arrays and removing more elements than the array contains.

Floyd Warshall finds shortest path between all pairs of vertices while Djikstra finds shortest path from a single source.

• Floyd Warshall is used for dense graphs while Djikstra is used for sparse graphs.

• Floyd Warshall has a time complexity of O(n^3) while Djikstra has a time complexity of O((n+m)logn).

• Floyd Warshall can handle negative edge weights while Djikstra cannot.

• Floyd Warshall can detect negative cycles while Dj

There is no known algorithm to find shortest path in 2-D space in O(log N) time.

• The best known algorithm for finding shortest path in 2-D space is Dijkstra's algorithm which has a time complexity of O(N^2).

• Other algorithms like A* and Bellman-Ford have better time complexity but still not O(log N).

• If the points are on a grid, Lee algorithm can be used which has a time complexity of O(N).

Design a system for putting newspapers using classes and functions

• Create a Newspaper class with attributes like title, date, and content

• Create a Publisher class with methods to publish and distribute newspapers

• Create a Subscriber class with methods to subscribe and receive newspapers

• Use inheritance to create different types of newspapers like daily, weekly, etc.

• Implement a database to store newspaper information and ha

I believe practical experience is more valuable than higher studies.

• I have gained valuable experience through internships and projects.

• I prefer hands-on learning and problem-solving over theoretical knowledge.

• I am constantly learning and improving my skills through online courses and workshops.